Contents. Weights, Measures, Coins, and the Athenian Calendar. Introduction: The Evidence for Creek History and Culture 1

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1 Contents List of Illustrations List of Maps and How to Use This Book Abbreviations Glossary Weights, Measures, Coins, and the Athenian Calendar xxix xxxi xxxii xxxiv xxxv xxxvii Introduction: The Evidence for Creek History and Culture 1 I The Archaeological Evidence 2 Pottery 5 II Coins 7 III The Written Evidence 8 1 Investigation of Sources and Fragments of Lost Historians 10 Herodotus 13 Thucydides 16 Xenophon 20 Diodorus of Sicily Plutarch 22 7 The Attic Orators 23 1 The World of A Funeral on a Dipylon Vase The Household (Oikos) and the Homeric Household WEB1

2 M 1.4 Slaves and the Homeric Household WEB1 1.5 The Measure of Happiness A Household in Trouble Households and Community Homeric Leaders Kings, Council, and Assembly A WEB Homeric Values: Honor and Excellence and Guest-Friendship WEB3 2 The World of Hesiod Individual, Communal, and Divine Justice and Pandora's Jar 44 M 2.3 Household and Marriage 2.4 The Value of Labor 45 M 2.5 Hesiod WEBA Slaves in Hesiod WEBA 2.5.II Hesiod on Competitiveness WEBS 2.5.III A Bust of Hesiod WEBS 2.6 The Orientalizing Period 45 3 The Creek Polis (City-State) and the Ethnos The Homeric Polis 49 H 3.2 Polis WEB6 3.3 An Early Settlement on Andros (Zagora; 700) 50 M 3.4 Links to Andros and the Azoria Project WEB6 3.5 Ancient Views of the Origins of the Polis A of Attica B Aristotle on the Evolution of the Polis Ethnos: The Ionians A Ancestors B Ionians in the C The History of the Ionians Links of Interest WEB7 4 Across the Sea: Creek "Colonization" Greek Settlements in the Western Mediterranean The Settlement at Pithecoussae (ca. 750) A The Settling of Pithecoussae B The "Nestor Cup" Pithecoussae WEBS 4.4 The Foundation of Cyrene (631) the of Cyrene (631) WEB8

3 The Delphic Oracle WEBU 4.6 Mother-City and Colony: Corinth, Corcyra, and (435) Settlers and Locals Selinus Links of Interest 5 Power and Attitudes Power and Offices in Athens WEBU 5.3 Aristocratie Exclusiveness A B Do Not Marry a Commoner Aristocratie Anxiety 73 6 Archaic Tyranny How Tyrants Attained Power The Birth and Rescue of Cypselus 6.3 Cypselus' Tyranny in Corinth (ca ) A Cypselus' Harsh Tyranny B Cypselus' Tyranny Periander's Tyranny in Corinth ( ) Additional Information on Tyranny in Corinth WEB A Failed at Tyranny in Athens: (632) Herodotus on Cylon WEB16 7 Archaic and Classical Sparta City WEBU 7.2 The Messenian ( ) and the Conquered Population A Tyrtaeus on the Helots B The System Eliminating Helots Krypteia Lycurgus' Early Sparta Crises in Early Sparta 7.7.II Early Economie Disparity in Sparta 7.7.III Identity 7.8 The Spartan Government and the Great Rhetra 93 Tyrtaeus on the Spartan Government B Plutarch on Lycurgus' Rhetra Spartan Kingship 95

