National Airspace and Air Navigation Plan

Transcription

1 Natinal Airspace and Air Navigatin Plan Draft fr Cnsultatin 29 Octber

2 Cnsultatin n this draft Plan This draft Natinal Airspace and Air Navigatin Plan sets ut the prpsed pathway fr the mdernisatin f New Zealand s airspace and air navigatin system ver the next decade. It utlines the practical steps we all need t take t transitin t next generatin technlgies, manage airspace as demand increases, and t enhance safety and imprve the efficiency f New Zealand s airspace. Sme f the changes prpsed in the draft Plan are significant. They may require yu t install new aircraft equipment, develp new prcedures and underg training. We are interested in yur views n the draft Plan by 3 February 2014: D yu supprt the prpsals in the draft Plan (and why)? Are there any prpsals in the draft Plan yu d nt supprt (and why)? Is there anything that we have missed that yu think shuld be addressed? Cnsultatin Wrkshps T help yu t understand the prpsals in the draft Plan, and t give yu an pprtunity t prvide us with direct feedback, wrkshps will be held acrss New Zealand frm 18 t 22 Nv Yu will need t register yur attendance, cnsultatin@caa.gvt.nz. Auckland 19 Nv 10 am t 2 pm Palmerstn Nrth 18 Nv Midday t 4 pm Nelsn 20 Nv 10 am t 2 pm Hliday Inn Auckland Airprt Wharerata Functin Centre, Massey University Grand Htel Mnac Nelsn Christchurch 21 Nv 10 am t 2 pm Air Frce Museum ueenstwn 22 Nv 10 am t 2 pm Mercure ueenstwn Resrt Other useful dcuments Frequently Asked uestins (FAs) Advisry Circular AC91-21 Perfrmance Based Navigatin (PBN) - Operatinal Apprvals - This dcument prvides mre detail n the prpsed PBN elements f the draft Plan. Cmments are als welcme during the cnsultatin prcess. Yu can als find ut mre at the CAA website Feedback Feedback n the prpsals in the draft Plan shuld be prvided t the Civil Aviatin Authrity by clse f business n Mnday, 03 Feb cnsultatin@caa.gvt.nz Pst: Catherine de Mntalk, Plicy Adviser Civil Aviatin Authrity PO Bx 3555 Wellingtn 6140 New Zealand 2

3 Table f Cntents Abbreviatins... 5 Summary... 6 Cntext Air Navigatin Grund-based t Perfrmance-Based Navigatin Intrductin Internatinal Develpments Current Status f Aviatin Navigatin in New Zealand Challenges fr New Zealand Plan fr Navigatin Surveillance Reducing ur Reliance n Radar Intrductin Internatinal Develpments Status f New Zealand Surveillance Challenges fr New Zealand Plan fr Surveillance Cmmunicatins Incremental Imprvements Intrductin Internatinal Develpments Current Status in New Zealand Challenges fr New Zealand Plan fr Cmmunicatin Aernautical Infrmatin Management Digital and Integrated Intrductin Internatinal Develpments Status f Aernautical Infrmatin Management Challenges fr New Zealand Plan fr Aernautical Infrmatin Air Traffic Management (ATM) Frm Cntrlling t Enabling Intrductin Internatinal Develpments Current Status in New Zealand Challenges fr New Zealand Plan fr Air Traffic Management

4 Airspace Design Review and Refine Intrductin Internatinal Develpments Status f New Zealand Airspace design Challenges fr New Zealand Plan fr Airspace Design Aerdrmes Increasing Capacity Intrductin Internatinal Develpments Status f New Zealand Aerdrme Management Challenges fr New Zealand Plan fr Aerdrmes Meterlgical Services Integrating Weather Data Intrductin Internatinal Develpments Status f New Zealand Meterlgical Services Challenges fr New Zealand Plan fr Meterlgical Services Overall Plan

5 Abbreviatins AC Advisry Circular GA General aviatin ACARS ACAS ACDM ACO ADS-B ADS-C AerMACS Aircraft cmmunicatins addressing and reprting systems Airbrne cllisin avidance systems Airprt cllabrative decisin making Airline cntrl peratin Autmatic dependent surveillance bradcast Autmatic dependent surveillance service Aerdrme mbile airprt cmmunicatin system GLS GNSS GPS HF ICAO IFR ILS LDACS Grund landing systems Glbal navigatin satellite systems Glbal psitining system High frequency Internatinal Civil Aviatin Organisatin Instrument flight rules Instrument landing systems L-Band data-link aernautical cmmunicatins AFTN Aernautical fixed telecmmunicatins netwrk LNAV Lateral guidance navigatin AIC Aernautical infrmatin circulars MLAT Multilateratin AIP Aernautical infrmatin publicatins MSSR Mn-pulse secndary surveillance radar AIS Aernautical infrmatin services NOTAMS Ntices t airmen AIXM Aernautical infrmatin exchange mdel OCA Oceanic cntrl area AMAN Arrivals manager PBN Perfrmance based navigatin AMHS Aernautical message handling system RAIM Receiver autnmus integrity mnitring APV Apprach prcedures with vertical guidance RNAV Area navigatin ATM Air traffic management RNP Required navigatin perfrmance ATN Aernautical telecmmunicatins netwrk RPA Remtely pilted aircraft ATS Air traffic service SATCOM Satellite cmmunicatins ATZ Aerdrme traffic znes SBAS Satellite based augmentatin systems Bar VNAV Barmetric vertical navigatin SESAR Single Eurpean Sky ATM Research CAM Cllabrative arrivals manager SIDs Standard instrument departures CAR Civil aviatin rule SNET Grund based safety nets CCO Cntinuus climb peratins SSR Secndary surveillance radar CDM cllabrative decisin making STARs Standard arrival rutes CDO Cntinuus Descent peratins SURF Safety and efficiency f surface peratins CPDLC Cntrller pilt data link cmmunicatins SWIM system wide infrmatin management CTA Cntrlled traffic areas TIS-B Traffic infrmatin service bradcast DMAN Departures manager TMA Terminal cntrl area DME Distance measuring equipment UIR Upper flight infrmatin regins DST Decisin supprt tls VFR Visual flight rules FANS Future air navigatin system VHF Very high frequency FIS-B Flight Infrmatin Service bradcast VNAV Vertical guidance navigatin FL Flight level VOIP Vice ver internet prtcl FMC WPR Flight management cmputer waypint psitin reprting VOR VHF mnidirectinal radi range FMS Flight management systems 5

