APPENDIX A MODULE NO. B1-90 INITIAL INTEGRATION OF REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT (RPA) INTO NON-SEGREGATED AIRSPACE

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1 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix A APPENDIX A MODULE NO. B1-90 INITIAL INTEGRATION OF REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT (RPA) INTO NON-SEGREGATED AIRSPACE Summary Main perfrmance impact as per Dc 9854 Operating envirnment/ Phases f flight Applicability cnsideratins Glbal cncept cmpnent(s) as per Dc 9854 Glbal plan initiatives (GPI) Main dependencies Glbal readiness checklists Implementatin f basic prcedures fr perating remtely pilted aircraft (RPA) in nn-segregated airspace including detect and avid. KPA-01 Access and equity, KPA-10 Safety. En-rute, ceanic, terminal (arrival and departure), aerdrme (taxi, takeff and landing) Applies t all RPA perating in nn-segregated airspace and at aerdrmes. Requires gd synchrnizatin f airbrne and grund deplyment t generate significant benefits, in particular t thse able t meet minimum certificatin and equipment requirements. AOM airspace rganizatin and management AUO airspace user peratins CM cnflict management GPI-6: Air traffic flw management GPI-9: Situatinal awareness GPI-12 Functinal integratin f grund systems with airbrne systems GPI-17: Data link applicatins Nil Status Standards readiness Est Avinics availability Est Grund systems availability Est Prcedures available Est Operatins apprvals Est NARRATIVE 1.1 General This mdule will discuss the baseline n which the further imprvements discussed will be based. The aim is t mve frm initial accmmdatin f remtely pilted aircraft (RPA), t integratin int traffic within nn-segregated airspace, and finally t full transparent peratin within the airspace. Blck 1 is the first step in this prcess. The Blck 1 imprvements are: a) streamlined prcess t access nn-segregated airspace; b) airwrthiness certificatin fr RPA; c) peratr certificatin; d) remte pilt licensing requirements;

2 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix A A-2 e) detect and avid technlgy perfrmance requirements; and f) cmmunicatin perfrmance requirements Belw is a list f definitins that are used in this mdule. 1.2 Baseline Cmmand and cntrl (C2) link. The data link between the remtely-pilted aircraft and the remte pilt statin fr the purpses f managing the flight. Cntrlled airspace. An airspace f defined dimensins within which air traffic cntrl service is prvided in accrdance with the airspace classificatin. Segregated airspace. Airspace f specified dimensins allcated fr exclusive use t a specific user(s). Detect and avid. The capability t see, sense r detect cnflicting traffic r ther hazards and take the apprpriate actin. Operatr. A persn, rganizatin r enterprise engaged in r ffering t engage in an aircraft peratin. Nte. In the cntext f remtely pilted aircraft, an aircraft peratin includes the remtely pilted aircraft system. Remte pilt. A persn charged by the peratr with duties essential t the peratin f a remtely-pilted aircraft and wh manipulates the flight cntrls, as apprpriate, during flight time. Remte pilt statin (RPS). The cmpnent f the remtely-pilted aircraft system cntaining the equipment used t pilt the remtely-pilted aircraft. Remtely pilted aircraft (RPA). An unmanned aircraft which is pilted frm a remte pilt statin. Remtely pilted aircraft system (RPAS). A remtely-pilted aircraft, its assciated remte pilt statin(s), the required cmmand and cntrl links, and any ther cmpnents as specified in the apprved type design. RPA bserver. A trained and cmpetent persn designated by the peratr wh, by visual bservatin f the remtely-pilted aircraft, assists the remte pilt in the safe cnduct f the flight. Visual line-f-sight (VLOS) peratin. An peratin in which the remte pilt r RPA bserver maintains direct visual cntact with the remtely-pilted aircraft The baseline fr this mdule is a situatin where RPA are nly used in segregated airspace.