4 7.10 Xenophon on Spartan Kingship WEB The Spartan (Council) The Ephors and Theopompus; Aristotle on the Spartan Government The Ephors and King Theopompus Aristotle on the Spartan "Mixed" Constitution WEB State and Family: The Scrutiny of Spartan Babies The Schooling of Boys Xenophon on the Schooling of Spartan Boys WEB and Rituals A 102 Spartan Maidens and Rituals 103 A Spartan Runner Plutarch on Spartan and Rituals WEB Spartan Marriage Wife-Sharing A Xenophon on Wife-Sharing B Polybius on Wife-Sharing Sayings of Spartan Mothers WEB The Messes A Xenophon on the Common Messes B Plutarch on the Common Messes Aristotle on the Common Messes WEB Spartan Equality: Ideology and Reality A Lycurgus' Egalitarian Measures B The Ones (Homoioi)? Courage and Cowardice in Sparta The Peloponnesian League and Spartan Alliances 112 The Spartans' Agreement with Tegea 7.26.B The Spartans' Treaty with Olynthus 7.27 Arcadia, and Corinth WEB23 Sparta Obtains the Bones of Orestes WEB23 The First Corinthian Opposition to King I (506) WEB2S The Second Corinthian Opposition to King Cleomenes I (504) WEB King Cleomenes, Plataea, and Athens 7.29 King Cleomenes WEB26 Cleomenes' Birth WEB II Cleomenes and Argos (494) 7.29.III Cleomenes and Aegina 7.29.IV (491/0) WEB V Cleomenes' Downfall ( ) 7.30 Links of Interest WEB36

5 8 Hoplites and Their Values 8.1 Hoplites and Their Weapons 8.2 Standing in a Phalanx Formation 8.3 Hoplite Battles Hoplite Ideals A Do Not But Stand Your Ground B The Worthy Man in War The Battle of Champions WEB The Spartan or Hoplite Ideology Hoplites and Politics Links of Interest WEB3S 9 Archaic Athens From Draco to 9.1 Draco's Law of Homicide (621/0) Draco's Harsh Laws WEB The Background to Solon's A The Situation Before Solon's Archonship B Solon's Election Solon's Policy (594) Solon's Rejection of Tyranny WEB Solon's Land and Debts A Solon's Concerning Debts B Solon on His Solon's Export and Trade 9.8 Solon's Political A Solon's Classes and Their Respective Offices 9.8.B Solon and Election to Offices Solon's Judicial The Solonian Polis 137 A Link to a Bust of Solon 10 Tyranny in Athens Solon and King Croesus WEB Athens after Solon Rivalry for Power at Tyranny (561/0) Peisistratus' Second Attempt at Tyranny, His Exile and Return ( ) A Peisistratus Marries Megacles' Daughter B Peisistratus' Exile Peisistratus in Exile WEB4S 10.7 ( /7) Peisistratus' Athenian Coinage WEB46 Rule WEB46

6 10.8.II Early Athenian Coins and the City of Athens Under the Tyrants WEB Tyranny and the Athenian Elite: The Archon List The (514/3) A Drinking Songs Honoring the Tyrannicides B The Statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton Thucydides on the Athenian Tyrannicides The of the Tyrants (511/0) Cleisthenes and Athenian Democracy (508/7) Cleisthenes and His Opposition (508/7) B Athenian Cleisthenes Enfranchises Athenian WEBS0 Membership in the Ostracism (Ostrakismos) A by Potsherds B Ostraka 162 Ath. on Ostracism and the Dating of Introduction 11.7 Generalship Athenian Public Building ca. 500 WEBS2 12 Archaic Society and Culture: Gender, Sexuality, Banquets, and Youth: Kouros Homoerotic Couples Courting Men and A Law Against Courtship of Free Boys by Slaves WEBS Sex, Power, and the Eurymedon Vase Love and the Symposion Love WEBS II Symposion, Wine, and 12.8 The Banquet (Symposion) and the Rewards of Victory A A Prize in the Panathenaic B A Victory Ode Greek Games and a Dissenting Voice Archaic Women: Sappho on Love B What is Beauty? Sappho, Aphrodite, and Phrasiclea WEBS6 Sappho's Invitation of Aphrodite WEBS6

