Homer to Alexander. The Evidence. Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander. Joseph Roisman Translations by J. C. Yardley

Transcription

1 Roisman Historical Sources in Translation Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander This wide-ranging collection of passages from the ancient sources, judiciously selected and edited by Joseph Roisman, and freshly translated by John Yardley, provides students of Greek history with an essential corpus of evidence for the period from Homer to the Macedonian conquest of the East. Roisman and Yardley are richly deserving of our praise and gratitude. Waldemar Heckel, University of Calgary If you want a thorough and expert introduction to the evidence of ancient Greek history in other words, to the building blocks of western civilization read this book. Barry Strauss, Cornell University Incorporating fresh, new translations of original Greek and Roman texts and drawing on a range of sources, including artistic evidence, this sourcebook provides an inclusive and integrated view of Greek history, from Homer to Alexander the Great. Linking the political, military, and social history of the Greeks to their intellectual accomplishments, Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander offers a full and integrated perspective on the period. Rather than compartmentalizing Greek history and civilization into a number of thematic studies, the book focuses on important developments, placing them within their political, economic, cultural, and intellectual contexts, and examining both their influences and their effects. Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander puts the reader in touch with the raw material of ancient history and analyzes the importance of this evidence through extensive introductions and explanatory notes. An accompanying website available at offers additional evidence and explanations, as well as links to useful online resources. Joseph Roisman is Professor of Classics at Colby College. He has authored and edited several books, among them Brill s Companion to Alexander the Great (2003) and The Rhetoric of Manhood: Masculinity in the Attic Orators (2005). J. C. Yardley is Emeritus Professor of Classics at the University of Ottawa. He has published extensively on Greek and Roman history and sources. His books include Alexander the Great: Historical Sources in Translation (ed. with Waldemar Heckel, Blackwell, 2004) and many translations of key texts, from Tacitus and Justin to Livy and Quintus Curtius Rufus. Cover image: Detail from black-figure amphora showing the arming of a warrior, 6th century bce. Photo RMN / Hervé Lewandowski. Cover design by Richard Boxall Design Associates ISBN Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander Students of ancient Greece will respond to this book as John Sheffield (1709) did to Homer: you will hardly need another book. The new compilation of evidence merits the same praise for its range, aids, and the quality of its illustrations and commentaries. Carol Thomas, University of Washington Historical Sources in Translation Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander The Evidence Joseph Roisman Translations by J. C. Yardley

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3 Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander

4 Blackwell Sourcebooks in Ancient History This series presents readers with new translations of the raw material of ancient history. It provides direct access to the ancient world, from wars and power politics to daily life and entertainment, allowing readers to discover the extraordinary diversity of ancient societies. Published The Ancient Near East Edited Mark W. Chavalas The Roman Games Alison Futrell Alexander the Great Waldemar Heckel and J. C. Yardley The Hellenistic Period Roger Bagnall and Peter Derow Ancient Greek Religion Emily Kearns Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander Joseph Roisman; translations by J. C. Yardley In Preparation Sexuality in the Classical World Holt Parker

5 Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander The Evidence Joseph Roisman Translations by J. C. Yardley A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

6 This edition first published Blackwell Publishing Ltd Translations 2011 John Yardley Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February Blackwell s publishing program has been merged with Wiley s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA , USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at The right of Joseph Roisman to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roisman, Joseph, 1946 Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: the evidence / Joseph Roisman. p. cm. (Blackwell sourcebooks in ancient history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Greece Civilization To 146 B.C. Sources. 2. Greece History To 146 B.C. Sources. I. Title. DF12.R dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/13pt Stone Serif by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

7 Contents List of Illustrations List of Maps Preface and Acknowledgments How to Use This Book Abbreviations Glossary Greek Weights, Measures, Coins, and the Athenian Calendar Timeline xxix xxxi xxxii xxxiv xxxv xxxvii xl xlii Introduction: The Evidence for Greek History and Culture 1 I The Archaeological Evidence 2 I.1 Pottery 5 II Coins 7 III The Written Evidence 8 III.1 Investigation of Sources and Fragments of Lost Historians 10 III.2 Herodotus 13 III.3 Thucydides 16 III.4 Xenophon 20 III.5 Diodorus of Sicily 21 III.6 Plutarch 22 III.7 The Attic Orators 23 1 The World of Homer A Funeral Scene on a Dipylon Vase The Homeric Household (Oikos) Women and the Homeric Household WEB1

