A. The Ancient Greeks B.C.E. B. The Greek Heritage B.C.E. Foundation for America

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1 A. The Ancient Greeks B.C.E. B. The Greek Heritage B.C.E. Foundation for America

2 Greek Geography Mountains Islands

3 Mountain Region Greece is a mountainous peninsula. Because of it s rugged terrain, only a quarter of the country is fit for farming. Most Greeks made their living by herding of goats or fishing the Mediterranean sea. Some became traders and did business with Greek neighbors.. The mountains also limited transportation between the Greek towns which gave the Greeks their fierce independence.

4 The Greek Isles Greece is also made up of many Islands These Isles gave the Greeks good natural harbor for fishing, commerce, and protection

A. Earliest Civilization in the Aegean The

5 A. Earliest Civilization in the Aegean The earliest inhabitants of the Greek lands were indo-europeans known as the Minoans between 2000 B.C. AND 1400 B.C. The Minoans made their home on the Island of Crete. A King ruled these people from his palacecity of Knossos.

6 The Minoans In 1895 British Archeologist Sir Arthur Evans excavated the site of the Palace. The palace had over 800 rooms yet no defensive walls! Most of what we know about Minoans,we gathered from the Fresco paintings The Minoan system of writing was made up of pictures and lines called linear A

The Achaeans were ruled by a warrior King and quickly conquered the Minoans.

7 The Achaean Civilization The next group to come to the Greek isles were the Achaeans. Achaeans were Indo-Europeans. The Achaeans were ruled by a warrior King and quickly conquered the Minoans. They built on the achievements of the Minoans. Their writing was called linear B based on the Minoan linear A

War lasted for ten years 1250-40 B.C. Scholars learned about the war from the Epic poems the Iliad and The Odyssey written by Homer around 750 B.C. The tragic war began with Paris, the prince of Troy, taking Helena, the Queen of Sparta.

8 War lasted for ten years B.C. Scholars learned about the war from the Epic poems the Iliad and The Odyssey written by Homer around 750 B.C. The tragic war began with Paris, the prince of Troy, taking Helena, the Queen of Sparta. King Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon. Send Greek troops to recover the Queen Helena. The Greeks win with the use of a giant horse which allows them entrance to the city. The Trojan War

9 The Greek Dark Age While the Achaean-Greeks defeated the Trojans, it weakened the Achaeans to the point that the Dorian invaders, with iron weapons, plundered the Greek Isles B.C.E. 750 B.C. is a time called The Greek Dark Ages.

10 The New Greek Army Military service was the duty of every Male citizen. By 650 B.C.E. the chariot was replaced by the Phalanx. As the major force on the battlefield. The phalanx was a formation of 8 rows of heavily armed foot soldiers,. Soldiers were expected to purchase and take care of their own equipment.

11 Government in Ancient Greece The rise of the The City- State or POLIS. Life revolved around the Acropolis or hill top fortress. By the 700 s B.C.E. a monarchy ruled each Polis. Athens and Sparta were becoming the leading city-states.. Each Polis saw the world differently

12 Foundations of Democracy o Around 500 B.C.E. the monarchies were replaced by Aristocracies. o Their wealth came from the ownership of land o Greeks, in search of wealth and adventure began to colonize parts of the Mediterranean close to Greece.

13 o In the 6 th century, citizen-soldiers supported revolts of the lower class o Many polis were then ruled by one strong man called a Tyrant. o The age of the Tyrant marked a transition toward Democracy for the Greek people. o Democracy is government by citizens.

14 Athenian Citizenship Only males could be citizens. They had to have served in the Army and defended the city. They had to own property. They had to be married. They had to be born in the Polis of citizenship.

15 Foundations of D emocracy 621 B.C. Athenians appointed a nobleman by the name of Draco to write a code of laws in order to prevent civil wars The first laws were harsh like Hammurabi s code. It also made the laws public and required judges to apply the law equally to all classes.

16 Sparta City-State located on the Island of Peloponnesians. Mostly Citizen- Warriors Boys are raised by their Mothers until they are 8. At 8 years, they were turned outside the city to fend for themselves until they were 12. Mostly, they picked on the Helot farmers that lived outside the city.

17 At age 12 they were rounded up, brought back into the city and assigned a barracks. This is where they would live until they were 55 years old. They were required to marry, but most did not live at home. If they were injured, so that they could not participate in combat, they were not allowed to enter the city until they proved themselves on the field.

18 The Persian Wars B.C.E. Colon ie s in re volt in Asia Min or, be lon gin g to P e rsia Battle of Marath on 492 BC (Dariu s I) (P h e idippe ds) Gre e k Le agu e Battle of Th e rm opylae 480 BC (Xe rxe s/dariu s II ) ( Le on idas) Battle of Salam is 479 BC Battle of P late a 479 BC Dalian Le agu e P e ace of Callas 449 BC P e rsia an d Ath e n s sign P e ace Tre aty

19 The End! The Ancient Greeks pt I

20 PART 11. The Heritage of the Greeks The Peloponnesian War Pattern of Greek life Shaping new views of the world Alexander The Great Spreading of Greek Culture

21 The Peloponnesian Wars: B.C.E. 477 BC Aristides forms Delian League 451 BC- Series of Economic treaties 432 BC Peloponnesian League 431 BC Sparta surrounds Athens, Athenian Navy triumphed at sea Athens overwhelmed with the plague The war is stalemated for 27 years 404 BC Athens surrenders

