10/25/2017. The Rise of Ancient Greece. The Aegean World. The Start of the Political Ideas that Shaped the Development of Western Civilization

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1 The Rise of Ancient Greece The Aegean World The Start of the Political Ideas that Shaped the Development of Western Civilization 1 The Aegean World Minoans (Crete) Mycenaean's (Peloponnesus) Troy (Asia Minor) Thera (Atlantis?) Mycenaean's Troy Minoans Thera Ancient Atlantis? The Aegean Area Hot Climate Modern Day Greece / Turkey Many Islands -- Crete Mountainous Provides Protection Travel Overland Difficult Never United Hot Climate Greater Outdoor Activity Sea Trade / Travel Less Agricultural Development Small Kingdoms Mycenae (Peloponnesus) Troy (Hellespont) Crete City-States will Emerge 3 1

2 Island of Crete BC Flourished Sir Arthur Evans British 1900 Discoveries Minoans Civilization Knossos Capital King Minos Labyrinth Minotaur Active Athletic Society Bull Dancing Palace / Capital without Walls Seafarers Trade Central Location Peak 1600 BC Decline / Disaster 1400 BC Mycenaean's Invasions Contributions to early Greek Development Island of Crete Palace at Knossos 1600 BC 1970 AD 5 6 2

3 The Island of Thera (Santorini) Ancient Atlantis?

4 Indo-European Background Integrate with Hellenes (Natives) Hilltop Fortresses (Stone Walls) Farming & Trade Adopt Minoan Culture Conquer Minoans Crete 1100 BC Dorians Arrive Conquer Kingdoms on Peloponnesus Aegean Society enters a Dark Age 300 years Skills / Trade Lost People Flee to Ionia / Asia Minor 750 BC New Greek Civilization Emerges = Hellenic 10 The Capital at Mycenae 11 The Lion Gate Main Entrance to Mycenae Near Royal Grave Circle 12 4

5 From Troy At Troy / Mycenae Items from the Discoveries of Heinrich Schliemann 13 Mycenaean Traditions Legends Epic Poems (Recorded) Homer (700 s BC) Iliad (Trojan War) Odyssey (Odysseus Return) Teaching Greek Values Love for Nature Strive for Excellence Trojan War 1200 s BC (Legend?) Heinrich Schliemann 1870 Discoveries Modern Archaeology Berlin / World War II / Russia 14 Ancient Troy 13 th Century BC 15 5

6 The Levels of Troy Trojan War Level VI? 16 Troy VI Trojan Wars?

7 The Walls of Troy 19 Gods and Goddesses of the Greeks Mythology Combined Features of Minoans / Mycenaean's Represented Specific Aspects of Greek Life Zeus / Hera / Apollo Love / Wisdom / War / Sea Patrons of City - States Mount Olympus Home of the Gods Delphi Apollo = God of Prophecy (Oracle) Olympia 776 BC Festivals Plays / Games

8 Temple of Apollo -- Delphi Treasury of Athens at Delphi Most complete treasury at Delphi. Built to commemorate the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon 490 B.C. Giving thanks with an offering usually 10% of the spoils! 8

9 Race Track above Delphi 1 stade = 220 yards 9

10 Honors the Gods Temple of Zeus Let the Games Begin Peaceful Competitions Foot Races City-State Competitions Laurels for the Champions Begin 776 BC End in 400 s AD Resume 1896 Athens, Greece One Stade = 220 Yards Oval Up and Back = Two Stades = 440 Yards! Olympic Track One Lap = 440 Yards! 10

11 31 Post Dark Ages of Greece Two Major Periods of Greek History Hellenic = 750 BC 336 BC Development of Greek Culture Emergence from the Dark Ages Ends with the Rise of Macedonian Power Hellenistic = 336 BC 31 BC Spread of Greek Culture Begins with the Conquests of Alexander Ends with the Death of Cleopatra 32 The Rise of the Polis Polis = City-State Demo = People Kratos = Power Demokratos = Democracy ( Power to the People ) Acro Polis = Acro = High City-State = Acropolis 33 11