6 Summary Intrductin In recent years there have been significant technlgical advances in airspace management and air navigatin services. Satellite navigatin nw allws aircraft psitins t be pinpinted t within a few metres, radar netwrks can be replaced by aircraft based surveillance systems, digital and satellite cmmunicatin is develping, infrmatin is being digitalised and integrated and air traffic cntrl systems nw allw mre predictive aircraft management. This mdernisatin f the airspace and air navigatin system will imprve the efficiency f air traffic mvements, allw mre accurate navigatin, reduce reliance n grund-based systems, imprve cmmunicatins and increase availability f infrmatin fr mre effective decisin-making. These changes will result in reduced perating csts and imprved aviatin safety. There is a wrldwide drive, led by the Internatinal Civil Aviatin Organisatin (ICAO) t update the aviatin system with these new technlgies, and mve twards an integrated and interperable glbal air navigatin system. ICAO has prduced a Glbal Air Navigatin Plan t guide states in their transitin t the new technlgy. Many individual cuntries are mving ahead with their wn plans, including the United States Next-Gen prgramme and the Single Eurpean Sky ATM Research (SESAR) multinatinal prject fr Eurpean airspace. The draft Natinal Airspace and Air Navigatin Plan In line with internatinal effrts, this draft Natinal Airspace and Air Navigatin Plan has been prepared t prvide clear directin n the safe, chesive, efficient and cllabrative management f New Zealand s airspace and air navigatin system ver the next decade. It sets ut the practical steps that need t be taken by all participants in New Zealand s aviatin system t transitin t the new technlgies, and t effectively manage airspace as demand increases and technlgy advances. It has been develped as a key dcument under the Natinal Airspace Plicy f New Zealand (2012) and will be regularly reviewed. The draft Plan is a guidance dcument s it is nn-binding. Future plicy and regulatry develpment flwing frm the Plan will still g thrugh full analytical and cnsultatin prcesses. Hwever, the level f detail cntained within the plan is intended t prvide industry with enugh infrmatin abut future expectatins t make investment decisins with reasnable cnfidence. Key Prpsals The draft Plan cmprises 8 chapters, cvering Air Navigatin, Surveillance, Cmmunicatins, Aernautical Infrmatin, Air Traffic Management, Airspace Design, Aerdrmes and Meterlgical Services. Prpsed actins cntained in the draft Plan are spread acrss three stages, 2015, 2018 and The key prpsals cntained in each area are summarised belw. Air Navigatin - Grund Based t Perfrmance Based Navigatin (PBN) Traditinally air navigatin has relied n grund based navigatin aids t assist aircraft t fly safety during instrument (IFR) flights. The majr change in air navigatin ver the next 10 years will be the prgressive transitin wrldwide t perfrmance based navigatin (PBN) rutes and departure and arrival prcedures. PBN invlves area navigatin prcedures based n glbal navigatin satellite systems (GNSS) which are mre accurate and allw fr shrter, mre direct rutes. T make a safe transitin t the new PBN envirnment peratrs will need t ensure that the equipment, prcedures and training meets acceptable standards. These are set ut in Advisry Circular AC91-21, which is als pen fr cnsultatin. The draft Plan signals that a plicy n whether New Zealand can intrduce sle-means GNSS navigatin will be cmpleted by end Further investigatin is als signalled int the viability f Satellite Based Augmentatin Systems fr New Zealand. Air Navigatin Key Prpsals Prgressively greater reliance n PBN aiming fr a full PBN envirnment A grund navigatin aid cntingency strategy t ensure adequate grund based navigatin aids remain Equipment, peratr and training requirements fr peratrs wishing t use PBN detailed in Advisry Circulars e.g. AC Supprting regulatry changes Guidance, educatin and training standards develped fr bth peratrs and air traffic cntrllers t make the transitin t PBN Further investigatin int ptins fr sle means use f GNSS fr New Zealand and Satellite Based Augmentatin Systems 6