22 Greek Religion Polytheistic Pattern of Greek Life In Greek Mythology, Gods and Goddesses often look and behave just like ordinary people. The difference is that they are more powerful and had eternal life The Greeks did not fear their gods, but they did not wish to anger them either

23 6 Greek gods to Know Zeus- god of the universe Hades ruler of the underworld Poseidon- ruled the sea Hera- goddess of marriage and wife of Zeus Ares- god of war Apollo- god of Sun, music, and healing The Greeks questioned the Oracles who they believed talked to the gods Each polis had festivals to honor individual gods

24 Classical = Work of e n du rin g e xce lle n ce or a tradition al e ve n t. Th e Classical P e riod of de ve lopm e n t 1000 B.C.E C.E. Classical Gre e k ( He lle n istic) cu ltu re 600 B.C.E B.C.E A Classical P e riod is de ve lope d by socie tie s w ith h igh ly de ve lope d political an d social in stitu tion s w h e re re ligiou s an d ph ilosoph ical th ou gh t sh ape s class stru ctu re and gu ide s th e arts. The Classical World

25 3 characteristics of Greek Classical world 1. Rationalism : intellect that uses reason to interpret both the human and natural worlds. It makes humans the measure of all things 2. Humanism = the belief in the triumph of the human sprit 3. Democracy = Government by the citizens

26 Greek Drama and Literature Greek Drama linked to religion Thespis, the ancient poet, created the world s first drama by having people speak different parts during a religious festival Two Types of Greek Drama A. Tragedies- focused on the suffering of the major character B. Comedies- plays that ridiculed people, ideas, and social custom

The Visual Arts Greek sculptors believed that perfect harmony and proportion existed in nature. Sculptors portrayed the ideal rather than the real.

27 The Visual Arts Greek sculptors believed that perfect harmony and proportion existed in nature. Sculptors portrayed the ideal rather than the real. The Greeks portrayed the human body in its most beautiful and graceful form It is Highly Classical, that is, it suggest the Ideal The Greek Ideal emphasized harmony, order, and clarity of form.

28 Shaping New Views of the World Faith in Human reason : 6 th century, Thinkers called philosophers began to consider new ways to look at the world around them. They were dissatisfied with traditional ideas of the gods controlling natural events. By studying the world in a systematic, logical way they were able to make some very important discoveries

29 Greek Philosophers Th e first Gre e k ph ilosoph e r w as a m an n am e d Th ale s. He con clu de d th at w ate r w as th e base s of all life. An d th at th e gods w e re n ot n e e de d for life to e xist. Wh ile Th ale s w as in corre ct, h is bre akin g aw ay from tradition al th in kin g w as th e be gin n in g a scie n tific approach to th in kin g

30 The Greek Scientific approach Pythagoras = discovered the relationship between the length of sides of a triangle. Hippocrates = urged doctors to maintain high moral standards. Hippocratic Oath The Sophist = men of wisdom, were professional teachers who trained rich, ambitious young men in Athens. Sophist believed that success was more important than obedience to laws, They were not interested in ethical standards.

31 The Questioning Philosopher Socrates = The questioning philosopher. Lived in Athens between B.C.E. Believed that people should be driven by Reason in their pursuit of knowledge and Truth Know thyself he spent his days teaching on the streets of Athens Taught using a question and answer method know today as The Socratic method.

Greek Historians To the Greeks, History was the understand ing of Human behavior Herodotus is the father of modern history, because he was the first to gather and

32 Greek Historians To the Greeks, History was the understand ing of Human behavior Herodotus is the father of modern history, because he was the first to gather and analyze historical evidence Thucydides, improved on Herodotus by only including facts that could be proven. By writing in this manner, he set the example for unbiased reporting

33 The Spread of Greek Culture Between 403 and 359 B.C. Endless wars weakened the Greek city-states. Philip II of Macedonia desired to create an alliance between Macedonia and Greece He hired Greek Generals to train his men in Greek military techniques. Philip divided the Greeks with Bribery and Threats

o o o o o o Born in 356B.C.E. Educated by Aristotle. Gains the throne when his father is assassinated in336 B.C.E. Centralizes the government, and takes the Greek Army on a 13 year invasion of the Persians.

34 o o o o o o Born in 356B.C.E. Educated by Aristotle. Gains the throne when his father is assassinated in336 B.C.E. Centralizes the government, and takes the Greek Army on a 13 year invasion of the Persians. By 330 B.C.E. Alexander conquers over 2 million sq. miles June 10, 323 B.C.E. Alexander dies of Malaria Alexander The Great

35 The End of the Empire B.C.E. Civil war breaks out between the Generals 305 B.C.E. The empire is divided between 3 generals Ptolemy I Egypt Seleucus Mesopotamia and Macedonia Antigonus.. Greece and Macedonia

36 Alexander's lasting Achievement Alexander took with him thousands of Greeks to colonize the Persian world. Named or renamed over 70 cities after himself He encouraged the inner-marring of his soldiers and women of other cultures He mixed Greek religion with the mystery religions of the Persians and the Babylonians

37 THE END OF THE GREEKS At least for a while!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

WHI SOL 5. Ancient Greeks

WHI SOL 5. Ancient Greeks WHI SOL 5 Ancient Greeks The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization. The expansion of Greek civilization through trade and colonization