7 WEBS Seducing Maidens Anacreon's "Thracian WEBS Portraits of Wives Sappho, Andromache, and Agariste WEBS7 Sappho's on Andromache's Arrivai in Troy WEBS7 The Marriage of Agariste WEBS8 13 Archaic Law 182 The Law of Dreros 13.2 The Gortyn Law on Sexual Misconduct WEB The Gortyn Law on Division of Property WEB Solon's Laws Concerning Inheritance, Dowry, Women Outdoors, Parental Support, and Sexual Misconduct WEB A Treaty Concerning Seizure of Men Abroad WEB Changing the Law WEB67 14 Archaic Creek Religion 14.1 Herodotus on and Hesiod's Contribution to Greek Religion Athens Purifies (426/5) WEB Worship 185 Greek Temples and the Mysteries of Demeter in Eleusis A The Mysteries and Hades B The Macron Cup with Triptolemus The to Demeter 14.6 The Decree of Offering First-Fruits in Eleusis (420s) Links of Interest WEB76 15 The lonian Persians and WEB77 WEB77 Croesus and Delphi WEB Persia and the Ionians Ionians, Greeks, and Persians WEB78 Herodotus on the Ionians and Their Response to the Persian Occupation WEB II Sparta WEB79 Cultural Exchange between Greeks and Persians WEB79

8 15.4 The Greek Tyrants at the Bridge (ca. 513) King Darius I and His Administrative 15.6 The Causes of the Ionian ( ) A Aristagoras' Naxian Campaign 196 Aristagoras Banishes Tyrants Aristagoras' and Histiaeus' Message 15.8 for Help in Greece (500) Aristagoras in Sparta WEB82 The of Miletus and Phrynichus' Capture Miletus (494) 199 The Change of Persian Policy in The Battle of Marathon (490) Surrender The Spartans' Attempt to Atone for the Killing of Persian Envoys WEB The Persian and Athens' Request for Help (490) A The Persians Arrive at Marathon B Athens Requests Help from Sparta The Battle of Marathon (490) A The War Council Before Battle and the Fighting in Marathon 207 The Persian Cavalry 209 Monuments of the Battle of Marathon An Attempt to Capture the City with Alcmeonid Aid? The of Marathon and A An on Marathon B Aeschylus' Epitaph C The Mound at Marathon After Marathon WEB86 A Link to an Image of a Greek Soldier Fighting a Persian WEB86 Aristophanes on the Warriors of Marathon WEB III Miltiades after Marathon WEB86 Darius' War Plans after Marathon WEB88 17 The Persian War 216 Greek Perspectives of the Persian War The Bridging of the Hellespont B Punishing the Hellespont

9 Greeks' Views of Persians WEB89 Aeschylus on the Persian Defeat and Humiliation WEB89 on Persian Royal Education and 17.3 Themistocles and His Naval Program A B Project 219 Herodotus on Themistocles' Building of the Athenian Navy 17.5 The Athenian 220 The Lenormant Relief of a 220 Olympia at Sea Explanatory Comments on the Athenian 17.7 Greek Responses to 221 Themistocles the Return of Ostracized Athenians 17.9 The Hellenic Alliance Against Persia A The About the War The Greek Retreat from Thessaly and its Aftermath (480) A Retreat from Thessaly 226 The Greeks' Lines of The Battle of (480) A Plan 227 Leonidas to Stay 228 Commemorating the Spartans of Thermopylae From Artemisium to Thermopylae Herodotus on the Battle Artemisium WEB91 Themistocles Encourages the Ionians and the Carians to Xerxes Demaratus Informs Xerxes about the Spartans WEB IV Stand at Thermopylae and Leonidas' Fate WEB The Evacuation of Athens 230 The Athenians Ask a Second Oracle B C A Faulty Peloponnesian Strategy Choice WEB96 The First Athenian Consultation of Delphi About Continuing the War Against Persia WEB96

10 the Evacuation of Athens WEB The Battle of Salamis (480) A of Battle B The Persian Movements 235 The Battle Plan of Salamis D Aeschylus' Description of the Battle of Salamis The Greeks in Salamis WEB97 Herodotus on the Battle of Salamis WEB97 Competing for the Honor of Fighting at Salamis WEB The Battle of Plataea (479) 237 Athens Loyalty to the Greek Cause B The Spartan to Plataea C The Plataea Oath Herodotus on the Battle of Plataea WEB99 the Battle of Plataea 240 Simonides on the Spartans' Departure for Plataea B Dedications to the Gods C Those Who Fought in the War 242 Pausanias and the of Plataea WEB The Battle of Mycale (479) Links of Interest 18 The Athenian Empire Rebuilding (479/8) Themistocles and Sparta Themistocles and the Fortification of Piraeus 18.2.II Themistocles' Opposition to Sparta's Plan to Punish Medized States 18.3 Pausanias of Sparta, Athens, and the Allies A 250 The Spartans Relinquish Their Command Aristides and the Ionians Pausanias Seeks Support from Xerxes 18.5 The Formation of the Delian League (478) A The Goals of the Delian League B Liberating the Greeks 252 Managing the League D Establishing the Tribute Comments on the Delian League's Original Annual Tribute and Structure