7 Surveillance: Reducing ur Reliance n Radar Surveillance Key Prpsals Develp a strategy fr decmmissining the radar netwrk by 2021, ensuring that an adequate back-up surveillance netwrk remains in place Require ADS-B equipment t be installed n aircraft in a staged way: Frm 2018: ADS-B carriage mandatry abve FL 245 Frm 2021: ADS-B carriage mandatry in all cntrlled airspace Implement an educatin prgramme fr peratrs, pilts and air traffic cntrllers n ADS-B installatin and peratinal requirements Regulatry changes t allw implementatin f ADS-B mandatry airspace and t set ADS- B avinics equipment standards By 2021 New Zealand s primary and secndary radar netwrk will reach the end f its life and will largely be replaced by Autmatic Dependent Surveillance-Bradcast (ADS-B) technlgy as the primary methd f air traffic cntrl surveillance. Mde S 1090 extended squitter transpnders will need t be installed in aircraft that fly in cntrlled airspace by 2018 fr aircraft flying abve flight level 24,500 feet (FL 245), and by 2021 fr all aircraft flying in remaining cntrlled airspace. This will prvide cntrllers with exact infrmatin abut the psitin, identity and trajectry f aircraft, imprving the safety f the system. It fllws mves arund the wrld t upgrade t this new technlgy e.g. Australia and Eurpean Unin by 2017 and United States by Cmplete remval f the existing grund based netwrk is nt envisaged as this wuld result in t much reliance n the satellite system especially with perfrmance based navigatin als becming heavily reliant n GNSS. A cntingency strategy t ensure apprpriate surveillance backup will be develped t ensure that in case f system failure, all airbrne aircraft can be recvered safely. Cmmunicatins: Incremental Imprvements Aviatin cmmunicatins have been dminated by radi since the middle f last century. Sme cuntries are cnsidering intrductin f dmestic data-link (digital messaging) in remte airspace. Hwever New Zealand s radi cverage and traffic vlumes will nt justify mves in this directin fr sme time. On-ging maintenance f the very high frequency (VHF) radi netwrk is therefre a key element f this draft Plan. A number f cmplementary cmmunicatins technlgies will be explred further ver the cming years. Data-link (digital messaging) technlgy will be extended t sme grund cmmunicatins and the technlgy as a whle will be reviewed in the future. SATVOICE (satellite phne) technlgy is already installed in many aircraft, and the Plan enables this technlgy t be develped as a primary means f vice cmmunicatin in ceanic airspace. Vice ver IP (VOIP) will als be intrduced t enable linking t remte sites and fr grund cmmunicatin. Internet Prtcl is being develped fr airbrne aviatin but is nt anticipated t be viable until after Exchange f messages and digital data between aviatin users will be made mre efficient thrugh the transitin t the Aernautical Message Handling System (AMHS) and ultimately t the Aernautical Telecmmunicatins Netwrk (ATN). A key challenge in the future is cmmunicatins with Remtely Pilted Aircraft. The lnger term Remtely Pilted Aircraft plicy prject will need t include cmmunicatins requirements t enable these aircraft t integrate int the system. Cmmunicatins Key Prpsals VHF vice cntinues as the primary cmmunicatin medium in the dmestic envirnment Accept SATVOICE as a primary cmmunicatin medium in remte ceanic areas Develp new prtcls fr grund cmmunicatins ATN and VOIP Internatinal Pre-departure clearances via data-link frm 2014 Lnger term: Review demand fr data-link in the dmestic envirnment Implement Cmmunicatins plicy fr Remtely Pilted Aircraft. 7

8 Aernautical Infrmatin Management: Digital and Integrated The Aernautical Infrmatin Service is still largely based n a suite f paper-based publicatins and charts with sme nline accessibility f infrmatin. Over the next 10 years, the aviatin system will becme mre respnsive t demand, with the develpment f airbrne navigatin technlgy, surveillance systems and direct grundair data-links. T accmmdate this, paper based systems will need t prgress t digital data-driven systems that allw cntinuus, up-t date and real-time transfer f the full range f aernautical infrmatin t all participants in the aviatin system New Zealand is well advanced in mving twards digitalisatin and integratin f its aernautical infrmatin prducts. Mre wrk is yet t be dne in the areas f electrnic charts, interperability with meterlgical prducts and the prliferatin f devices which can nw be used t access data. Care will need t be taken t ensure that human factrs assciated with data accessibility d nt intrduce new risks int the system. Aernautical Infrmatin Management: Key Prpsals Cmplete digitalizatin f infrmatin including cmpletin f the aernautical infrmatin cnceptual mdel, aerdrme and bstacle mapping and electrnic aernautical charts Ensure infrmatin management is integrated - including interperability with meterlgical prducts Aim fr new digital aernautical data t be accessible real-time t all participants in the system n the grund and in the air Manage human factrs assciated with accessibility f data including thrugh the use f new applicatins and devices Air Traffic Management: Key Prpsals Further develp and implement tls t mve frm the cncept f tactical cntrl t strategic cntrl and enabling service prvisin, fr all grund and airbrne elements f Air Traffic Management including: synchrnised netwrk management trajectry-based management cnfrmance mnitring Cnflict detectin using trajectry predictin and cnfrmance mnitring technlgy Ensure adequate cntingency planning t enable management during failures in the Air Traffic Management System Educate, train and encurage all users (cntrllers and peratrs) t perate safely within the changing envirnment Develp a perfrmance framewrk prvide a measure f perfrmance Air Traffic Management: Frm Cntrlling t Enabling Central t all f the new technlgies explred in this Plan is the presence f air traffic cntrl the current single crdinatin pint fr all air and grund peratins. The mdern visin fr the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system is based n the prvisin f services with a view t becming air traffic-enabling rather than air traffic cntrlling. New Zealand s small aviatin system means that ur Air Traffic Management system is already reasnably well integrated. Hwever n-ging imprvements t mdern air traffic management tls, cmbined with the new surveillance, infrmatin and navigatin technlgies will ensure even mre efficient flw management and cnflict detectin reducing peratr csts and imprving safety. Changes in the system lead t the need t ensure that cntingency planning is up t date, and all participants in the system are trained and aware f the new envirnment. 8