12 The Acropolis towers over the center of life for Athens. The Agora The Parthenon 36 12

13 Agora (Greek = City Center) (Latin = Forum) Center of Business / Government Citizens Meet for Political Issues Citizenship = Male Land Owners Initially Cavalry = Wealthy Landowners Infantry = Farmers Specific Rights / Responsibilities 39 13

14 40 41 Corinth Canal (1890 s) Acro-Corinth 42 14

15 Corinth Center Important location Trade Center Sin City (Las Vegas of the Ancient World) 43 Weak Agriculture = Importance of Trade 44 Greek Economic Expansion Poor Agricultural Results Metropolis = Parent City-State Establishment of Trade and Colonies to support the Trade 600 s BC Money Economy Develops (Lydia) Greek Pottery Manufacture Develops Tells of Greek Life Paestum (Salerno, Italy) Etruscans (North of Rome) 45 15

16 46 Magna Grecia (Greater Greece) Paestum (Modern Salerno) Greek Temples Extremely well preserved. Eventually conflict with the Romans develops. 47 Greek Trading Colony of Paestum Greek Temples 500 B.C. Greek Temples in 1990 s 48 16

17 Allied Landing Beaches 1943 Paestum Temples 6 th Century BC Dedicated to Hera Dedicated to Athena Changes to the Greek Communities Polis life Political Kings Weakened Aristocrats gain Power 650 BC -- Aristocrats (Rich) vs. Farmers (Poor) Farmers lose land go into debt demand reforms Some move to new life in colonies. Non-Landowners (merchants / artisans) want voice in government Join farmers People are unhappy with government of King / Aristocrats. Rise of Tyrannies One man seizes power (tyrants) Ruled Polis alone Fair / Harsh By 500 BC rule of the Tyrants ends Rise of the Oligarchy (rule by the few) = Sparta Rise of the Democracy (rule by the many) = Athens Council of Elders -- Sparta Democracy -- Athens 51 17

18 Phalanx = Basic Greek Military Formation Role of cavalry reduced (Aristocrats) Need for more foot soldiers (Farmers) Infantry = Hoplites (refers to shield) Becomes the standard Greek formation used in warfare for many centuries to come in the Aegean World 52 Plains of Attica The Greek World Emerges Athens vs. Sparta Each represents a specific way of Greek life Many Greek city-states follow the lead of one or the other Athens Sparta Little Agriculture Emphasis on Sea Trade Emphasis on agriculture Develops great culture with focus on education and the arts Ruled as a Democracy Mountains of the Peloponnesus little trade Become militaristic state Ruled as an oligarchy 53 Sparta Located on the Peloponnesus Descendants of the Dorians Expanded to neighboring City-States Little trade / majority devoted to agriculture Helots = Slaves eventually revolted Helot Day Establish a Military Society Highly disciplined soldiers Devoted lifetime to service Athletic 54 18

19 55 Ruins of Sparta Today 56 Sparta *Women = Greater freedom than that of Athens Manage farms in absence of men. Government Two Kings ruled jointly Assembly (All male citizens over 30) passed laws Council of Elders (28 men over 60) proposed laws/supreme court Poor economic development (little trade activity) Little regard for education 57 19

20 Plains of Attica Athens Descendants of the Mycenaean's Athens expands definitions of citizenship recognizes concerns of the farmers, artisans and others who want a voice in the government. Athenian Constitution (507 BC) gives citizenship to any Athenian-born men. They did not need to own land. Draco (621 BC) 58 Draco (621 BC) Athens Improved code of Laws / Harsh Written for all to see. Weakens power of the Aristocrats. Solon (594 BC) Cancelled land debts promotes trade and skills retention. Citizens of all classes could participate in government foreigners become citizens Peisistratus (546 BC) Divided large estates among landless farmers. Extended citizenship to landless men. 59 Cleisthenes (508/9 BC) Start of Athenian Democracy All Citizens participate in Assembly Covers nearly all functions of the government Council of 500 carried out the daily duties. Jury system everyone participates odd numbered juries Ostracism Ostracon = Broken Pottery Shard 60 20