11 18.7 and the Athenian Empire: The Conquest of Eion, Scyros, Carystus, and Naxos (477/6-465) A The Capture of Eion 255 The Capture of Scyros 255 The Subjugation of Carystus and Naxos Themistocles' Exile; Cimon and Theseus Themistocles' Ostracism and Exile Cimon and Theseus WEB in Asia Minor and the Battle of ( ) A Successes in Asia Minor B The Battle of Eurymedon 258 Eulogizing the Dead of Eurymedon 259 Cimon in Asia Minor; the Painted Stoa WEB Cimon's in Asia Minor ( /6) The Painted Stoa and Possible Association with Cimon in Northern Greece (465/4-463/2) Sparta's Wars in the the Great Helots' and the Mt. Affair ( ) A Sparta's Peloponnesian Conflicts B The Great Earthquake and the Messenian 262 C The Debate in Athens over Helping Sparta D The Spartans Send the Athenians Back Home Leotychidas' Exile and Pausanias' Second Recall and Death WEB Leotychidas, Bribes, and Exile (ca. 476) WEBl 10 Pausanias' Second Recall and Death (ca. 470) The Messenians Settle Naupactus Empowering Athenian Democracy Ephialtes' (462/1) 268 Ephialtes and the Areopagus B The Areopagus after Aeschylus and the Areopagus; WEB113 Aeschylus and the Areopagus WEB Blocking Decrees Paranomon) Examination of State Officiais (Dokimasia) Rendering Accounts (Euthynaï) 273

12 19.6 Expanding to the Archonship Pericles' Measures Mechanisms and State Salary (Misthos) A Public Pay and Offices B Wages of State Salaries An Elitist Perspective on Pericles' Relationship with the Demos WEBl Pericles' Citizenship Law Philochorus on the Background of Pericles' Law 279 B Plutarch on the Background of Pericles' Law Ath. on Pericles' Citizenship Law Pericles and Thucydides Son of Melesias Pericles' Building Program and Leadership WEB116 The Controversy over Pericles' Building Program and the Ostracism of Thucydides son of Melesias (444/3) 16 Pericles' Leadership WEB Links of Interest WEB War and Peace in Creece (461/0-437/6) Athens' Clash with Corinth Over Megara (461/0) Athenian Pride in their Victory over Corinth WEB The Athenian to Egypt (460) A The Egyptian B Defeat in Egypt Diodorus on the Egyptian (460) WEBl Athens Campaigns on Several Fronts ( ) Thucydides on Athenian Campaigns in The Long (458) Ancient Accounts About the Long Walls WEB The Battle of Tanagra (458) Cimon and the Battle of Tanagra (457) The Peace of Callias (450?) Athenian Campaigns WEB122 Athenian Campaigns in Western Greece (ca. 453) WEB122 Cimon's Last Campaign (451) WEB The Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica (446) 291 The Euboean Campaign and the Peloponnesian Invasion B Pericles Bribes the Spartans to Retreat Pericles Punishes Euboea (446) WEB123