9 Airspace Design: Review and Refine The changes utlined in ther parts f this draft Plan signal the need fr New Zealand s Airspace design and designatins t be reviewed t accmmdate increasing traffic, new types f aircraft and mre direct and efficient flight paths. Fr example, new perfrmance based navigatin rutes change flight paths and may remve the need fr certain airspace t cntinue being cntrlled. New Zealand is als likely t see an expansin in remtely pilted aircraft and the space industry, including mre rcket launch sites. T accmmdate these changes, airspace reviews will becme mre demand driven s clear triggers and methdlgies will need t be develped in a cnsultative and inclusive way s that user needs are accmmdated. As with any change, adjustments t airspace design intrduce safety risk training and infrmatin will need t be prvided. In the lnger term, with the intrductin f ADS-B surveillance intrducing pssibilities fr cmprehensive cverage, the draft Plan signals a further review f transpnder requirements in uncntrlled airspace as well as a review f the regulatry requirements arund airspace use during aircraft and civil emergencies. Airspace Design: Key Prpsals Review existing designatins t determine what changes r additins may be necessary Airspace reviews t becme mre demand driven and cnsultative. Develp triggers and methdlgy fr airspace reviews t take int accunt milestnes and significant changes in activity Disseminate infrmatin and training t peratrs abut the changed rutes and airspace structures Reassess prvisins relating t transpnder requirements including an assessment f whether uncntrlled airspace shuld be transpnder mandatry Cnsider what variatins t airspace rules and prcedures culd be applicable t cver aircraft emergencies and civil emergencies. Aerdrmes: Key Prpsals Master plans fr aerdrmes shuld have regard t the draft Plan Review terminal and airfield design/gemetry at critical airprts Plicy develped n airprt infrastructure needs fr New Zealand Establish a frmalised airprt cllabrative decisin making frum Review critical infrastructure and systems t identify ptential areas where further cntingency measures are required Aerdrmes: Increasing Capacity Aerdrme infrastructure capability can be a limiting factr when attempting t imprve traffic flws and imprve system capacity. This increasing pressure n aerdrme s infrastructure means that airprt management shuld be driven by a cllabrative prcess f master planning, linking in with bth airspace management requirements and land management planning t ensure a seamless service fr passengers and peratrs. Key challenges facing aerdrme management in the future include the need t plan fr critical aerdrme infrastructure t ensure that there is sufficient mvement area capacity at New Zealand s aerdrmes. Cmmunicatin between aerdrmes and the air traffic cntrl system als needs t be crdinated, particularly t enable efficient management during lcalised weather and civil emergency events. Linkages with land use planning remains an imprtant part f any future aerdrme management. Clse cnnectin with resurce planning prcesses is imprtant t ensure that the needs f bth peratrs and the public are effectively addressed 9

10 Meterlgical Services: Integrating Weather Data Full integratin f meterlgical infrmatin int air traffic management (ATM) and perfrmance-based navigatin (PBN) applicatins will be an essential enabler fr a future interperable, seamless ATM system. Cre t this is the develpment f a weather infrmatin exchange mdel (WXXM) that will prvide a cmmn frmat fr weather data and enable integratin with aernautical infrmatin systems. Integratin f weather data with ther systems will enable real-time weather infrmatin t be prvided directly t users, including int cckpit. Meterlgical Services: Key Prpsals Develp WXXM frmat fr weather data Aim t integrate weather data with aernautical infrmatin systems Aim fr real-time weather infrmatin t air traffic cntrllers and int cckpit 10

11 Cntext A CHANGING AVIATION SYSTEM Grwth in aviatin has been expnential since the 1970s with increased scial mbility and burgening internatinal trade and turism. Pressure is building t prvide greater capacity and efficiency within the aviatin system t serve this grwth. Technlgical shifts A significant shift in aviatin technlgy is als underway. In the last 20 years, develpments in many fields are pening the dr t new pprtunities fr efficiency and safety imprvement: glbal navigatin satellite systems can nw pinpint aircraft t within a few metres air traffic service surveillance is mving frm grund-based radar t aircraft-based systems digital messaging and satellite cmmunicatins is supplementing radi transmissins in cmmunicatins infrmatin technlgies are allwing us t integrate all aviatin data t prvide mre cmplete infrmatin t pilts mre pwerful cmputers are enabling the intrductin f cmplex predictive trajectry management Onging mdernisatin f the aviatin system will assist in the safe and efficient mvement f air traffic, mre accurate navigatin, reduced reliance n grundbased systems and increased availability f infrmatin fr mre effective decisin-making. These new systems als allw fr shrter, mre direct rutes between tw given pints as well as mre efficient departure and arrival flight paths. This reduces fuel burn, aircraft emissins, and facilitates the mvement f air traffic. Hwever, unmanaged technlgical changes can als lead t increased safety risks when they utpace the regulatry and infrastructure develpments needed t supprt it. Internatinal harmnisatin There is a strng internatinal drive fr an integrated and interperable glbal air navigatin system, led by the Internatinal Civil Aviatin Organisatin (ICAO) with State and industry supprt. Alignment t the extent pssible with internatinal requirements is imprtant t ensure that New Zealand maintains cmpatibility and interperability with the internatinal civil aviatin system. ICAO s 4 th Glbal Air Navigatin Plan (ICAO Dc 9750), utlines the expected availability f new technlgies as Aviatin System Blck Upgrade (ASBU) mdules with 4 five-year time increments starting in 2013 (Blck 0) and cntinuing thrugh 2028 and beynd (Blck 3). The ICAO Plan is nt mandatry but prvides a planning tl fr States supprting a harmnized glbal Air Navigatin system. Where States determine a need fr the mdernisatin f their airspace and air navigatin systems it is recmmended they will fllw the applicable mdules set ut in the ICAO Plan. The Asia Pacific regin has als develped a reginal plan t guide states in develpment and ensure reginal harmnizatin. The ICAO Asia Pacific Seamless Air Traffic Management Plan has been taken int accunt t ensure this Plan aligns with identified reginal utcmes. Many states are in the prcess f develping their wn plans t take advantage f the changing technlgies t imprve traffic flw, efficiency safety and envirnmental perfrmance. These plans include the NextGen prgramme in the United States and the Single Eurpean Sky Air Traffic Management Research (SESAR) multinatinal prject fr Eurpean airspace. Many cuntries and regins, including Australia, Canada and the United Kingdm are als well n their way t implementing their wn plans. THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE POLICY New Zealand has made gd prgress in the develpment f plicies t take advantage f aviatin grwth, technlgical changes and the internatinal drive fr harmnisatin. In April 2012, the Gvernment issued the Natinal Airspace Plicy Statement (see bx 1). The Plicy prvides verarching principles and desirable attributes that will guide regulatrs and industry in the develpment and mdernizatin f the airspace and air navigatin system ver the next decade. 11