8 vi CONTENTS 1.4 Slaves and the Homeric Household WEB1 1.5 The Measure of Happiness A Household in Trouble Households and Community Homeric Leaders Kings, Council, and Assembly A Trial Scene WEB Homeric Values: Honor and Excellence Reciprocity and Guest-Friendship (Xenia) A Bust of Homer WEB3 2 The World of Hesiod Individual, Communal, and Divine Justice Women and Pandora s Jar Household and Marriage WEB4 2.4 The Value of Labor Hesiod WEB4 2.5.I Slaves in Hesiod WEB4 2.5.II Hesiod on Competitiveness WEB5 2.5.III A Bust of Hesiod WEB5 2.6 The Orientalizing Period 45 3 The Early Greek Polis (City-State) and the Ethnos The Homeric Polis A Walled Homeric Polis WEB6 3.3 An Early Settlement on Andros (Zagora; ca. 700) Links to Andros and the Azoria Project WEB6 3.5 Ancient Views of the Origins of the Polis A Theseus Unification of Attica B Aristotle on the Evolution of the Polis Ethnos: The Ionians A Ion s Ancestors B Ionians in the Peloponnese C The History of the Ionians Links of Interest WEB7 4 Settlements Across the Sea: Greek Colonization Greek Settlements in the Western Mediterranean The Settlement at Pithecoussae (ca. 750) A The Settling of Pithecoussae B The Nestor Cup Livy on the Settlement of Pithecoussae WEB8 4.4 The Foundation of Cyrene (631) Herodotus on the Foundation of Cyrene (631) WEB8

9 CONTENTS vii 4.5.I The Delphic Oracle WEB Mother-City and Colony: Corinth, Corcyra, and Epidamnus (435) Settlers and Locals Selinus (651/0?) Links of Interest WEB12 5 Aristocratic Power and Attitudes Aristocratic Power and Offices in Athens Kings by Merit WEB Aristocratic Exclusiveness A The Unworthy B Do Not Marry a Commoner Aristocratic Anxiety 73 6 Archaic Tyranny How Tyrants Attained Power The Birth and Rescue of Cypselus WEB Cypselus Tyranny in Corinth (ca ) A Cypselus Harsh Tyranny B Cypselus Mild Tyranny Periander s Tyranny in Corinth ( ) Additional Information on Tyranny in Corinth WEB A Failed Attempt at Tyranny in Athens: Cylon (632) Herodotus on Cylon WEB16 7 Archaic and Classical Sparta Thucydides on the Spartan City WEB The Messenian Wars ( ) and the Conquered Population The Helots A Tyrtaeus on the Helots B The Helot System Eliminating Helots The Krypteia Lycurgus Regulations Early Sparta WEB I Crises in Early Sparta WEB II Early Economic Disparity in Sparta WEB III Lycurgus Identity WEB The Spartan Government and the Great Rhetra A Tyrtaeus on the Spartan Government B Plutarch on Lycurgus Rhetra Spartan Kingship 95

10 viii CONTENTS 7.10 Xenophon on Spartan Kingship WEB The Spartan Gerousia (Council) The Ephors The Ephors and Theopompus; Aristotle on the Spartan Government WEB I The Ephors and King Theopompus WEB II Aristotle on the Spartan Mixed Constitution WEB State and Family: The Scrutiny of Spartan Babies The Schooling of Boys Xenophon on the Schooling of Spartan Boys WEB Girls Education and Rituals A Girls Education B Spartan Maidens and Rituals C A Female Spartan Runner Plutarch on Spartan Girls Education and Rituals WEB Spartan Marriage Wife-Sharing A Xenophon on Wife-Sharing B Polybius on Wife-Sharing Sayings of Spartan Mothers WEB The Common Messes A Xenophon on the Common Messes B Plutarch on the Common Messes Aristotle on the Common Messes WEB Spartan Equality: Ideology and Reality A Lycurgus Egalitarian Measures B The Similar Ones (Homoioi)? Courage and Cowardice in Sparta The Peloponnesian League and Spartan Alliances A The Spartans Agreement with Tegea B The Spartans Treaty with Olynthus Sparta, Arcadia, and Corinth WEB I Sparta Obtains the Bones of Orestes WEB II The First Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (506) WEB III The Second Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (504) WEB King Cleomenes, Plataea, and Athens (519) King Cleomenes WEB I Cleomenes Birth WEB II Cleomenes and Argos (494) WEB III Cleomenes and Aegina WEB IV Cleomenes and Demaratus (491/0) WEB V Cleomenes Downfall ( ) WEB Links of Interest WEB36

11 CONTENTS ix 8 Hoplites and Their Values Hoplites and Their Weapons Standing in a Phalanx Formation Hoplite Battles Hoplite Ideals A Do Not Flee But Stand Your Ground B The Worthy Man in War The Battle of Champions WEB The Spartan or Hoplite Ideology Hoplites and Politics Links of Interest WEB38 9 Archaic Athens From Draco to Solon Draco s Law of Homicide (621/0) Draco s Harsh Laws WEB The Background to Solon s Legislation A The Situation Before Solon s Archonship B Solon s Election Solon s Middle-of-the-Road Policy (594) Solon s Rejection of Tyranny WEB Solon s Economic Regulations: Land and Debts A Solon s Regulations Concerning Debts B Solon on His Regulations Solon s Economic Regulations: Export and Trade WEB Solon s Political Regulations A Solon s Classes and Their Respective Offices B Solon and Election to Offices Solon s Judicial Regulations The Solonian Polis A Link to a Bust of Solon WEB41 10 Tyranny in Athens Solon and King Croesus WEB Athens after Solon Rivalry for Power Peisistratus First Attempt at Tyranny (561/0) Peisistratus Second Attempt at Tyranny, His Exile and Return ( ) A Peisistratus Marries Megacles Daughter B Peisistratus Exile Peisistratus in Exile WEB Peisistratus Tyranny ( /7) Peisistratus Rule; Athenian Coinage WEB I Peisistratus Mild Rule WEB46