13 20.15 The Thirty-Year Peace Between Athens and Sparta (446/5) 293 Athenian Concessions in the Thirty-Year Peace 293 B The Arbitration Clause in the Thirty-Year Peace 294 The Thirty-Year Peace and Argos' Neutrality WEB Athenian Colonization and the Colony of 294 Athenian Foundations of Colonies 294 The Foundation Decree of Brea A City Plan The Foundation of Thurii in Italy (444/3) WEB The The Administration of the Empire and the Athenian Tribute Quota Lists 300 The Cleinias Decree 21.2 The Tribute Quota List of 453/ The Erythraean Decree (453/2) Athens and the Allies WEB126 Athens' Intervention in the Affairs WEB 21.4.II Over the Allies WEB The Toward the Empire A Athens' Services to the Allies B Toward Athens 307 A Pragmatic Attitude Toward the Conduct The City of Athens 22.1 Building 22.2 The Parthenon and Athena's Statue WEB129 The Statue of Athena Parthenos Pericles, Phidias, and Athena's Statue 22.3 Building the 22.3.II The Athenian Acropolis W B The City Dionysia: Religion, and the State The Dionysian Procession WEB Dithyrambic Performances The Theater of Dionysus WEB139

14 in the Theater 22.7.II The Theater of Dionysus at Athens W B Links of Interest 23 The Sophists, Athenian Democracy, and Critics 23.1 The Justice Right and Might Justice and Expediency Antigone and the Debate with the Sophists Tyranny and Democracy in Euripides' Suppliant Women 23.6 Democracy and Alternatives WEB142 A Debate over the Merits of Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy WEB II Pericles' Funeral Oration 23.7 Criticizing Democracy 23.8 Criticism of the Use of the Lot 24 The Causes of the Peloponnesian War and the Athenian and Spartan Thucydides' View of the Causes of the Peloponnesian War The Epidamnus and Potidaea WEB147 The Epidamnus Affair ( ) WEB II The Potidaea Affair ( ) 24.3 The Megarian Decree (432?), Corinthian Pressure, and Spartan Demands A Thucydides on the Megarian Decree 323 Plutarch on the Background to the Megarian Decree 324 Corinth Urges Sparta to Go to War D The Spartan Demands Aristophanes on Pericles, Aspasia, and the Megarian Affair 24.5 The Spartan (Archidamian) Strategy A Spartan of the Athenian B Greek Toward Athens King Archidamus Advises the Spartans About the War 24.7 The "Periclean Strategy" A Pericles on the Athenian Strategy 328 The Superiority of Naval Power Athenian and Spartan "Characters" and

15 Thucydides on the Spartan and Athenian "National Characters" and Their Impact on on Problems of the Spartan and Athenian W B The Peloponnesian War: The War Athens and the Plague A A Mass Grave in Athens B Thucydides on Conduct During a Plague Pericles' Conviction; the Plague W B157 Plutarch on Pericles' Conviction 25.2.II Thucydides on the Plague in Athens W B Pericles' Political Successors Athens Opens a Second Front in Sicily (427) Nicias and 335 Plutarch on Nicias B Cleon and the Demos 336 Aristophanes on Cleon Nicias; Cleon; the Mytilenean Affair Nicias' Piety and Munificence Aristophanes' Depiction of Cleon as the People's Watchdog WEB III The Mytilenean Affair ( ) WEB The Campaign (425) A Demosthenes' Plan 338 Sparta Offers Peace 339 The 341 The Impact of Sphacteria E A Spartan Shield from Pylos 342 The Battle on the Island of Sphacteria WEB 25.9 Brasidas A Brasidas' Impact 343 Brasidas' Speech to the Acanthians 344 Athens Punishes Torone D Brasidas' Last Honors Yearnings for Peace in Athens The Peace of Nicias (421) 346 Athens' and Sparta's Motives for the Peace B Selected Terms of the Peace of Nicias Finances and Allies During the Archidamian War 350 A Spartan War Fund