3 A-3 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix A 1.3 Change brught by the mdule The mdule prvides fr the implementatin f basic prcedures fr perating RPA in nn-segregated airspace including detect and avid. This includes the fllwing actins: a) Streamline prcess t access nn-segregated airspace: State authrities will need t cnsider if current natinal/reginal prcesses are adequate fr enabling the level f airspace access necessary t accmplish all missins prpsed r envisined fr RPA flights. While internatinal RPAS Standards and Recmmended Practices (SARPs) are being develped, natinal and/r reginal authrizatin prcesses will be used t access airspace. Methds fr imprving and streamlining these prcesses will be wrked n during this time frame. Apprval t use existing technlgies, such as grund-based detect and avid systems, may supprt access t airspace thrugh enhanced cllisin avidance capability. This will allw authrities t streamline the prcess t grant authrizatin fr airspace access. b) Defining airwrthiness certificatin fr RPA: Standards cmmittees (such as RTCA SC-203, ASTM F 38, EUROCAE WG 73, and thers) will cntinue their wrk in the Blck 1 time frame, develping minimum aviatin system perfrmance standards (MASPS). Certificatin takes int accunt system cnfiguratin, usage, envirnment, and the hardware and sftware f the entire system (e.g. aircraft, remte pilt statins, C2 links). It als cnsiders design characteristics, prductin prcesses, reliability, and in-service maintenance prcedures that adequately mitigate risk f injury/damage t peple, prperty r ther aircraft. EASA s rulemaking directrate has issued plicy statement E. Y fr airwrthiness certificatin f RPAS that utlines prcedures fr type certificatin f civil RPA nce standards have been established. Technical standards might be used t certify specific cmpnents f the RPAS. The certificate f airwrthiness will be issued t the aircraft while cnsidering the entire system. The C2 links will have t meet identified perfrmance requirements. Certificatin standards and prcedures will need t be wrked ut during this time frame. c) Define peratr certificatin: The peratr has respnsibility fr peratinal cntrl and cnfiguratin management f the RPAS. In rder t btain an Operatr Certificate, prcesses and prcedures must be established that ensure laws, regulatins and prcedures f thse States in which peratins are cnducted are cmplied with. Operatrs must have prgrammes in place related t persnnel training, cntinuing airwrthiness, maintenance and safety management. d) Define cmmunicatin perfrmance requirements: Requirements t supprt cmmand and cntrl (C2) and ATC cmmunicatins cmmensurate with the level f airspace access will be needed. These perfrmance-based requirements will be develped and certified t supprt the RPAS peratinal imprvements. The technlgy needs t supprt all aspects f remving the pilt frm the aircraft such as the ability t manage the trajectry f the RPA and display f the n-bard avinics. The security f the C2 links must be assured fr all peratins beynd line-f-sight. Likewise perfrmance requirements related t reliability, availability and latency will need t be develped.

4 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix A A-4 e) Define remte pilt licensing requirements: Requirements fr the remte pilt licence will have many similarities t thse f pilts, hwever new factrs such as ratings fr bth the remte pilt statin (RPS) and RPA will be included. Medical prvisins will be addressed cncurrently and will fcus n the unique envirnment presented by RPAS. f) Define detect and avid technlgy perfrmance requirements: These perfrmance-based requirements will be develped and certified t supprt the RPAS peratinal imprvements as discussed abve. The technlgy will be develped in cnjunctin with ther risk mitigatin effrts t gain incremental access t the airspace. Initial capabilities may include grund-based detect and avid systems cnsisting f any cmbinatin f plicy, prcedures, and technlgy derived frm grund-based sensrs intended t facilitate safe airspace access ver land r water. Surveillance (radar, autmatic dependent surveillance bradcast (ADS-B)) initiatives will help gather, test, and verify data, alng with the apprpriate mdeling and simulatin activities, t establish requirements and build an verall safety case fr detect and avid. The detect and avid technlgy will be used by the remte pilt t meet cllisin and hazard avidance respnsibility and prvide situatinal awareness. 2. INTENDED PERFORMANCE OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENT 2.1 Metrics t determine the success f the mdule are prpsed in the Manual n Glbal Perfrmance f the Air Navigatin System (Dc 9883). Access and Equity Safety Cst Benefit Analysis Limited access t airspace by a new categry f users. Increased situatinal awareness; cntrlled use f aircraft. The business case is directly related t the ecnmic value f the aviatin applicatins supprted by RPAS. 3. NECESSARY PROCEDURES (AIR AND GROUND) 3.1 It is anticipated that as the imprvements take shape in this blck, air traffic services and prcedures will have t change t accmmdate these new airspace users. RPAS prcedures such as C2 link failure will need t be standardized and may include a specific transpnder cde r ADS-B emergency mde. Additinal prcedures may include separatin standards; ATC phraselgy; and vice/data cmmunicatins means between remte pilt and ATC. 4. NECESSARY SYSTEM CAPABILITY 4.1 Avinics The RPA must have the equipment and avinics which cllect the data necessary fr the remte pilt in the RPS t cntrl the flight path f the aircraft and carry ut any required prcedural maneuvres. The implicatins f the remte pilt being external t the aircraft will require a review f the data required t bserve the perating limitatins f the aircraft in the expected perating cnditins.