12 x CONTENTS 10.8.II Early Athenian Coins and the City of Athens Under the Tyrants WEB Tyranny and the Athenian Elite: The Archon List The Athenian Tyrannicides (514/3) A Drinking Songs Honoring the Tyrannicides B The Statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton Thucydides on the Athenian Tyrannicides WEB The Expulsion of the Tyrants (511/0) Cleisthenes and Athenian Democracy (508/7) Cleisthenes and His Opposition Cleisthenes Reforms (508/7) A Cleisthenes Measures B Athenian Demes Cleisthenes Enfranchises Athenian Residents WEB Membership in the Deme Ostracism (Ostrakismos) A Trial by Potsherds B Ostraka Ath. Pol. on Ostracism and the Dating of Its Introduction WEB Generalship Athenian Public Building ca. 500 WEB52 12 Archaic Society and Culture: Gender, Sexuality, Banquets, and Competition Manly Youth: A Kouros Homoerotic Couples Courting Men and Women Cretan Lovers A Law Against Courtship of Free Boys by Slaves WEB Sex, Power, and the Eurymedon Vase Love and the Symposion WEB I Proclaiming Love WEB II Symposion, Wine, and Self-Control WEB The Banquet (Symposion) Competition and the Rewards of Victory A A Prize in the Panathenaic Games B A Victory Ode Greek Games and a Dissenting Voice WEB Archaic Women: Sappho on Love A She Left Me B What is Beauty? Sappho, Aphrodite, and Phrasiclea WEB I Sappho s Invitation of Aphrodite WEB56

13 CONTENTS xi II A Female Youth WEB Seducing Maidens Anacreon s Thracian Filly WEB Portraits of Wives Sappho, Andromache, and Agariste WEB I Sappho s Poem on Andromache s Arrival in Troy WEB II The Marriage of Agariste WEB58 13 Archaic Law The Law of Dreros WEB The Gortyn Law on Sexual Misconduct WEB The Gortyn Law on Division of Property WEB Solon s Laws Concerning Inheritance, Dowry, Women Outdoors, Parental Support, and Sexual Misconduct WEB A Treaty Concerning Seizure of Men Abroad WEB Changing the Law WEB67 14 Archaic Greek Religion Herodotus on Homer and Hesiod s Contribution to Greek Religion Athens Purifies Delos (426/5) WEB Worship Greek Temples and the Mysteries of Demeter in Eleusis A The Mysteries and Hades B The Macron Cup with Triptolemus The Hymn to Demeter WEB The Decree of Offering First-Fruits in Eleusis (420s) Links of Interest WEB76 15 The Ionian Revolt: Persians and Greeks King Croesus WEB I Croesus Kingdom WEB II Croesus and Delphi WEB Persia and the Ionians Ionians, Greeks, and Persians WEB I Herodotus on the Ionians and Their Response to the Persian Occupation WEB II Cyrus the Great and Sparta WEB III Cultural Exchange between Greeks and Persians WEB79

14 xii CONTENTS 15.4 The Greek Tyrants at the Bridge (ca. 513) King Darius I and His Administrative Reforms WEB The Causes of the Ionian Revolt ( ) A Aristagoras Naxian Campaign B Aristagoras Banishes Tyrants Aristagoras Rebellion and Histiaeus Message WEB Aristagoras Quest for Help in Greece (500) Aristagoras in Sparta WEB The Fall of Miletus and Phrynichus Capture of Miletus (494) The Change of Persian Policy in Ionia The Battle of Marathon (490) Darius Demands Surrender The Spartans Attempt to Atone for the Killing of Persian Envoys WEB The Persian Expedition and Athens Request for Help (490) A The Persians Arrive at Marathon B Athens Requests Help from Sparta The Battle of Marathon (490) A The War Council Before Battle and the Fighting in Marathon B The Persian Cavalry C Monuments of the Battle of Marathon An Attempt to Capture the City with Alcmeonid Aid? The Fame of Marathon and Its Commemoration A An Elegy on Marathon B Aeschylus Epitaph C The Mound at Marathon After Marathon WEB I A Link to an Image of a Greek Soldier Fighting a Persian WEB II Aristophanes on the Warriors of Marathon WEB III Miltiades after Marathon WEB IV Darius War Plans after Marathon WEB88 17 The Persian War ( ) Greek Perspectives of the Persian War A The Bridging of the Hellespont B Punishing the Hellespont 218