16 26.2 Athenian Finance: Raising the Property Tax (Eisphora) Raising the Tribute: The Thudippus Decree Cleon and the Tribute 26.5 Treatment: The Methone Decrees The Athenian Coinage, Weights, and Measures Decree The Uneasy Peace and the Sicilian ( ) Alcibiades A Alcibiades at the Olympic Games B Alcibiades' Ambitions and the Athenians' Attitudes Toward 362 C Alcibiades and 27.1.D Alcibiades and the Ostracism of Hyperbolus The Battle of (I); the Melian Dialogue The (First) Battle of Mantinea (418) II The Melian Dialogue WEB Egesta and the Origins of the Sicilian (416) 365 Egesta Requests Help 366 The on the Sicilian Campaign The Egestans Trick the Athenian Fact-Finding Mission The Athenians' Goals in Sicily 368 Alcibiades Describes the Athenian Goals and Strategy 368 Athenian Enthusiasm for the Campaign C The Athenian Armada Nicias and Alcibiades Debate the Sicilian Campaign (415) 27.7 The and Mysteries A Andocides on the Plot B The Plotters Gather (?) 372 The Confiscation of the Plotters' Property Thucydides on the Herms and Mysteries Affairs WEB Alcibiades Escapes to Sparta The Athenian Strategy in Sicily; Alcibiades' Recall The Initial Athenian Strategy in Sicily WEB181 Alcibiades' Recall and the Impact of His to Sparta Sparta Enters the War Athens Sends Reinforcements to Nicias in Sicily (414) WEB The Athenian Defeat in Sicily 378 The Athenian Retreat from Syracuse B The Massacre at the Assinarus River 379

17 27.13.C The Fate of Those Captured and Thucydides' Review of the Syracusan Naval Tactics Prior to the Arrivai of Athenian (414) Links of Interest 28 The Peloponnesian War: The Decelean War The Spartan Occupation of Decelea (413) 383 from Decelea 383 The Sparta's Maritime Strategy and Persia A The Persians Offer an Alliance B A Spartan-Persian Treaty (412) C The Persian King's Aegean Policy 386 Athenian Anti-Democrats Contact Alcibiades in Sparta and Asia Minor Alcibiades' Affair with Queen 28.3.II Alcibiades' Advice to the Satrap Tissaphernes 28.4 The Athenian Oligarchy of A A Motion to Political Rights to 5,000 Citizens B A Decree Concerning Public Offices and the Council 389 Unpaid Offices and the Powers of the 5,000 and of the Council of Demophantus' Decree and the Restoration of Democracy The Four Hundred and W B186 Comments on the Leaders and Supporters of Overthrowing Athenian Democracy in WEB A Board for Designing a New Government for Athens 28.5.III The Fall of the Four Hundred and Constitution 28.6 Ransoming Captives and the Decree ( ) A Ransoming Captives 392 The Selymbrian Decree A Third Spartan-Persian Treaty; W B189 The Third Spartan-Persian Treaty 28.7.II Alcibiades' Return and Athenian Views of (407/6)

18 28.8 Cyrus the Younger and Lysander of Sparta A Cyrus' Post B The Battle of Cyrus in Asia Minor; Alcibiades' Exile WEB192 Cyrus the Younger's Mission in Asia Minor (407/6) II Exile WEB The Arginusae Affair (406/5) The Battle of (405) Athens' Defeat and the End of the Peloponnesian War (405/4) 397 Lysander Changes the Governments of the Allies B The Decree C Sparta Refuses to Destroy Athens and Her Terms of Surrender D Lysander into Piraeus the Victor A A Dedication in Honor of Lysander B Lysander's Extraordinary Honors C An Athenian View of the Defeat The Rule of the Thirty, the Athenian Amnesty, and Socrates' 405 The Establishment of the Rule of the Thirty (404) The Thirty Tyrants The Fall of the Thirty (403) Critias' Grave Monument (?) 29.5 The Spartans' Grave at Athens and the Athenian Amnesty (403) 409 The Battle between the Peloponnesians and Athenian Democrats B The Spartan Grave in Athens 409 The Settlement Between the Democrats and the Oligarchs D The of the Spartans and Their Allies to the Thirty's Appeal for Help Against the Exiles W B Socrates' (399) Socrates' and Image 30 Sparta After the Peloponnesian War: Politics, and Demography The Accession of Agesilaus II (400) 416