5 A-5 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix A New indicatrs may be needed in the RPS t depict the additinal types f data (system health mnitring, envirnmental cnditins, etc) being prvided by the n-bard avinics Technlgy is being develped t demnstrate an airbrne detect and avid system (ABDAA) fr RPA which must be able t fulfil the requirements fr mid-air cllisin avidance in nnsegregated airspace fr bth cperative and nn-cperative targets. This technlgy is nt yet addressing ther hazards r grund maneuvring supprt tls. 4.2 Grund systems Grund-based detect and avid (GBDAA) is the technlgy in this time frame envisined t affrd the greatest return n investment t allw better access t nn-segregated airspace. This technlgy will imprve the detect and avid situatinal awareness fr the remte pilt within the specific cverage areas defined by the systems and has the ptential t be the near/midterm slutin t the detect and avid prblem plaguing the RPAS cmmunity. This apprach is currently utilized n a limited basis and may becme a glbal apprach in this time frame. 5. HUMAN PERFORMANCE 5.1 Human factrs cnsideratins The cntrller-pilt relatinship is changing and will need t be investigated. Specific training fr cntrllers, remte pilts and pilts (manned aircraft) will be required, in particular with respect t the new detect and avid situatins The identificatin f Human Factrs cnsideratins is an imprtant enabler in identifying prcesses and prcedures fr this mdule. In particular, the human-machine interface fr the autmatin aspects f this perfrmance imprvement will need t be cnsidered and where necessary accmpanied by risk mitigatin strategies such as training, educatin and redundancy. 5.2 Training and qualificatin requirements Training in the peratinal standards and prcedures will be identified alng with SARPs necessary fr this mdule t be implemented. Likewise the qualificatins requirements will be identified and included in the regulatry readiness aspects f this mdule when they becme available Medical qualificatins will need t be identified and may include psychlgical cmpnents. 6. REGULATORY/STANDARDIZATION NEEDS AND APPROVAL PLAN (AIR AND GROUND) Regulatry/standardizatin: new r updated requirements fr RPAS peratins are needed that include baseline standards and guidance material. Apprval plans: t be determined, based upn State r reginal applicatins.

6 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix A A-6 7. IMPLEMENTATION AND DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES (AS KNOWN AT TIME OF WRITING) 7.1 Current use The United States specifically the FAA, is in the review prcess fr defining small UAS prcedures: nce small UAS prcedures are apprved, small UAS peratins in the U.S. utside f military perating areas may be permitted, first in unppulated, then sparsely ppulated areas. Small UAS plicy will be based n the successive expansins f their use and the rules and prcedures that are established. These small UAS prcedures will cntinue t be develped t allw small UAS t perate in mre types f airspace. Visual line-f-sight (VLOS) will be used t prvide detect and avid mitigatin fr these UAS. This is a USfcused apprach that currently may nt apply fr ther States. Sme States are lking at lcalized grund-based detect and avid (GBDAA) technlgy t supprt the detect and avid requirements. Eurpe: EUROCONTROL is in the prcess f integrating an RPA in Class C and D airspace under IFR and VFR. Detect and avid is mitigated thrugh GBDAA and scanning thrugh the n-bard camera system. This will enable further integratin. The MIDCAS cnsrtium is develping a detect and avid test bed that shuld be available fr testing beginning in In regard t VLOS, the Netherlands will certify an RPAS this year (civil certified). Eur Hawk is flying in cntrlled airspace as peratinal air traffic. EUROCAE has finalized its wrk n a guidance dcument fr VLOS. A strategy dcument utlining EC plicy n UAS is in preparatin thrugh an EC UAS panel, addressing industry and market issues, UAS insertin and spectrum, safety, scietal dimensins and R&D. Legal framewrk fr the develpment f AMC is in place. EASA will nly deal with UAS with a mass greater than 150 kg. 7.2 Planned r nging trials In the United States and Eurpe, several civil applicatins, initially VLOS and mre integratin f civil IFR/VFR peratins in this time frame are expected based n full certificatin and special authrizatin. United States: Demnstrating enhanced vice cmmunicatins thrugh a digital netwrk radi system, the use f surveillance infrmatin n a CDTI in Requirements fr frequency spectrum fr RPAS will be established in this time frame. SESAR addresses UAS within WPs 9, 11 and 15.

7 A-7 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix A The Eurpean Defence Agency has launched the MIDCAS prject. It is addressing detect and avid frm bth military and civil perspectives. The budget is 50 millin Eurs and it is expected t prduce a wrking prttype fr detect and avid applicatin by the end f Mercatr, an ultra-light UAS that is slar/battery pwered fr lng duratin flights at arund FL450 is being tested in Belgian airspace t demnstrate a UAS flight in a busy ATM envirnment. 8. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 8.1 Standards ICAO Annex 1 Persnnel Licensing ICAO Annex 2 Rules f the Air ICAO Annex 6 Operatin f Aircraft ICAO Annex 7 Aircraft Natinality and Registratin Marks ICAO Annex 8 Airwrthiness f Aircraft ICAO Annex 10 Aernautical Telecmmunicatins, Vlume II Cmmunicatin Prcedures including thse with PANS status ICAO Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigatin U.S. Department f Transprtatin FAA, Air Traffic Organizatin Plicy N JO NATO STANAG 4586, Standard Interfaces f UAV Cntrl System (UCS) fr NATO UAV Interperability 8.2 Guidance material ICAO Circ 328, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) ICAO RPAS Guidance Manual (under develpment) 8.3 Apprval dcuments EUROCAE Dcuments (under develpment) RTCA Dcuments (under develpment) New guidance material needed fr type certificatin, certificate f airwrthiness, peratr certificate, remte pilt licence, frequency spectrum, cmmunicatins, and detect and avid