15 CONTENTS xiii 17.2 Greeks Views of Persians WEB I Aeschylus on the Persian Defeat and Humiliation WEB II Plato on Persian Royal Education and Decadence WEB Themistocles and His Naval Program A Themistocles Plan B Themistocles Naval Project Herodotus on Themistocles Building of the Athenian Navy WEB The Athenian Trireme A The Lenormant Relief of a Trireme B Olympia at Sea Explanatory Comments on the Athenian Trireme WEB Greek Responses to Xerxes Invasion Themistocles Initiates the Return of Ostracized Athenians WEB The Hellenic Alliance Against Persia A The Greeks Decisions About the War B The Greek Command The Greek Retreat from Thessaly and its Aftermath (480) A Retreat from Thessaly B The Greeks Lines of Defense The Battle of Thermopylae (480) A Leonidas Plan B Leonidas Decides to Stay C Commemorating the Spartans of Thermopylae From Artemisium to Thermopylae WEB I Herodotus on the Battle of Artemisium WEB II Themistocles Encourages the Ionians and the Carians to Desert Xerxes WEB III Demaratus Informs Xerxes about the Spartans WEB IV The Spartans Last Stand at Thermopylae and Leonidas Fate WEB The Evacuation of Athens A The Athenians Ask for a Second Oracle B Themistocles Decree C A Faulty Peloponnesian Strategy Athens Choice WEB I The First Athenian Consultation of Delphi About Continuing the War Against Persia WEB96

16 xiv CONTENTS II The Areopagus Helps in the Evacuation of Athens WEB The Battle of Salamis (480) A Themistocles Plan of Battle B The Persian Movements C The Battle Plan of Salamis D Aeschylus Description of the Battle of Salamis The Greeks in Salamis WEB I Herodotus on the Battle of Salamis WEB II Competing Claims for the Honor of Fighting at Salamis WEB The Battle of Plataea (479) A Athens Declares Loyalty to the Greek Cause B The Spartan Expedition to Plataea C The Plataea Oath Herodotus on the Battle of Plataea WEB Commemorating the Battle of Plataea A Simonides on the Spartans Departure for Plataea B Dedications to the Gods C Those Who Fought in the War Pausanias and the Fame of Plataea WEB The Battle of Mycale (479) Links of Interest WEB The Athenian Empire Rebuilding Athens Walls (479/8) Themistocles and Sparta WEB I Themistocles and the Fortification of Piraeus WEB II Themistocles Opposition to Sparta s Plan to Punish Medized States WEB Pausanias of Sparta, Athens, and the Allies A Pausanias Recall B The Spartans Relinquish Their Command C Aristides and the Ionians Pausanias Seeks Support from Xerxes WEB The Formation of the Delian League (478) A The Goals of the Delian League B Liberating the Greeks C Managing the League D Establishing the Tribute Comments on the Delian League s Original Annual Tribute and Structure WEB106

17 CONTENTS xv 18.7 Cimon and the Athenian Empire: The Conquest of Eion, Scyros, Carystus, and Naxos (477/6 465) A The Capture of Eion B The Capture of Scyros C The Subjugation of Carystus and Naxos Themistocles Exile; Cimon and Theseus WEB I Themistocles Ostracism and Exile WEB II Cimon and Theseus WEB Operations in Asia Minor and the Battle of Eurymedon ( ) A Cimon s Successes in Asia Minor B The Battle of Eurymedon C Eulogizing the Dead of Eurymedon Cimon in Asia Minor; the Painted Stoa WEB I Cimon s Operations in Asia Minor ( /6) WEB II The Painted Stoa and Its Possible Association with Cimon WEB Operations in Northern Greece (465/4 463/2) Sparta s Wars in the Peloponnese, the Great Helots Revolt, and the Mt. Ithome Affair ( ) A Sparta s Peloponnesian Conflicts B The Great Earthquake and the Messenian Revolt C The Debate in Athens over Helping Sparta D The Spartans Send the Athenians Back Home Leotychidas Exile and Pausanias Second Recall and Death WEB I Leotychidas, Bribes, and Exile (ca. 476) WEB II Pausanias Second Recall and Death (ca. 470) WEB The Messenians Settle Naupactus Empowering Athenian Democracy (462/1 445/4) Ephialtes Reforms (462/1) A Ephialtes and the Areopagus B The Areopagus after Ephialtes Reforms Aeschylus and the Areopagus; Ephialtes Murder WEB I Aeschylus and the Areopagus WEB II Ephialtes Assassination WEB Blocking Illegal Decrees (Graphê Paranomon) Examination of State Officials (Dokimasia) Rendering Accounts (Euthynai) 273