19 30.2 The Cinadon Conspiracy (400/399) Empire and Wealth in Sparta Epitadeus' Law (?) and the Shortage of Men A Epitadeus' Law 421 Land Ownership and the Shortage of Citizens Princess Cynisca 422 Cynisca's Olympic Victories B The Cynisca Epigram 423 Agesilaus and Cynisca The Spartan Hegemony, the Corinthian War, and the Peace of Antalcidas (404/3-388/7) Sparta and Persia 426 Cyrus Requests Spartan Aid B Spartan Aid to Cyrus The Lessons of the Anabasis WEB Agesilaus' Asian Campaign and Lysander's Demotion 427 Campaign 428 Agesilaus and Lysander Lysander's Alleged Plan to Spartan Kingship (396) The Outbreak of the Corinthian War (395) A The King Sends Money to Greece 430 Greek Grievances Against Sparta 430 Criticism of the View that Persian Bribes Led the Greeks to Fight Sparta WEB 199 The Loss of Spartan Maritime Hegemony (394) The Battle of Cnidus (394) WEB The Dexileus Monument Peltasts and the Battle of (390) Reforms The Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) 436 Comments on the Significance of the Peace Antalcidas The for a Panhellenic Campaign Against Persia From the Peace of Antalcidas (388/7) to the Battle of Leuctra and Aftermath (371) The Boeotian in the Fourth Century Greek and the Boeotian Before the Fourth Century 32.3 Sparta Dissolves Greek in the of Autonomy 444

20 32.4 Xenophon and Diodorus on the Union Between Argos and Corinth ( ) 32.5 Spartan Occupation of the (Citadel) of Thebes (382) Views of the Spartans at the Cadmea WEB206 Diodorus on the Spartan Occupation of the Cadmea (382) WEB206 Xenophon on the Spartans' in Occupying the Cadmea WEB Affair (379/8) A Sphodrias Invades Attica B Sphodrias' Acquittai Plutarch on Sphodrias' Attempt to Capture Piraeus WEB The Formation of the Second Athenian League (378/7) A The Decree of Aristoteles 450 Diodorus on the Second Athenian League 452 "Contributions" to the League Desiring Peace The Common Peace of A The the Common of B Epaminondas in Sparta The Sacred Band Leuctra (371) A Xenophon on the Battle at Leuctra B The Spartan to the Defeat in Leuctra Plutarch on the Battle of Leuctra WEB The Foundation of Messene (370/69) The Dissolution of the Peloponnesian League (365) Jason of Pherae (?-370) Jason's Power and Plans WEB WEB Jason's Ambitions and Assassination WEB The Second Athenian League and Theban Hegemony Athens' Treatment of Chalcis (Euboea) and the Island of Paros (378/7-372) 467 Athens' Alliance with Chalcis B Decrees Concerning Paros Athens' Colonization of (365) Athens' Treatment of Arcesine ca. 357/6) for Peace in Athens (ca ) WEB The Theban Hegemony: A Theban Common Peace (367) 471

21 34.6 Thebes' Treatment of Orchomenus (364) Thebes in Achaea and on the Sea WEB21S Thebes Intervenes in Achaea (366) 34.7.II Ambitions (364) WEB The Battle of Mantinea (II; 362) A The Battle Lines in Mantinea 474 in Mantinea Running the Athenian Polis: Politics, Finances, and Trade in the Fourth Century The Restored Athenian Democracy: Laws and Decrees 477 The Greater Authority of Laws 35.1.B Tisamenus' Decree The Fourth-Century Assembly and Council A The Agenda 479 An Assembly Meeting The of the Assembly and Their Duties WEB Fourth-Century Leadership on Athenian Speakers and Their Audience 35.6 Jury Courts A A Defendant's B Jurors State Revenues and Taxation A Import Tax B (Eisphora) 485 Paying the Property Tax Athens' Income and a Taxable Property Athens' Annual Income (ca. 341) The Taxable Property of Demosthenes' Father 35.9 Liturgies Lightening the Burden: The Antidosis The Fund Financing Military A Methods B Favors" The Grain Import Athens and Grain Athens and Foreign Grain Producers Regulating the Grain Trade and Products Certification A Maritime Contract Aliens), Slaves, and Barbarians of a Metic