12 BOX 1: THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE POLICY New Zealand s Natinal Airspace Plicy seeks a safe and capable airspace and air navigatin system bth within New Zealand and the internatinal airspace it manages, that measures up t internatinal safety standards and best practices, and cntributes t ecnmic grwth thrugh efficiency gains It sets ut fur principles fr the future administratin f New Zealand s airspace by the Civil Aviatin Authrity: Safety that New Zealand s airspace will be managed hlistically with safety as the principal bjective. Cmpatibility that New Zealand s airspace classificatin and air traffic services shall be cmpatible with internatinal standards r best practice; and that New Zealand will manage internatinal airspace assigned t it by the Internatinal Civil Aviatin Organizatin cnsistent with internatinal standards and best practice. Prtectin f Natinal Interests the Civil Aviatin Authrity will cntinue t be able t designate areas f restricted airspace fr military purpses, natinal emergencies, search and rescue peratins, and in any ther situatin where it is deemed necessary in the interests f safety. Under nrmal circumstances, the New Zealand Defence Frce is expected t have regard t the Civil Aviatin Authrity s designatin f airspace in its peratins, but under exceptinal circumstances it will be able t perate freely and withut restrictin in any New Zealand airspace. Accessibility except where restrictins n airspace access are necessary fr safety, peratinal, r ther reasns, all aircraft will be able t access such classes f airspace that the aircraft and crew are able t perate safely within. It als identifies tw principles relating t the future prvisin f Air traffic management and air navigatin services (currently the Airways Crpratin is the sle prvider, but aerdrme air traffic services are cntestable): Funding the cst f prviding services will cntinue t be recvered n a cmmercial basis with regard t legislatin and, where apprpriate, charging guidelines issued by the Internatinal Civil Aviatin Organizatin. Resilience the supprting systems and infrastructure will ensure that any disruptin t the netwrk as a result f natural disasters r interference is mitigated t the extent pssible. The plicy als sets ut a number f ther desired attributes f New Zealand s future airspace and air navigatin system, which will be pursued as much as pssible withut cmprmising safety: Efficient the air navigatin system and the design and classificatin f airspace will facilitate the efficient peratin f aircraft within New Zealand airspace. Envirnmentally respnsible the future airspace and air navigatin system will be respectful f the impacts f aviatin n the envirnment, and any develpment that can reduce the verall envirnmental impact f aviatin will be pursued as lng as it can be achieved safely and at reasnable cst. Integrated the aviatin sectr and lcal authrities will practively address their respective interests in any future planning t facilitate the adptin f mre efficient aircraft arrival and departure paths in a timely way and t avid r mitigate incmpatible land uses r activities and ptential impacts r hazards that will impact, r have the ptential t impact n the safe and efficient peratin f aircraft. Interperable the Natinal Airspace and Air Navigatin Plan will be cmpatible with ther glbal and reginal plans, including the Internatinal Civil Aviatin Organizatin s Glbal Air Navigatin Plan, as much as practicable while taking int accunt any unique aspects f airspace and air traffic management in New Zealand. 12

13 THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE AND AIR NAVIGATION PLAN This Natinal Airspace and Air Navigatin Plan is guided by the principles and desirable attributes set ut in the Natinal Airspace Plicy as well as the internatinal directin set by ICAO. It is ne f the five key Gvernment actins fr aviatin set ut in Cnnecting New Zealand A Summary f the Gvernment s Plicy Directin fr Transprt (2011). The Plan is a guidance dcument s it is nn-binding. Future plicy and regulatry develpment flwing frm the bjectives, principles and actins in the plan will still g thrugh full analytical and cnsultatin prcesses. Hwever, the level f detail cntained within the plan is intended t prvide industry with enugh infrmatin abut future expectatins t make investment decisins with reasnable cnfidence. Plan Objectives The Plan s key bjective is: T prvide clear directin n the safe, chesive, efficient and cllabrative management f New Zealand s airspace and air navigatin system ver the next decade T achieve this it will: Phase in new systems and technlgies in a systematic and rderly manner Identify and mitigate the risks assciated with technlgy and prcess change Ensure that there are adequate cntingencies in the event f system failure Address human factrs issues assciated with changing systems Align as far as pssible with internatinal standards and practices, particularly ICAO and Asia-Pacific reginal requirements Prvide directins fr system-wide crdinatin f all aspects f ur airspace management system encurage linkages acrss regulatry regimes t ensure integratin with respect t envirnmental management including land use Be technlgy enabling rather than technlgy driven Optimise the efficiency f passenger transprt Ensure that nging service will be prvided t peratrs with cmpliant equipage Be practical and achievable Encurage cllabrative mechanisms t address different needs f aviatin system users and the public in airspace management Encurage early uptake f the technlgy Plan Elements The Plan is brken dwn int the eight elements f New Zealand s airspace system: Navigatin: the ability f pilts t determine their psitin and accurately fllw a defined flight path Surveillance: the ability f air traffic services t identify an aircraft s psitin and trajectry Cmmunicatins: the systems fr transferring infrmatin between participants in the system Aernautical Infrmatin Management: the prvisin f aernautical infrmatin such as charts and publicatins t peratrs Air Traffic Management: the prvisin f air traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flw management t ensure safety and ptimise capacity Airspace Design: the classificatin and the designatin f different types f airspace fr varius aviatin system uses Aerdrmes: the prvisin f infrastructure and services that meet the needs f aerdrme users and cmmunities Meterlgical Services: the prvisin f meterlgical infrmatin and frecasts Each element cntains a series f actins phased acrss 3 stages 2015, 2018 and There are als details n pssible items fr phasing after 2023 in line with ICAO timeframes. The actins identified in the Plan have been develped taking the fllwing int accunt: Aircraft equipment requirements Infrastructure develpment Cntingency and emergency systems Prcedures and management tls Educatin and training requirements Infrmatin requirements Assciated regulatry changes Onging Review This plan will be a living dcument, with regular reviews t cincide with the key stages set ut n the plan 2018 and This des nt preclude reviews f the Plan in the intervening years shuld new technlgical r internatinal develpments warrant the need. Perfrmance measures will be based n an assessment f whether the Plan s bjectives have been achieved, and whether the actins cntained within the Plan have been delivered. 13