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9 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix B Summary Main perfrmance impact as per Dc 9854 Operating envirnment/ Phases f flight Applicability cnsideratins Glbal cncept cmpnent(s) as per Dc 9854 Glbal plan initiatives (GPI) APPENDIX B MODULE NO. B2-90: REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT (RPA) INTEGRATION IN TRAFFIC Main dependencies B1-90 Glbal readiness checklist Cntinuing t imprve the remtely pilted aircraft (RPA) access t nnsegregated airspace; cntinuing t imprve the remtely pilted aircraft systems (RPAS) apprval/certificatin prcesses; cntinuing t define and refine the RPAS peratinal prcedures; cntinuing t refine cmmunicatin perfrmance requirements; standardizing the cmmand and cntrl (C2) link failure prcedures and agreeing n a unique squawk cde fr C2 link failure; and wrking n detect and avid technlgies, t include autmatic dependent surveillance bradcast (ADS-B) and algrithm develpment t integrate RPA int the airspace. KPA-01 Access and equity, KPA-10 Safety. All phases f flight including taxi Applies t all RPA perating in nn-segregated airspace and at aerdrmes. Requires gd synchrnizatin f airbrne and grund deplyment t generate significant benefits, in particular t thse able t meet minimum certificatin and equipment requirements. AOM airspace rganizatin and management CM cnflict management AUO airspace user peratins GPI-9: Situatinal awareness GPI-12: Functinal integratin f grund systems with airbrne systems GPI-17: Data link applicatins Status (indicate ready with a tick r input date) Standards readiness Est Avinics availability Est Grund systems availability Est Prcedures available Est Operatins apprvals Est NARRATIVE 1.1 General Based n Blck 1, Initial integratin f remtely pilted aircraft (RPA) in nn-segregated airspace, Blck 2 includes the prcedures and technlgy that are pssible in the Blck 2 timeframe.

10 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix B B Baseline The baseline is the initial accmmdatin f RPA in nn-segregated airspace prvided by mdule B Changes brught by the mdule This mdule brings a number f imprvements in prcedures and uses the experience accumulated with B1-90 as well as develpments in technlgy t enable the further integratin f RPA in traffic, thereby expanding the RPA applicatins while maintaining levels f safety. The prjected changes related t this mdule include: Access t mst airspace fr select airframes withut specific airspace cnstraints: As aircraft certificatin (based n an established safety case fr a particular RPA system airframe, C2 link, and remte pilt statin (RPS)) is develped and prcedures are defined, airspace cnstraints will gradually be lifted and specific RPA will be permitted t fly in mre situatins. In the Blck 2 timeframe, this will start with a very small number f RPA, but will be permitted t grw as RPA prve they can meet standards, and certificatin and prcedures are develped. This access will be based n the imprvements t the RPAS, the develped technlgy, (grund-based detect and avid (GBDAA), ADS-B, and specific C2 link failure cde) and imprved ATM prcedures. RPA certificatin prcedures: Using minimal aircraft system perfrmance specificatin (MASPS) develped by standards cmmittees r adpted by ICAO, material slutins will be develped fr integratin int RPAS. As these slutins are integrated int selected RPAS, the RPA will g thrugh the prcess f being certified airwrthy. Airwrthiness and certificatin are based n well-established airwrthiness design standards. Therefre the fllwing related issues will have t be addressed: Standards and Recmmended Practices (SARPs) and Prcedures fr agreed RPA classes SARPs and prcedures fr remte pilt statins (RPS) Prvisins fr C2 links Pssible rule changes t set frth a type standard fr varius RPA Mdificatin f type design (r restricted categry) standards t accunt fr unique RPA features (e.g. remval f windscreens, crashwrthiness standards, pilting handver frm ne RPS t anther, etc.) RPA prcedures defined: Prcedures utlined belw will be develped t permit selected RPA (prven airwrthy) t fly in nn-segregated airspace with manned aircraft. Training fr remte pilts, pilts and ATC persnal must be develped t accmmdate these RPA: Standardized C2 link failure prcedures New special purpse transpnder cde fr C2 link failure: A new transpnder cde will be develped s that the ATC autmatin can differentiate RPA C2 link failure frm tw-way radi cmmunicatin failures. Because transpnder cdes cannt be received ver the high seas, RPA will bradcast psitin t nearby aircraft via ADS-B. If ADS-C is mandated fr high seas RPA, C2 link failure psitin may be tracked by ATC if that electrnic link remains intact. Revised separatin criteria and/r handling prcedures (i.e. mving airspace)