18 xvi CONTENTS 19.6 Expanding Eligibility to the Archonship Pericles Democratic Measures Democratic Mechanisms and State Salary (Misthos) A Public Pay and Offices B Public Wages Criticism of State Salaries An Elitist Perspective on Pericles Relationship with the Demos WEB Pericles Citizenship Law (451/0) A Philochorus on the Background of Pericles Law B Plutarch on the Background of Pericles Law Ath. Pol. on Pericles Citizenship Law WEB Pericles and Thucydides Son of Melesias Pericles Building Program and Leadership WEB I The Controversy over Pericles Building Program and the Ostracism of Thucydides son of Melesias (444/3) WEB II Pericles Leadership WEB Links of Interest WEB War and Peace in Greece (461/0 437/6) Athens Clash with Corinth Over Megara (461/0) Athenian Pride in their Victory over Corinth WEB The Athenian Expedition to Egypt (460) A The Egyptian Expedition B Defeat in Egypt Diodorus on the Egyptian Campaign (460) WEB Athens Campaigns on Several Fronts ( ) Thucydides on Athenian Campaigns in WEB The Long Walls (458) Ancient Accounts About the Long Walls WEB The Battle of Tanagra (458) Cimon and the Battle of Tanagra (457) WEB The Peace of Callias (450?) Athenian Campaigns WEB I Athenian Campaigns in Western Greece (ca. 453) WEB II Cimon s Last Campaign (451) WEB The Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica (446) A The Euboean Campaign and the Peloponnesian Invasion B Pericles Bribes the Spartans to Retreat Pericles Punishes Euboea (446) WEB123

19 CONTENTS xvii The Thirty-Year Peace Between Athens and Sparta (446/5) A Athenian Concessions in the Thirty-Year Peace B The Arbitration Clause in the Thirty-Year Peace The Thirty-Year Peace and Argos Neutrality WEB Athenian Colonization and the Colony of Brea ( ) A Athenian Foundations of Colonies B The Foundation Decree of Brea A Hippodamian City Plan The Foundation of Thurii in Italy (444/3) WEB The Foundation of Amphipolis (437/6) The Administration of the Empire and the Athenian Tribute Quota Lists The Cleinias Decree The Tribute Quota List of 453/ The Erythraean Decree (453/2) Athens and the Allies WEB I Athens Intervention in the Allies Affairs WEB II Athens Jurisdiction Over the Allies WEB The Samian Revolt (441/0 440/39) Allies Attitudes Toward the Empire A Athens Services to the Allies B Allies Enmity Toward Athens C A Pragmatic Attitude Toward the Allies Conduct The City of Athens Pericles Public Building WEB The Parthenon and Athena s Statue WEB I The Statue of Athena Parthenos WEB II Pericles, Phidias, and Athena s Statue WEB The Acropolis WEB I Building the Erechtheum WEB II The Athenian Acropolis WEB The City Dionysia: Religion, Drama, and the State WEB I The Dionysian Procession WEB Dithyrambic Performances WEB Selecting and Producing Plays WEB The Theater of Dionysus WEB139

20 xviii CONTENTS 22.7.I Honoring in the Theater WEB II The Theater of Dionysus at Athens WEB Links of Interest WEB The Sophists, Athenian Democracy, and Democracy s Critics The Sophists View of Justice Right and Might Justice and Expediency Sophocles Antigone and the Debate with the Sophists Tyranny and Democracy in Euripides Suppliant Women Democracy and Its Alternatives WEB I A Debate over the Merits of Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy WEB II Pericles Funeral Oration WEB Criticizing Democracy Criticism of the Democratic Use of the Lot WEB The Causes of the Peloponnesian War and the Athenian and Spartan Strategies Thucydides View of the Causes of the Peloponnesian War The Epidamnus and Potidaea Affairs WEB I The Epidamnus Affair ( ) WEB II The Potidaea Affair ( ) WEB The Megarian Decree (432?), Corinthian Pressure, and Spartan Demands A Thucydides on the Megarian Decree B Plutarch on the Background to the Megarian Decree C Corinth Urges Sparta to Go to War D The Spartan Demands Aristophanes on Pericles, Aspasia, and the Megarian Affair WEB The Spartan (Archidamian) Strategy A Spartan Estimates of the Athenian Reaction B Greek Enmity Toward Athens King Archidamus Advises the Spartans About the War WEB The Periclean Strategy A Pericles on the Athenian Strategy B The Superiority of Naval Power Athenian and Spartan Characters and Strategies WEB154

21 CONTENTS xix 24.8.I Thucydides on the Spartan and Athenian National Characters and Their Impact on Strategies 24.8.II Comments on Problems of the Spartan and Athenian Strategies WEB154 WEB The Peloponnesian War: The Archidamian War ( ) Athens and the Plague A A Mass Grave in Athens B Thucydides on Human Conduct During a Plague Pericles Conviction; the Plague WEB I Plutarch on Pericles Conviction WEB II Thucydides on the Plague in Athens WEB Pericles Political Successors Athens Opens a Second Front in Sicily (427) WEB Nicias and Cleon A Plutarch on Nicias B Cleon and the Demos C Aristophanes on Cleon Nicias; Cleon; the Mytilenean Affair WEB I Nicias Piety and Munificence WEB II Aristophanes Depiction of Cleon as the People s Watchdog WEB III The Mytilenean Affair ( ) WEB The Pylos Campaign (425) A Demosthenes Plan B Sparta Offers Peace C The Spartans Surrender D The Impact of Sphacteria E A Spartan Shield from Pylos The Battle on the Island of Sphacteria WEB Brasidas A Brasidas Impact B Brasidas Speech to the Acanthians C Athens Punishes Torone D Brasidas Last Honors Yearnings for Peace in Athens WEB The Peace of Nicias (421) A Athens and Sparta s Motives for the Peace B Selected Terms of the Peace of Nicias Finances and Allies During the Archidamian War A Spartan War Fund 351