14 Air Navigatin Grund-based t Perfrmance-Based Navigatin INTRODUCTION Air navigatin is the prcess f planning, directing, and mnitring the mvement f an aircraft frm ne place t anther. In the early days f flight, aircraft were navigated visually by dead reckning - identifying gegraphical pints with the aid f maps and cmpasses. Reasnable weather cnditins were needed s that pilts culd keep the grund in sight. After the Secnd Wrld War, new technlgies were intrduced t enable pilts t find their way withut the need fr visual reference. New types f grund based navigatin aids (such as NDB, VOR/DME and ILS see bx 2) were installed that allwed aircraft t navigate alng fixed rutes and t cnduct instrument apprach and departures frm aerdrmes. The early 1980s heralded the develpment f Glbal Navigatin Satellite Systems (GNSS) a netwrk f rbiting satellites which when cmbined prvided ttal glbal cverage.. The mst well-knwn GNSS system is the United States Glbal Psitining System (GPS). The Russians als have a system called GLONASS. China and the EU are als develping systems which are expected t be peratinal by The new GNSS systems are uncnstrained by the lcatin, accuracy and terrain limitatins assciated with grund navigatin aids and have allwed mre precise aviatin navigatin. Aircraft equipped with GNSS receivers can identify their psitins accurately, at all pints alng their rute intrducing a new level f flexibility and accuracy int aircraft navigatin. Hwever, this new system relies heavily n the perfrmance f the GNSS receivers n bard the aircraft. There is a wide range f prducts available n the market tday, and many f these d nt have the accuracy, integrity, cntinuity and functinality required t ensure the safety f the flight. The reliability f the satellite netwrks is als critical t the success f the new system. Perfrmance Based Navigatin Perfrmance specificatins are therefre needed t ensure that the receiving equipment n bard the aircraft meets the apprpriate standards. This has given rise t the term Perfrmance Based Navigatin (PBN). PBN invlves use f satellite-based navigatin aids and area navigatin prcedures which are mre accurate and allw fr shrter, mre direct flights. In the future, Perfrmance Based Navigatin based n GNSS will becme the primary methd fr flights perating under instrument flight rules (IFR). There are tw types f navigatin perfrmance specificatins in Perfrmance Based Navigatin: RNAV (area NAVigatin) A methd f navigatin which permits aircraft peratin n any desired flight path within the cverage f grund r spacebased navigatin aids r within the limits f the capability f self-cntained aids, r a cmbinatin f these 1. RNP (Required Navigatin Perfrmance) allws an aircraft t fly a specific path between tw 3- dimensinally defined pints in space. The key difference between RNAV and RNP is that RNP requires n-bard perfrmance mnitring and alerting s that the pilt is ntified early f any reduced satellite cverage and is therefre a mre rbust system. Fr example, GNSS with Receiver Autnmus Integrity Mnitring (RAIM) meets the required standards. RNAV instrument apprach prcedures can be augmented with lateral and vertical guidance - called apprach prcedures with vertical guidance (APV). These d nt meet the requirements established fr precisin apprach and landing peratins. BOX 2: NAVIGATION DEFINITIONS VOR: VHF Omnidirectinal Radi Range: A grund based radi transmitter that sends ut 360 degree directinal radi signals t guide aircraft NDB: A grund based radi transmitter at a knwn lcatin. Its signal des nt include inherent directinal infrmatin, in cntrast t VOR DME: Distance measuring equipment n bard aircraft that allws the pilt t measure the distance t a grund based navigatin statin DME/DME: Aircraft can take psitin fixes frm tw grund statins t determine psitin. DME/DME/IRU is similar but the aircraft uses an n-bard inertial reference unit t mnitr prgress when DME cverage is interrupted ILS: Instrument landing system an antenna array based at the airprt that guides aircraft in t land APV: Apprach with vertical guidance uses either SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentatin Systems) r Bar (VNAV) systems t enable appraches with greater vertical precisin. The frmer requires a netwrk f grund based reference statins and a gestatinary satellite t transmit crrectin data t the aircraft GNSS, while the latter requires special equipment n bard aircraft t calculate the crrectin factrs 1 Area navigatin includes perfrmance-based navigatin as well as ther RNAV peratins that d nt meet the definitin f perfrmance-based navigatin. 14

15 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS The mve t Perfrmance Based Navigatin was signalled in 2007 with a reslutin f the Assembly f the Internatinal Civil Aviatin Organizatin (ICAO) calling n member States t cmplete an implementatin plan fr Perfrmance Based Navigatin by the end f In summary, State plans shuld achieve: implementatin f RNAV and RNP peratins (where required) fr en-rute and terminal areas accrding t established timelines and intermediate milestnes implementatin f apprach prcedures with vertical guidance (APV) (Bar-VNAV and/r augmented GNSS - SBAS), including LNAV (lateral guidance nly) minima, fr all instrument runway ends, either as the primary apprach r as a backup fr precisin appraches by 2016 with intermediate milestnes as fllws: 30 per cent by 2010, 70 per cent by 2014 implementatin f straight-in LNAV (lateral guidance nly) prcedures at aerdrmes where VNAV (vertical guidance) is technically nt pssible, r where there is n lcal altimeter setting available and where there are n aircraft suitably equipped fr APV peratins with a maximum certificated take-ff mass f 5,700 kg r mre It als urged that States include prvisins in their PBN implementatin plan fr creatin f apprach prcedures with vertical guidance (APV) t all runway FIGURE 1: ICAO SPECIFICATIONS FOR PERFORMANCE BASED NAVIGATION ends serving aircraft with a maximum certificated takeff mass f 5,700 kg r mre, accrding t established timelines and intermediate milestnes. ICAO develped a set f specificatins t guide States in the develpment f their wn plans (see figure 1), and prvided guidance material n implementatin in the PBN Manual (Dc 9613). A significant amunt f internatinal effrt is ging int imprving the accuracy and reliability f satellite navigatin systems. ICAO ntes that the United States GPS system will prvide signals n tw frequencies by New satellite cnstellatins frm Eurpe (Galile) and China (Bediu) are cming nline in the next 5 years. The availability f multiple frequencies culd reduce inspheric errrs. This will allw further increase in accuracy frm 2018 and beynd. Perfrmance based navigatin implementatin is well dwn the track in many cuntries, fr example: Australia has ver 500 PBN apprach prcedures with plans t add LNAV/VNAV. Australia has als cmpleted a Grund Landing System Categry 1 trial at Sydney. The United States has ver 5000 PBN appraches, with almst 2500 having LNAV/VNAV and LPV minima (based n its versin f SBAS, the Wide Area Augmentatin System WAAS). Of the prcedures with LPV minima, almst 500 allw the aircraft t apprach with 200 ft clud base. RNP specificatins (Includes a requirement fr n bard perfrmance mnitring and alerting (RAIM)) RNAV specificatins (N requirement fr n bard perfrmance mnitring) Designatin RNP 4 RNP 2 Oceanic and remte applicatins Designatin RNP 2 RNP 1 A-RNP RNP APCH RNP AR APCH RNP 0.3 En rute and terminal navigatin applicatins Designatin RNP with additinal requirements t be determined (e.g. 3D, 4D) Designatin RNAV 10 (RNP 10) Oceanic & remte navigatin applicatins Designatin RNAV 5 RNAV 2 RNAV 1 En rute & terminal navigatin applicatins The numerical designatrs define the level f accuracy required f the navigatin system, fr example RNP 2 shuld accurately pinpint the aircraft t within 2 nautical miles, 95% f the time The RNP APCH (required navigatin perfrmance APpraCH) specificatins require a standard navigatin accuracy f 1.0 NM in the initial, intermediate and missed segments and 0.3 NM in the final segment. The RNAV 10 specificatin was previusly called RNP 10 and is still called RNP 10 in sme dcuments 15