11 B-3 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix B ADS-B n mst RPA classes: It is envisined that ADS-B will be included n mst new RPA being built during this time perid and a retrfit prgram shuld be established fr lder aircraft. Cmmunicatin perfrmance requirements t supprt cmmand and cntrl (C2) and ATC cmmunicatins will be refined. Security, reliability, availability and latency requirements will be increased t match the greater level f airspace access granted t RPA. Detect and avid technlgies will be imprved and certified t supprt RPA and peratinal imprvements. Grund-based detect and avid (GBDAA) will be certified and apprved fr mre pieces f airspace. Other appraches t cnsider include an n-bard (airbrne) detect and avid slutin (ABDAA). ABDAA effrts are currently fcused n develping the capability t perfrm bth airbrne separatin and cllisin avidance n bard the aircraft that ensure an apprpriate level f safety even in the event f cmmand and cntrl link failure. The initial capability will prvide an ability t cllect and analyze valuable data fr develping a rbust airbrne DAA system. Prtected spectrum and security 1 this necessitates the use f designated frequency bands, i.e. thse reserved fr aernautical safety and regularity f flight under aernautical mbile (rute) service (AM(R)S), aernautical mbile satellite (rute) service (AMS(R)S), aernautical radi navigatin service (ARNS) and aernautical radi navigatin satellite service (ARNSS) allcatins as defined in the ITU radi regulatins. It is essential that any cmmunicatins between the RPS and RPA fr C2 meet the perfrmance requirement applicable fr that airspace and/r peratin, as determined by the apprpriate authrity. SATCOM links may require a backup This might lead t a utilizatin scheme, still t be discussed and validated, as fllws: Blck 2 Authrizatin C2 Link Failure Prcedures ATC Cmmunicatins Separatin Minima Class B and C Class A Airspace (ther than High Seas) High Seas (Class A Airspace) Strict cmpliance with the prvisins f the authrizatin is required Will fllw standardized prcedures. Will fllw standardized A special purpse transpnder cde prcedures. will be established. Cntinuus tw-way cmmunicatins as required fr the airspace. RPA will squawk 7600 in case f cmmunicatin failure with ATC. New separatin minima may be required Cntinuus tw-way cmmunicatins will be maintained directly r via a service prvider (e.g. ARINC r SITA) depending n lcatin and peratin. Separatin criteria will be analyzed and special separatin criteria might be Class D, E, F, and G Operatins nt permitted, unless by waiver r authrizatin 1 ICAO Cir 328, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

12 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix B B-4 develped. ATC Instructins RPAS will cmply with ATC instructins as required RPA Observers As required fr the peratin Medical Remte pilts shall have an apprpriate medical certificate Presence f Other RPAS shall nt increase safety risk t the air navigatin system Aircraft Visual Separatin Visual separatin may be permitted. TBD Respnsibility f Remte Pilt Remte pilt is respnsible fr cmpliance with the rules f the air and adherence with the authrizatin Ppulated Areas Restrictins t be determined by the Nt applicable State. ATC Services Cnsistent with Annex 11, Flight Plan RPAS peratins, except VLOS, shall be cnducted in accrdance with IFR. Flight plans shall be filed. Meterlgical Restrictins t be determined by the State Cnditins Transpnder Shall have and use an perating mde C/S transpnder Safety Identify the hazards and mitigate the safety risks; adhere t the authrizatin NOTAMs NOTAM requirements, if any, t be determined by the State Certificatin TBD 2. INTENDED PERFORMANCE OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENT 2.1 Metrics t determine the success f the mdule are prpsed in the Manual n Glbal Perfrmance f the Air Navigatin System (Dc 9883). Access and Equity Safety Cst Benefit Analysis Access t airspace by a new categry f users. Increased situatinal awareness; cntrlled use f aircraft The business case is directly related t the ecnmic value f the aviatin applicatins supprted by RPAS. 3. NECESSARY PROCEDURES (AIR AND GROUND) 3.1 Imprved air traffic management (ATM) prcedures will need t be in place t allw the access f RPA int nn-segregated airspace. Specifically: a) ATM prvisins need t be amended t accmmdate RPA taking int accunt the unique peratinal characteristics f each RPA type as well as their autmatin and nn-traditinal IFR/VFR capabilities; b) air navigatin service prviders will need t review emergency and cntingency prcedures t take accunt f unique RPA failure mdes such as C2 link failure, t include standardized prcedures, and a new special purpse transpnder cde. Cnsideratin will als be needed f prcedures that may be necessary if the RPA is using an alternate C2 link that results in excessive delay in respnding t RPA pilt inputs;