22 xx CONTENTS 26.2 Athenian Finance: Raising the Property Tax (Eisphora) Raising the Tribute: The Thudippus Decree Cleon and the Allies Tribute WEB Special Treatment: The Methone Decrees The Athenian Coinage, Weights, and Measures Decree The Uneasy Peace and the Sicilian Expedition ( ) Alcibiades A Alcibiades at the Olympic Games B Alcibiades Ambitions and the Athenians Attitudes Toward Him C Alcibiades and Melos D Alcibiades and the Ostracism of Hyperbolus The Battle of Mantinea (I); the Melian Dialogue WEB I The (First) Battle of Mantinea (418) WEB II The Melian Dialogue WEB Egesta and the Origins of the Sicilian Expedition (416) A Egesta Requests Help B The Decision on the Sicilian Campaign The Egestans Trick the Athenian Fact-Finding Mission WEB The Athenians Goals in Sicily A Alcibiades Describes the Athenian Goals and Strategy B Athenian Enthusiasm for the Campaign C The Athenian Armada Nicias and Alcibiades Debate the Sicilian Campaign (415) WEB The Herms and Mysteries Affairs A Andocides on the Plot B The Plotters Gather (?) C The Confiscation of the Plotters Property Thucydides on the Herms and Mysteries Affairs WEB Alcibiades Escapes to Sparta The Athenian Strategy in Sicily; Alcibiades Recall WEB I The Initial Athenian Strategy in Sicily WEB II Alcibiades Recall and the Impact of His Defection to Sparta WEB Sparta Enters the War Athens Sends Reinforcements to Nicias in Sicily (414) WEB The Athenian Defeat in Sicily A The Athenian Retreat from Syracuse B The Massacre at the Assinarus River 379

23 CONTENTS xxi C The Fate of Those Captured and Thucydides Review of the Expedition Syracusan Naval Tactics Prior to the Arrival of Athenian Reinforcements (414) WEB Links of Interest WEB The Peloponnesian War: The Decelean War ( ) The Spartan Occupation of Decelea (413) A Harm from Decelea B The Thebans Gains Sparta s Maritime Strategy and Persia A The Persians Offer an Alliance B A Spartan Persian Treaty (412) C The Persian King s Aegean Policy D Athenian Anti-Democrats Contact Alcibiades Alcibiades in Sparta and Asia Minor WEB I Alcibiades Affair with Queen Timaea WEB II Alcibiades Advice to the Satrap Tissaphernes WEB The Athenian Oligarchy of A A Motion to Limit Political Rights to 5,000 Citizens B A Decree Concerning Public Offices and the Council C Unpaid Offices and the Powers of the 5,000 and of the Council of D Demophantus Decree and the Restoration of Democracy The Four Hundred Regime and Its Fall WEB I Comments on the Leaders and Supporters of Overthrowing Athenian Democracy in 411 WEB II A Board for Designing a New Government for Athens WEB III The Fall of the Four Hundred and Athens New Constitution WEB Ransoming Captives and the Selymbrian Decree ( ) A Ransoming Captives B The Selymbrian Decree A Third Spartan Persian Treaty; Alcibiades Return WEB I The Third Spartan Persian Treaty (411) WEB II Alcibiades Return and Athenian Views of Him (407/6) WEB190

24 xxii CONTENTS 28.8 Cyrus the Younger and Lysander of Sparta A Cyrus Post B The Battle of Notium Cyrus in Asia Minor; Alcibiades Exile WEB I Cyrus the Younger s Mission in Asia Minor (407/6) WEB II Alcibiades Second Exile WEB The Arginusae Affair (406/5) The Battle of Aegospotami (405) WEB Athens Defeat and the End of the Peloponnesian War (405/4) A Lysander Changes the Governments of the Allies B The Samian Decree C Sparta Refuses to Destroy Athens and Her Terms of Surrender D Lysander Sails into Piraeus Honoring the Victor A A Dedication in Honor of Lysander B Lysander s Extraordinary Honors C An Athenian View of the Defeat The Rule of the Thirty, the Athenian Amnesty, and Socrates Trial The Establishment of the Rule of the Thirty (404) The Thirty Tyrants The Fall of the Thirty (403) Critias Grave Monument (?) WEB The Spartans Grave at Athens and the Athenian Amnesty (403) A The Battle between the Peloponnesians and Athenian Democrats B The Spartan Grave in Athens C The Settlement Between the Democrats and the Oligarchs D Counter-Suit (Paragraphê) The Reaction of the Spartans and Their Allies to the Thirty s Appeal for Help Against the Exiles WEB Socrates Trial (399) Socrates Trial and Image WEB Sparta After the Peloponnesian War: Politics, Wealth, and Demography The Accession of Agesilaus II (400) 416