16 TABLE 1: ICAO BLOCK UPGRADES RELATED TO NAVIGATION Blck 0 Blck 1 Blck 2 Blck 3 Imprved Flexibility and Efficiency in Descent Prfiles (CDO) Deplyment f perfrmancebased airspace and arrival prcedures that allw the aircraft t fly their ptimum aircraft prfile taking accunt f airspace and traffic cmplexity with cntinuus descent peratins (CDOs). Deplyment f perfrmance-based airspace and arrival prcedures that allw the aircraft t fly their ptimum aircraft prfile taking accunt f airspace and traffic cmplexity with Optimised Prfile Descents (OPDs). Deplyment f perfrmancebased airspace and arrival prcedures that ptimise the aircraft prfile taking f airspace and traffic cmplexity including Optimised Prfile Descents (OPDs) supprted by Trajectry-Based Operatins and self-separatin.. Imprved Flexibility and Efficiency in Departure Prfiles - Cntinuus Climb Operatins (CCO) Deplyment f departure prcedures that allw the aircraft t fly their ptimum aircraft prfile taking accunt f airspace and traffic cmplexity with cntinuus climb peratins (CCOs). Develpment f GNSS based appraches (APTA) Optimisatin f Apprach prcedures including vertical guidance as the first step twards universal implementatin f GNSS appraches includes GNSS, Bar vertical navigatin (Bar VNAV), satellite based augmentatin system (SBAS) and grund based augmentatin system (GLS) Taking advantage f the lwest pssible minima thrugh the extensin f GNSS appraches frm Cat 1 t Cat II and III capability at a limited number f airprts. Harness integratin f PBN Standard Arrival Rutes (STARS) directly t all appraches with vertical guidance allws fr bth curved appraches and segmented appraches in an integrated system. CURRENT STATUS OF AVIATION NAVIGATION IN NEW ZEALAND Navigatin in New Zealand has traditinally relied upn a netwrk f grund based navigatin aids, 2 that pilts use t navigate alng fixed rutes (rute navigatin) and t make instrument appraches and departures at aerdrmes. In 1997 New Zealand was ne f the first cuntries in the wrld t implement rules t allw instrument flight prcedure peratins using GPS. Hwever these rules have nt been updated t reflect the mdern use f GNSS. PBN implementatin prgress In 2009, in respnse t the ICAO reslutin that all states shuld develp a Perfrmance Based Navigatin Implementatin Plan, New Zealand published a PBN Implementatin Plan. It was ne f the first t be prduced and was internatinally recgnised as a mdel fr thers. 2 Nn-Directinal Beacns (NDB), Very High Frequency Omnidirectinal Radi Range (VOR)/Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), and Instrument Landing Systems (ILS). The agreed cncepts fr New Zealand are t be implemented thrugh a three-phase prcess with target implementatin dates f 2012, 2017 and Thrugh this prcess, all ATS rutes (including SIDs and STARs) will be enabled by RNAV (r RNP, where required). All runway ends with instrument apprach prcedures will be enabled by RNP (with APV where pssible based n Bar- VNAV). The plan adpted the fllwing standards fr NZ dmestic PBN: Fr en rute peratins: RNAV 2 RNAV 1 fr all terminal rutes with surveillance services and Basic RNP 1 fr rutes withut surveillance services. Fr apprach peratins - RNP APCH The legacy RNAV (GNSS) arrivals, RNAV (GNSS) SIDs, and RNAV (GNSS) apprach prcedures currently used in New Zealand are as they are reviewed being replaced with the abve specificatins. As a result f this early planning, design and implementatin f RNAV rutes and prcedures is well advanced. Existing grund based navigatin aids remain in peratin and peratrs currently 16