13 B-5 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix B c) terminal areas may need t mdify their prcedures t allw fr the increased vlume f RPA activity; and d) grund peratins may need t be mdified t accmmdate the increased activity f RPA as well. 3.2 Imprved RPA certificatin prcedures will need t be develped, as well as standardized C2 link failure prcedures. As ABDAA algrithms are develped, assciated RPA peratins prcedures will need t be develped. 4. NECESSARY SYSTEM CAPABILITY 4.1 Avinics ADS-B OUT n mst RPA as well as manned aircraft Preliminary develpment and testing f airbrne detect and avid technlgies 4.2 Grund systems GBDAA where applicable ATC autmatin will need t be able t respnd t the new C2 link failure cde Autmatic psitin reprting t ATC capability fr C2 link failure ver high seas 5. HUMAN PERFORMANCE 5.1 Human factrs cnsideratins The cntrller-pilt relatinship is changing and will need t be investigated. Specific training fr cntrllers, remte pilts and pilts will be required, in particular with respect t the new detect and avid situatins This mdule is still in the research and develpment phase s the Human Factrs cnsideratins are still in the prcess f being identified thrugh mdelling and beta testing. Future iteratins f this dcument will becme mre specific abut the prcesses and prcedures necessary t take the Human Factrs cnsideratins int accunt. There will be a particular emphasis n identifying the human-machine interface issues if there are any and prviding the high risk mitigatin strategies t accunt fr them. 5.2 Training and qualificatin requirements This mdule will eventually cntain a number f persnnel training requirements. As and when they are develped, they will be included in the dcumentatin supprting this mdule and their imprtance highlighted. Likewise, any qualificatins requirements that are recmmended will becme part f the regulatry needs prir t implementatin f this perfrmance imprvement.

14 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix B B-6 6. REGULATORY/STANDARDIZATION NEEDS AND APPROVAL PLAN (AIR AND GROUND) Regulatry/standardizatin: new r updated requirements and standards are needed that include: C2 link failure standards and prcedures; specific special purpse transpnder cde fr C2 link failure; updated ATM prcedures t allw fr the integratin f RPA int en-rute and terminal airspace; and updated airwrthiness standards and prcedures Apprval plans: t be determined. 7. IMPLEMENTATION AND DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES (AS KNOWN AT TIME OF WRITING) 7.1 Planned r nging trials Eurpe: S far all strategies are aimed at full integratin within the timeframe f Blck 2. SESAR will address this. ADS-B and SATCOM are n the agenda. RPA and manned peratins will be integrated at airprts. The Separatin and Airspace Safety Panel (SASP) will determine the separatin minima. United States: Demnstrating the capability t integrate RPA int the NAS using ADS-B and addressable vice ver IP cmmunicatins. 8. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 8.1 Standards ICAO Annex 1 Persnnel Licensing ICAO Annex 2 Rules f the Air ICAO Annex 3 Meterlgical Service fr Internatinal Air Navigatin ICAO Annex 4 Aernautical Charts ICAO Annex 6 Operatin f Aircraft ICAO Annex 7 Aircraft Natinality and Registratin Marks ICAO Annex 8 Airwrthiness f Aircraft ICAO Annex 10 Aernautical Telecmmunicatins, Vlume II Cmmunicatin Prcedures including thse with PANS status ICAO Annex 10 Aernautical Telecmmunicatins, Vlume IV Surveillance and Cllisin Avidance Systems ICAO Annex 11 Air Traffic Services ICAO Annex 12 Search and Rescue ICAO Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigatin ICAO Annex 15 Aernautical Infrmatin Services ICAO Annex 17 Security Safeguarding Internatinal Civil Aviatin against Acts f Unlawful Interference

15 B-7 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix B U.S. Department f Transprtatin FAA, Air Traffic Organizatin Plicy N JO NATO STANAG 4586, Standard Interfaces f UAV Cntrl System (UCS) fr NATO UAV Interperability 8.2 Guidance material ICAO RPAS Guidance Manual 8.3 Apprval dcuments EUROCAE Dcuments RTCA Dcuments

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17 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix C Summary Main perfrmance impact as per Dc 9854 Operating envirnment/ Phases f flight Applicability cnsideratins Glbal cncept cmpnent(s) as per Dc 9854 Glbal plan initiatives (GPI) APPENDIX C MODULE NO. B3-90: REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT (RPA) TRANSPARENT MANAGEMENT Main dependencies B2-90 Glbal readiness checklist Cntinuing t imprve the certificatin prcess fr remtely pilted aircraft (RPA) in all classes f airspace, wrking n develping a reliable C2 link, develping and certifying airbrne detect and avid (ABDAA) algrithms fr cllisin avidance, and integratin f RPA int aerdrme prcedures. KPA-01 Access and Equity, KPA-02 Capacity, KPA-05 Envirnment, KPA-09 Predictability, KPA-10 Safety. En-rute, ceanic, terminal (arrival and departure), aerdrme (taxi, takeff and landing) Applies t all RPA perating in nn-segregated airspace and at aerdrmes. Requires gd synchrnizatin f airbrne and grund deplyment t generate significant benefits, in particular t thse able t meet minimum certificatin and equipment requirements. AOM airspace rganizatin and management CM cnflict management AUO airspace user peratins GPI-6: Air traffic flw management GPI-9: Situatinal awareness GPI-12: Functinal integratin f grund systems with airbrne systems Status (indicate ready with a tick r input date) Standards readiness Est Avinics availability Est Grund systems availability Est Prcedures available Est Operatins apprvals Est NARRATIVE 1.1 Baseline The baseline cntains prcedures that accmmdate and allw fr the integratin f RPA int the airspace. This includes the imprvements addressed in Blck 2-90, which are: a) access t mst airspace fr select airframes withut specific authrizatin r experimental aircraft waiver; b) RPA certificatin prcedures; c) RPAS apprval prcedures; d) standardized C2 link failure prcedures;