25 30.2 The Cinadon Conspiracy (400/399) Empire and Wealth in Sparta Epitadeus Law (?) and the Shortage of Men (Oliganthropia) A Epitadeus Law B Land Ownership and the Shortage of Male Citizens Princess Cynisca A Cynisca s Olympic Victories B The Cynisca Epigram C Agesilaus and Cynisca The Spartan Hegemony, the Corinthian War, and the Peace of Antalcidas (404/3 388/7) Sparta and Persia A Cyrus Requests Spartan Aid B Spartan Aid to Cyrus The Lessons of the Anabasis WEB Agesilaus Asian Campaign and Lysander s Demotion A Agesilaus Asian Campaign B Agesilaus and Lysander Lysander s Alleged Plan to Reform Spartan Kingship (396) WEB The Outbreak of the Corinthian War (395) A The King Sends Money to Greece B Greek Grievances Against Sparta Criticism of the View that Persian Bribes Led the Greeks to Fight Sparta WEB The Loss of Spartan Maritime Hegemony (394) The Battle of Cnidus (394) WEB The Dexileus Monument Peltasts and the Battle of Lechaeum (390) Iphicrates Military Reforms WEB The Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) Comments on the Significance of the Peace of Antalcidas WEB The Call for a Panhellenic Campaign Against Persia From the Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) to the Battle of Leuctra and Its Aftermath (371) The Boeotian Federation in the Fourth Century Greek Federations and the Boeotian Federation Before the Fourth Century WEB Sparta Dissolves Greek Federations in the Name of Autonomy 444 CONTENTS xxiii

26 xxiv CONTENTS 32.4 Xenophon and Diodorus on the Union Between Argos and Corinth ( ) WEB Spartan Occupation of the Cadmea (Citadel) of Thebes (382) Views of the Spartans at the Cadmea WEB I Diodorus on the Spartan Occupation of the Cadmea (382) WEB II Xenophon on the Spartans Fault in Occupying the Cadmea WEB The Sphodrias Affair (379/8) A Sphodrias Invades Attica B Sphodrias Acquittal Plutarch on Sphodrias Attempt to Capture Piraeus WEB The Formation of the Second Athenian League (378/7) A The Decree of Aristoteles B Diodorus on the Second Athenian League C Contributions to the League Desiring Peace The Common Peace of A The Terms of the Common Peace of B Epaminondas in Sparta The Sacred Band The Battle of Leuctra (371) A Xenophon on the Battle at Leuctra B The Spartan Reaction to the Defeat in Leuctra Plutarch on the Battle of Leuctra WEB The Foundation of Messene (370/69) The Dissolution of the Peloponnesian League (365) Jason of Pherae (? 370) Jason s Power and Plans WEB Jason s Army WEB Jason s Ambitions and Assassination WEB The Second Athenian League and Theban Hegemony Athens Treatment of Chalcis (Euboea) and the Island of Paros (378/7 372) A Athens Alliance with Chalcis B Decrees Concerning Paros Athens Colonization of Samos (365) Athens Treatment of Arcesine (Amorgus; ca. 357/6) Calls for Peace in Athens (ca ) WEB The Theban Hegemony: A Theban Common Peace (367) 471

27 CONTENTS xxv 34.6 Thebes Treatment of Orchomenus (364) Thebes in Achaea and on the Sea WEB I Thebes Intervenes in Achaea (366) WEB II Thebes Maritime Ambitions (364) WEB The Battle of Mantinea (II; 362) A The Battle Lines in Mantinea B Indecision in Mantinea Running the Athenian Polis: Politics, Finances, Grain, and Trade in the Fourth Century The Restored Athenian Democracy: Laws and Decrees A The Greater Authority of Laws B Tisamenus Decree The Fourth-Century Assembly and Council A The Assembly s Agenda B An Assembly Meeting The Presidents of the Assembly and Their Duties WEB Fourth-Century Democratic Leadership Plato on Athenian Speakers and Their Audience WEB The Jury Courts A A Defendant s Difficulties B Jurors State Revenues and Taxation A Import Tax B Property Tax (Eisphora) C Paying the Property Tax Athens Income and a Taxable Property WEB I Athens Annual Income (ca. 341) WEB II The Taxable Property of Demosthenes Father WEB Liturgies Lightening the Burden: The Antidosis The Theoric Fund Financing Military Operations A Iphicrates Financial Methods B Granting Favors The Grain Import Athens and Grain WEB I Athens and Foreign Grain Producers WEB II Regulating the Grain Trade and Its Products WEB A Law of Coinage Certification A Maritime Contract Metics (Resident Aliens), Slaves, and Barbarians Definition of a Metic WEB223