17 have a chice between the ld navigatin systems and the new perfrmance based navigatin prcedures in many parts f the cuntry. Certificated Part 173 Prcedure Design rganisatins have a significant wrklad in turning the design wrk int published dcuments. The fllwing prcedures are already prmulgated: Rutes RNP 10 (RNAV 10) 3 and RNP 4 4 in Auckland Oceanic airspace All dmestic RNAV ATS rutes were designated RNAV 2 in 15 Nvember 2012 Arrival and departure prcedures RNAV(GNSS) apprach prcedures implemented at mst aerdrmes t replace r cmplement existing grund-based instrument prcedures RNAV (GNSS) arrival and departure prcedures (RNP 1 applicatin) at selected reginal aerdrmes Apprach with vertical guidance based n Barmetric Vertical Navigatin (Bar-VNAV) criteria implemented at all internatinal airprts RNAV Standard Instrument Departure Rutes (SIDs) and Standard Arrival Rutes (STARs) being implemented at Auckland, Wellingtn, and Christchurch aerdrmes RNP AR APCH prcedures at selected terrainchallenged lcatins, e.g. ueenstwn and Rtrua Regulatry requirements The navigatin equipment requirement and use standards are specified in Civil Aviatin Rule (2) which states that a persn shall nt perate an aircraft unless the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft cmply with [a specified list] r an alternative specificatin and design standard apprved by the Directr. The acceptable standards fr equipment use n PBN rutes and apprach prcedures are currently prvided in a revised draft f Advisry Circular AC Rev 1 Perfrmance Based Navigatin (Operatinal Apprvals). It sets ut equipment 3 Distance based separatins fr RNP10 aircraft and fr RNP4 aircraft require surveillance via ADS-C and cmmunicatins t RCP240 via CPDLC. 4 In the case f RNP 4, ADS cntract (ADS-C) is used. standards, prcedural and training requirements fr peratrs wishing t use PBN rutes. Until rule changes can be implemented the Directr f Civil Aviatin has issued a general exemptin frm sme f the Part 19 Subpart D rules that limit the use f GNSS, prvided it is in cmpliance with the requirements f the Advisry Circular. Equipment apprvals: Frm 1 May 2014 all new equipment installatins will need t have apprvals (recrded n the aircraft 2129 avinics frm). Existing peratrs (bth private and cmmercial) wishing t fly published RNAV, RNP and RNP APCH prcedures will need t btain apprvals fr their existing equipment frm 1 Nvember The Advisry Circular suggests the fllwing equipment requirements t fly a particular rute r apprach prcedure frm Octber 2014: Part 91 peratrs 1 GNSS receiver plus ne alternate nn-gnss system Part 119 Operatrs 2 GNSS receivers plus ne alternate nn-gnss system The cmmn standard fr GNSS equipment is either a TSO 145/146, r a TSO 129 receiver with r withut fault detectin. Operatr apprvals: Operatinal apprval is als required t cnfirm the adequacy f the peratr s nrmal and cntingency prcedures fr the particular equipment installatin. Maintenance prcedures (including maintenance f the navigatin database) Pre-flight planning requirements General perating prcedures Cntingency prcedures Training requirements Pilt apprvals: Pilts may cnduct PBN peratins if they have an apprpriate instrument rating fr the PBN system and meet the currency requirement. Infrastructure develpments Airways have a PBN implementatin Plan fr all cntrlled aerdrmes which is being rlled ut fr cmpletin in 2017 cvering instrument prcedure design and assciated ATC training. A number f large peratrs, including Air New Zealand have als develped their wn PBN Implementatin Plans. 17

18 CHALLENGES FOR NEW ZEALAND In the future there are a number f challenges that will need t be addressed in the navigatin area: Safety management during transitin t PBN envirnment The key challenge during this transitinal perid is t ensure that all safety issues relating t implementatin f the new prcedures are effectively addressed in particular that: Operatrs wishing t use the new rutes have the equipment capabilities, peratinal prcedures and training t manage the new rutes PBN is effectively implemented int the air traffic management system Navigatin databases are accurate, reliable and frm an apprved prvider Weather infrmatin supprts PBN use Reliability f the satellite system Cntingency While there are cntingency systems in place during a mixed mde navigatin system, a mre exclusive PBN envirnment will mean that there are less alternatives available in the event f a GNSS utage. There is a great deal f wrk underway internatinally t assess the reliability f the satellite system and there may be imprvements in this area frm abut 2018 nwards. A key challenge fr New Zealand will be t ensure that there is an adequate grund based navigatin netwrk t prvide a safe alternate in the case f a failure f the satellite system. GNSS system perfrmance and predictin f cntinued availability f the service needs t be assured. Upgrade csts and practicality Aircraft perating in New Zealand airspace currently have a diverse range f navigatinal capabilities. This diversity cupled with a wide mix f aviatin activities, high level f nn-cmmercial peratins and lder aircraft fleet mean that nt all participants will have the level f equipage t meet future requirements and that upgrading csts will vary greatly. A balance will need t be struck between the needs f the peratrs wh are driving twards an exclusive PBN envirnment (which will allw best cst savings) and the needs f sme participants in the aviatin system in particular sme in the General Aviatin cmmunity, fr whm cst may utweigh benefits until equipment csts reduce. In additin, there are sme practical implicatins t take int accunt New Zealand nly has a small number f avinics engineers experienced with the new technlgy, and is reliant n supply f equipment frm verseas. Time will be needed t allw peratrs t arrange fr upgrades and there may be impacts n the peratin f bth existing and new aircraft systems. Changes in envirnmental impacts The new rutes are expected t have a psitive effect n emissins, with less fuel burn and reduced carbn emissins. Widespread change t air navigatin rutes, appraches and departures may result in changes t verall nise patterns resulting frm mre accurate tracks ver particular areas. This is mst likely t affect areas clse t aerdrmes with mre accurate arrival and departure flight paths. Outdated regulatry requirements There are als issues relating t the existing rule set, which has nt kept up with the new technlgies. Fr example, a general exemptin is currently in place t allw GNSS t be used as the primary means f navigatin (Civil Aviatin Rule Part 19 currently des nt allw this). Aspects f the Advisry Circular setting ut the future regulatry requirements wuld als benefit frm greater clarity in the rules arund expectatins. Regulatr resurcing Intrductin f prcesses t apprve aircraft systems, peratr prcedures and implement training requirements will require significant resurcing frm the Civil Aviatin Authrity. Time will be needed t allw fr regulatry apprvals, and resurces will need t be set aside t PBN capability register 18