18 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix C C-2 e) new special purpse transpnder cde fr C2 link failure; f) revised separatin criteria and/r handling prcedures (i.e. mving airspace); g) ADS-B n mst RPA classes; h) detect and avid technlgy imprvements; and i) autmatic psitin reprting t ATC capability fr C2 link failure ver high seas. 1.2 Changes brught by the mdule Certificatin fr RPA flying in all classes f airspace: here the RPA perates in nnsegregated airspace just like any ther aircraft. Certificatin has been defined based n standards, and the safety case has been prven fr each aircraft type. The air traffic management (ATM) prcedures (identificatin f aircraft type, separatin minima, and cmmunicatin failure prcedures) are well defined in Blck 3 t allw fr this type f peratin. Cmmunicatin: perfrmance requirements t supprt cmmand and cntrl (C2) and ATC cmmunicatins will be fully vetted and certified during this blck. Security, reliability, availability and latency requirements will be increased t supprt full airspace access by RPA. Certified pre-set autmatic respnse: The ability t respnd autmatically t prvide cllisin avidance maneuvres. This is needed t ensure safety even during a C2 link failure event. The remte pilt shall have the ability t verride the autmatic actins whenever the C2 link is peratinal. Certified airbrne detect and avid (ABDAA) algrithms: During this blck the prcedures and standards fr avidance maneuvres, based n an ABDAA slutin and algrithm set, will be develped and certified. Aerdrme prcedures: During this blck, RPA will be integrated int aerdrme peratins. Cnsideratin may have t be given t the creatin f airprts that wuld supprt RPA peratins nly. The unique characteristics f RPA need t be cnsidered, sme f the areas t be cnsidered are: Applicability f aerdrme signs and markings Integratin f RPA with manned aircraft peratins n the maneuvring area f an aerdrme Issues surrunding the ability f RPA t avid cllisins while maneuvring Issues surrunding the ability f RPA t fllw ATC instructins in the air r n the maneuvring area (e.g. fllw green Cessna 172 r crss behind the Air France A320 ) Applicability f instrument apprach minima t RPA peratins Necessity f RPA bservers at aerdrmes t assist the remte pilt with cllisin avidance requirements Implicatins fr aerdrme requirements f RPA infrastructure, such as apprach aids, grund handling vehicles, landing aids, launch/recvery aids, etc. Rescue and fire fighting requirements fr RPA (and remte pilt statin, if applicable)

19 C-3 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix C RPA launch/recvery at sites ther than aerdrmes Integratin f RPA with manned aircraft in the vicinity f an aerdrme Aerdrme implicatins fr RPAS-specific equipment (e.g. remte pilt statins) This might lead t a utilizatin scheme, still t be discussed and validated, as fllws: Blck 3 Authrizatin C2 Link Failure Prcedures ATC Cmmunicatins Separatin Minima ATC Instructins RPA Observers Medical Fully Cntrlled Terminal Airspace (Class B, C) En Rute Class A Airspace High Seas Class A Airspace Strict cmpliance with standard regulatins is required. Shall fllw standardized prcedures. A Shall fllw special purpse transpnder cde will be standardized established. prcedures. Must bradcast r cntract psitin reprts t ATC Cntinuus tw-way cmmunicatins as required fr the airspace. RPA will squawk 7600 in case f cmmunicatins failure with ATC. Primary cmmunicatins are via terrestrial data link; fr cmmunicatins failure RPA pilt will use telephnic cmmunicatins RPA will be capable f airt-air cmmunicatins New separatin minima may be required. Separatin criteria will be analyzed and special separatin criteria might be develped. RPA will cmply with ATC instructins as required Nt required if RPAS is Nt required equipped fr GBDAA flight in a GBDAA apprved area, r is equipped fr ABDAA Remte pilts shall have an apprpriate medical certificate Uncntrlled and Partially Cntrlled Airspace (Class D, E, F, and G) RPA must be equipped fr airbrne detect and avid in case a C2 link failure is experienced during flight N/A RPA is respnsible fr maintaining safe distance N/A