21 Athenian Education Boys learned Arithmetic Geometry Drawing Music Gymnastics Rhetoric Known as a Classical Education Served for two years in the military at age 18. Girls learned domestic skills Married at age Persian Wars Ionian Greeks fall to Persians by 539 BC. Unhappy with Persian rule Wanted to choose their own government. Revolted in 499 BC with help of mainland Greek City-States. Darius I begins his attempts to punish the mainland Greeks

22 64 During the First Persian War (490 B.C.) Marathon

23 Initial Positions of the Athenians and the Persians 67 The Battle Begins 1 68 Darius -- Humbled by the Greeks returns to Persia and dies in 486 B.C. The Final Persian Defeat 69 23

24 After the defeat at Marathon Xerxes comes to power in 486 BC Marches his army by land, supported by ships following along the coast. Builds a Land Bridge to cross the Hellespont 70 Xerxes Arrives at Thermopylae Themistocles Oracle of Delphi Wooden Wall 8,000 Greeks vs. 100,000 +Persians 5 days of battle no Persian success Persians encircle Greeks 1,500 Greeks remain (300 Spartans / royal bodyguard King Leonidas) 71 Spartans Final Stand Herodotus: When the Persians shoot their arrows, they blot out the sun. Spartan reply: Good, we will fight in the shade! 72 24

25 Xerxes Arrives at Thermopylae Themistocles Oracle of Delphi Wooden Wall 8,000 Greeks vs. 100,000 +Persians 5 days of battle no Persian success Persians encircle Greeks 1,500 Greeks remain (300 Spartans / royal bodyguard King Leonidas) Persians victorious Attack Athens Xerxes & Persian Armies: Destroy Athens 73 The Destruction of Athens by the Persians in September 480 B.C. 74 Xerxes & Persian Armies: Destroy Athens Move to Salamis Prepare to engage Greek fleet 75 25

26 Typical Greek Trireme (See Trireme Homework Reading) Bow Ram 76 Greek Navy Reconstruction 1980 s Straits of Salamis Channel

27 Golden Age of Athens / 461 BC 429 BC Rebuilding of the city of Athens Monuments, Temples, Acropolis, Homes Athenians pursued the good life Symposium Delian League Island of Delos 478 BC Anti-Persian League Greek City-States joined for mutual protection. Athens took the lead provided men and ships Others provided money Ionia freed from Persians Greek commerce and trade prospers Became an Athenian Empire Sparta a rival leads other City-States against Athens. Peloponnesian War begins Peloponnesian War 431 BC 404 BC Greek City-States side with either Athens or Sparta. Persians support Sparta against Athens with money and ships Plague in 430 BC Pericles dies in 429 BC. War is fought all over Greece, Ionia and in the Greek colonies Sicily 81 27

28 82 The Phases of the Peloponnesian War 1. Archidamian War ( ) (Phase I) 2. Peace of Nicias ( BC) and the Sicilian Expedition Siege of Syracuse Cut off corn supply to Peloponnesus ( ) (Phase II) 3. Ionian War Cut off Athens grain supplies from the Black Sea via the Hellespont ( ) (Phase III) Note: Numerous battles, raids and skirmishes took place throughout the area. Athens lost and had to dismantle their walls and was humiliated with the Spartan terms 83 Results of Peloponnesian War Greece is weakened. Lose ability to govern themselves. Continue to fight among each other. Sparta vs. Thebes Battle at Leuctra 371BC Thebes is victorious Thebes becomes the most powerful Greek city-state To the north a new kingdom arises in power -- Macedonia 84 28

29 85 King Philip II The Rise of the Kingdom of Macedonia Developed improved version of Phalanx 86 8 Deep vs. 16 Deep / 8 Spears vs. 16 Spears 87 29

30 The Rise of the Kingdom of Macedonia King Philip II Developed improved version of Phalanx Assassinated Arrival of Alexander the Great 88 30

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