22 36.2 Useful Aliens Good Metics 36.2.II Profitable Metics 36.3 Slaves and Their Occupations Slaves' Occupations 36.3.II Bankers and Slaves WEB Public Slaves: The Scythian Archers 36.5 The Treatment of Slaves The Good, Useful Slave WEB II Charge WEB Distinguishing the Free from the Unfree A Slave's Testimony Under Torture Free Persons Resembling Slaves WEB III Fear of Resembling Slaves WEB Aristotle on Natural Slavery WEB Greeks With Barbarians Greek and Barbarian Character Greeks, Barbarians, and Freedom 36.8.III War against the Barbarians WEB Masculine and Cender in Athens Ideals: The Ephebic Oath The Manly Body The Man Aristophanes on Prostitution and Homosexuality WEB Violence and Men in Love Artisans and Manual Laborers Men, Women, and the Household Wives and Mothers Running the Household A and the Household's Assets Virtuous and Unfaithful Women A A Woman of Virtue B Propriety C Adultery D The Killing of Eratosthenes 515 Citizenship and the Working Mother The Courtesan Neaera WEB Philip of Macedonia ( ) Philip's Accession and Challenges to his Rule (359) King Archelaus' Military Reforms ( ) WEB Philip's Military Reforms and Coinage 523 Phalanx Formations 524

23 Philip's Coinage Philip's Court: Companions and Royal Boys (Pages) A Philip's Companions 527 The Royal Boys or Pages Philip's Wives Philip and the Third Sacred War ( ) A The Phocians Pillage Delphi B Diodorus on the Battle of the Crocus Field 38.7 Justin on the Battle of the Crocus Field 38.8 Plan Against Philip (352/1) Philip's Capture of Olynthus (348) A Philip's Capture of Olynthus B Plan of an Olynthian House 535 Demosthenes on a Captive Olynthian Woman (348) WEB247 The Peace of Philocrates and the End of the Third Sacred War (346) On the Peace of Philocrates; Isocrates Appeals to Philip WEB249 On the Peace of Philocrates (346) Isocrates Appeals to Philip to Lead a Persian Campaign (346) Athens War on Philip (340) A Philip Seizes Ships to Athens B Philip and Athens Go to War Demosthenes against Philip; Philip on the Propontis Demosthenes' to Confront Philip ( ) Philip's of Perinthus and Byzantium and Persian (340) The Battle of Chaeronea (338) A Diodorus on the Battle of Chaeronea B Polyaenus on the Battle of Chaeronea 542 Plutarch on the Battle of Chaeronea D Reconstructing the Battle Philip, Elatea, and Chaeronea Philip's Capture of Elatea in Central Greece (339) The Monuments of Chaeronea Philip and the Greeks after Chaeronea ( ) A The Corinthian League 544 The on a Common Peace 545 Alexander's Treaty with the Greeks D The Demosthenes' Eulogy of the Dead of Chaeronea (338)

24 38.19 The Murder of Philip II (336) and the Royal at Vergina A The Death of Philip II B The Vergina Royal Tombs Justin on Philip's Assassination WEB Links of Interest 39 Alexander the Great ( ) The Destruction of Thebes (335) A The Theban B The of Thebes Alexander in Asia Minor ( ) A Alexander's Invading B Alexander and the Chian Decree Alexander in Asia Minor The Battle of the Granicus (334) 39.3.II A Copy of Lysippus' Statue of Alexander at the Granicus WEB III Alexander and the Gordian Knot 39.4 The Battle of Issus (333) A Alexander's Victory at Issus 560 The Alexander Mosaic Arrian on the Battle of Issus up to Darius' Flight (333) 39.6 Alexander Visits the Oracle of at Siwa (332/1) Foundations of Alexandrias WEB Fire in Persepolis ( ) Conspiracy in Court: The Philotas Affair (330) Alexander the General Cleitus (328) A The Killing of Cleitus B Cleitus' Death Alexander Turns "Asian" Alexander's Adoption of Persian Dress and Customs WEB Victory in India (326) Alexander, the Macedonians, Iranians, and the Opis Mutiny A Army B The Opis Mutiny and Aftermath The Susa Mass Marriages Alexander and the Exiles Decree (324) Alexander's Death Alexander's Last Plans WEB270 Index Sources General Index