20 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix C C-4 Presence f Other Aircraft Visual Separatin RPA shall nt increase safety risk t the air navigatin system Visual separatin will be permitted if RPAS is equipped fr GBDAA flight in a GBDAA apprved area, r is equipped fr ABDAA TBD RPA will use GBDAA r ABDAA fr visual separatin Respnsibility f Remte Pilt Remte pilt is respnsible fr cmpliance with the rules f the air and adherence with the authrizatin Ppulated Areas Restrictins t be determined by the State. Nt applicable Restrictins t be determined by the State. ATC Services Cnsistent with Annex 11, Appendix 4 Flight Plan RPA peratins will be cnducted n an IFR r VFR flight plan. VFR flight plans will nly be cnducted if the RPAS is equipped fr GBDAA flight in a GBDAA apprved area, r is equipped fr ABDAA. Meterlgical Restrictins t be determined by the State Cnditins Transpnder Shall have and use ADS-B TBD Safety Identify the hazards and mitigate the safety risks; adhere t the authrizatin NOTAMs NOTAM requirements, if any, t be determined by the State Certificatin TBD 2. INTENDED PERFORMANCE OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENT 2.1 Metrics t determine the success f the mdule are prpsed in the Manual n Glbal Perfrmance f the Air Navigatin System (Dc 9883). Capacity Access and Equity Culd be negatively impacted due t larger separatin standards being applied fr safety reasns between RPA and manned traffic. Transparent access t airspace by RPA Envirnment The unifrm applicatin f the mdule increases glbal interperability by allwing pilts and remte pilts t be faced with understandable situatins when flying in different States. Predictability Increased predictability f RPA thrugh glbal interperability f cmmunicatins and situatinal awareness. Safety Increased situatinal awareness; cntrlled use f aircraft. Cst Benefit Analysis The business case is directly related t the ecnmic value f the aviatin applicatins supprted by RPAS. 3. NECESSARY PROCEDURES (AIR AND GROUND) ATM prcedures fr RPA t perate in all classes f airspace Prcedures that allw fr multiple RPA in the same airspace at the same time Prcedures that allw RPA t perate ut f all classes f airprts

21 C-5 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix C Prcedures that allw pre-set autmatic respnses in specific situatins Grund and air prcedures that ensure harmnized peratins where RPA are perating alngside manned aircraft. 4. NECESSARY SYSTEM CAPABILITY 4.1 Avinics Certified ABDAA algrithms Reliable C2 links Equipage f all aircraft, with prven detect and avid technlgy Equipage f RPAS with necessary equipment t wrk within existing aerdrme parameters t the greatest extent practicable 4.2 Grund systems GBDAA t supplement where applicable Certified autmatic algrithms 5. HUMAN PERFORMANCE 5.1 Human factrs cnsideratins This mdule is in the research and develpment phase s the Human Factrs cnsideratins are still in the prcess f being identified thrugh mdelling and beta testing. Future iteratins f this dcument will becme mre specific abut the prcesses and prcedures necessary t take the Human Factrs cnsideratins int accunt. There will be a particular emphasis n identifying the human-machine interface issue if there are any and prviding the high risk mitigatin strategies t accunt fr them. 5.2 Training and qualificatin requirements This mdule will eventually cntain a number f persnnel training requirements. As and when they are develped, they will be included in the dcumentatin supprting this mdule and their imprtance highlighted. Likewise, any qualificatins requirements that are recmmended will becme part f the regulatry needs prir t implementatin f this perfrmance imprvement. 6. REGULATORY/STANDARDIZATION NEEDS AND APPROVAL PLAN (AIR AND GROUND) Regulatry/standardizatin: t be determined Apprval plans: t be determined

22 AN-Cnf/12-WP/14 Appendix C C-6 7. IMPLEMENTATION AND DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES (AS KNOWN AT TIME OF WRITING) 7.1 Nne. 8. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 8.1 Standards ICAO Annex 1 Persnnel Licensing ICAO Annex 2 Rules f the Air ICAO Annex 3 Meterlgical Service fr Internatinal Air Navigatin ICAO Annex 4 Aernautical Charts ICAO Annex 6 Operatin f Aircraft ICAO Annex 7 Aircraft Natinality and Registratin Marks ICAO Annex 8 Airwrthiness f Aircraft ICAO Annex 9 Facilitatin ICAO Annex 10 Aernautical Telecmmunicatins, Vlume II Cmmunicatin Prcedures including thse with PANS status ICAO Annex 10 Aernautical Telecmmunicatins, Vlume IV Surveillance and Cllisin Avidance Systems ICAO Annex 11 Air Traffic Services ICAO Annex 12 Search and Rescue ICAO Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigatin ICAO Annex 14 Aerdrmes ICAO Annex 15 Aernautical Infrmatin Services ICAO Annex 16 Envirnmental Prtectin ICAO Annex 17 Security Safeguarding Internatinal Civil Aviatin against Acts f Unlawful Interference ICAO Annex 18 The Safe Transprt f Dangerus Gds by Air U.S. Department f Transprtatin FAA, Air Traffic Organizatin Plicy N JO NATO STANAG 4586, Standard Interfaces f UAV Cntrl System (UCS) fr NATO UAV Interperability 8.2 Guidance material TBD 8.3 Apprval dcuments EUROCAE Dcuments (under develpment) RTCA Dcuments (under develpment) END