28 xxvi CONTENTS 36.2 Useful Resident Aliens WEB I Good Metics WEB II Profitable Metics WEB Slaves and Their Occupations WEB I Slaves Occupations WEB II Bankers and Slaves WEB Public Slaves: The Scythian Archers WEB The Treatment of Slaves WEB I The Good, Useful Slave WEB II A Maid in Charge WEB Distinguishing the Free from the Unfree WEB I A Slave s Testimony Under Torture WEB II Free Persons Resembling Slaves WEB III Fear of Resembling Slaves WEB Aristotle on Natural Slavery WEB Contrasting Greeks With Barbarians WEB I Greek and Barbarian Character WEB II Greeks, Barbarians, and Freedom WEB III War against the Barbarians WEB Masculine and Feminine Gender in Classical Athens Manly Ideals: The Ephebic Oath The Manly Body The Unmanly Man Aristophanes on Prostitution and Homosexuality WEB Violence and Men in Love Artisans and Manual Laborers Men, Women, and the Household Wives and Mothers A Woman s Lot Running the Household A Woman and the Household s Assets WEB Virtuous and Unfaithful Women A A Woman of Virtue B Female Propriety C Homicide and Adultery D The Killing of Eratosthenes Citizenship and the Working Mother WEB The Courtesan Neaera WEB Philip II of Macedonia ( ) Philip s Accession and Challenges to his Rule (359) King Archelaus Military Reforms ( ) WEB Philip s Military Reforms and Coinage A Phalanx Formations 524

29 38.3.B Philip s Coinage Philip s Court: Companions and Royal Boys (Pages) A Philip s Companions B The Royal Boys or Pages Philip s Wives Philip and the Third Sacred War ( ) A The Phocians Pillage Delphi B Diodorus on the Battle of the Crocus Field Justin on the Battle of the Crocus Field WEB Demosthenes War Plan Against Philip (352/1) Philip s Capture of Olynthus (348) A Philip s Capture of Olynthus B Plan of an Olynthian House Demosthenes on a Captive Olynthian Woman (348) WEB The Peace of Philocrates and the End of the Third Sacred War (346) On the Peace of Philocrates; Isocrates Appeals to Philip WEB I On the Peace of Philocrates (346) WEB II Isocrates Appeals to Philip to Lead a Persian Campaign (346) WEB Athens Proclaims War on Philip (340) A Philip Seizes Ships to Athens B Philip and Athens Go to War Demosthenes against Philip; Philip on the Propontis WEB I Demosthenes Calls to Confront Philip ( ) WEB II Philip s Siege of Perinthus and Byzantium and Persian Involvement (340) WEB The Battle of Chaeronea (338) A Diodorus on the Battle of Chaeronea B Polyaenus on the Battle of Chaeronea C Plutarch on the Battle of Chaeronea D Reconstructing the Battle Philip, Elatea, and Chaeronea WEB I Philip s Capture of Elatea in Central Greece (339) WEB II The Monuments of Chaeronea WEB Philip and the Greeks after Chaeronea ( ) A The Corinthian League B The Greeks Oath on a Common Peace C Alexander s Treaty with the Greeks D The Philippeum Demosthenes Eulogy of the Dead of Chaeronea (338) WEB257 CONTENTS xxvii

30 xxviii CONTENTS The Murder of Philip II (336) and the Royal Tombs at Vergina A The Death of Philip II B The Vergina Royal Tombs Justin on Philip s Assassination WEB Links of Interest WEB Alexander the Great ( ) The Destruction of Thebes (335) A The Theban Revolt B The Punishment of Thebes Alexander in Asia Minor ( ) A Alexander s Invading Army B Alexander and the Chian Decree Alexander in Asia Minor WEB I The Battle of the Granicus (334) WEB II A Copy of Lysippus Statue of Alexander at the Granicus WEB III Alexander and the Gordian Knot WEB The Battle of Issus (333) A Alexander s Victory at Issus B The Alexander Mosaic Arrian on the Battle of Issus up to Darius Flight (333) WEB Alexander Visits the Oracle of Ammon at Siwa (332/1) Foundations of Alexandrias WEB Fire in Persepolis ( ) Conspiracy in Court: The Philotas Affair (330) Alexander Kills the Veteran General Cleitus (328) A The Killing of Cleitus B Legitimizing Cleitus Death Alexander Turns Asian Alexander s Adoption of Persian Dress and Customs WEB Victory in India (326) Alexander, the Macedonians, Iranians, and the Opis Mutiny A Resentment in the Army B The Opis Mutiny and Its Aftermath The Susa Mass Marriages WEB Alexander and the Exiles Decree (324) Alexander s Death Alexander s Last Plans WEB270 References 580 Index of Ancient Sources 613 General Index 618