Western Civilizations Their History & Their Culture
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1 Norton Media Library Western Civilizations Their History & Their Culture Sixteenth Edition Volume 1 by Judith G. Coffin Robert C. Stacey
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5 I. Introduction A. B. C. The image of the ancient Greek world Near Eastern influences Western ideas/western values
6 II. The Dark Age of Greece ( B.C.E.) A. The Dark Age Mycenaean decline Dorian Invasion Depopulation The Greeks and their gods 5. The idea of hubris B. Homer and the Heroic Tradition The importance of renewed trade The aristoi the best men The heroic ideal The Iliad and the Odyssey a. First sung as part of an oral tradition b. Finally written down around 800 B.C.E. Competition, status and the warrior-elite Hero cults
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8 II. The Dark Age of Greece ( B.C.E.) (cont d) C. Foreign contacts and the rise of the polis Phoenician influence a. Alphabet b. Seafaring Rapid population growth The polis ( city-state ) a. The asty the urban community b. The khora the land c. Synoikismos bringing together of dwellings
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10 III. Archaic Greece ( B.C.E.) A. B. Age of Experiment a new dynamism Colonization and Panhellenism Expansion of the Greek world (Magna Graecia) new contacts and trade A new awareness of common culture and outlook Hellenes Panhellenism a. Oracle of Delphi b. Games at Olympia (776 B.C.E). c. Dating events by Olympiads
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12 III. Archaic Greece ( B.C.E.) (cont d) C. Hoplite warfare Common foot soldiers supporting aristocratic warriors Carried spears of short swords and the large round shield (hopla) The phalanx Formation of a hoplite class a. Every polis needed a hoplite force b. Ranks filled by farmers who could afford armor c. Wanted a share in the political decisions of the polis
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14 III. Archaic Greece ( B.C.E.) (cont d) D. Aristocratic culture and the rise of tyranny Pursued wealth and power as well as a distinctive culture Office-holding and the symposium Homosexuality The aristocratic identity A new elite problems a. Violence between aristocratic groups b. Tyrannos someone who seized power and ruled outside traditional framework c. The tyrant had to satisfy the hoplites d. Important path from aristocracy to democracy
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17 III. Archaic Greece ( B.C.E.) (cont d) E. Lyric poetry A new departure Hesiod (c. 700 B.C.E.) a. Theogony and Works and Days 3. Archilochus of Paros (c B.C.E.) 4. Sappho (c B.C.E.) 5. The new expression of feelings
18 IV. The Archaic Polis in Action A. Athens Identity Agricultural economy Government a. Landed aristocracy b. Elected magistrates and the council of state c. Nine archons held executive power (civil, military, judicial and religious functions) d. Areopagus Council elected the archons
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21 IV. The Archaic Polis in Action (cont d) A. Athens (cont d) 4. Political change a. Debt slavery b. Political factions c. The failed coup of Kylon (632 B.C.E.) d. Drakon (621 B.C.E.) setting the laws i. draconian punishments e. Solon (c. 640-c.559 B.C.E.) i. Abolished debt-slavery ii. Encouraged cash-crop farming and urban industries iii. Set up courts with citizen juries iv. Eligibility for political office based on property not birth v. The boule (steering committee) vi. The ekklesia (citizen assembly)
22 IV. The Archaic Polis in Action (cont d) A. Athens (cont d) 4. Political change (cont d) f. Peisistratos (c B.C.E.) i. Established himself as tyrant (546 B.C.E.) ii. Public works projects iii. Strengthened the demos f. Cleisthenes (c. 570-c. 508 B.C.E) i. Championed the cause of the demos (the people) ii. Reformed voting practices iii. Reorganized the population into ten tribes iv. Introduced ostracism
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24 IV. The Archaic Polis in Action (cont d) B. Sparta The Peloponnesus Five villages combined (synoikismos) to become Sparta The conquest of Messenia The helots (slaves) The Spartiate (the Equals ) professional soldier of the phalanx A society organized for war Early training of boys and girls The apella (the citizen assembly of Spartiate males over 30 years old) The gerousia (council that proposed matters to the apella) 10. The krypteia secret police
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26 IV. The Archaic Polis in Action (cont d) B. Sparta (cont d) 11. Helots and Spartiate a. Helots outnumbered Spartiate ten to one b. The problem of revolts c. Spartiate could not engage in trade or farm their own land (distractions) 11. Protectors of the "traditional constitutions" of Greece 12. Demographic flaws
27 IV. The Archaic Polis in Action (cont d) C. Miletus Commercial, cultural and military power of Ionia (Asia Minor) Strong Hellenic identity shaped by Near Eastern influence Ionia and Lydia cross-cultural exchange Ionians Hellenize interior of Asia Minor Strong trading interests (Black Sea and Egypt) Speculative thought the Milesian School a. Pre-Socratic thought b. The cosmos, gods, and men c. Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes d. Theories of the cosmos and the problem of change e. From religious belief to philosophical speculation
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29 V. The Persian Wars A. The Ionian Revolt ( B.C.E.) B. Marathon and its aftermath C. Causes and Origins (the account of Herodotus) Darius the great teaching Athens a lesson Athens is refused help from the Spartans Athenian victory (without Spartan help) Themistocles building the Greek navy Xerxes invasion Punish the Athenians overland invasion The Hellenic League (Athens, Sparta, Corinth and other poleis) Greek defeat at Thermopylae (480 B.C.E.) Athens abandoned and burned by the Persians Battle of Plataea and the end of the war
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32 VI. The Golden Age of Classical Greece A. B. The Delian League Periclean Athens C. The strategos (general) Anti-Spartan foreign policy Pushed reforms to make Athens more democratic Ostracism of Cimon Shifted power away from the Areopagus Public building public confidence Literature and drama Aeschylus ( B.C.E.) Sophocles ( B.C.E.) Euripides ( B.C.E.) Aristophanes (c B.C.E.) Herodotus (c B.C.E.) Thucydides (c. 460-c. 400 B.C.E.)
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35 VI. The Golden Age of Classical Greece (cont d) D. Art and architecture D. Women and men in the daily life of Athens D. Idealized beauty The dignity of the unadorned human form The Parthenon Inequality of the sexes A male world Women in the shadows a. Rearing of children to supply infantry b. A private space c. Marriage d. Women s work Slavery Athenian slavery widespread but small in scale Most families owned at least one or two slaves
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42 VII. League Building and the Peloponnesian War A. B. C. Athenian control of the Delian League Animosities and jealousies had Athens become a tyranny? The Peloponnesian War erupts D. Athens and Sparta A quick war? a war of attrition Pericles naval strategy Athenian plague Alcibiades Spartan victory The end of the war Lysander destroys the Athenian fleet (404 B.C.E.) The Thirty Tyrants Spartan success? War brought demoralization and a questioning of former certainties
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45 VII. League Building and the Peloponnesian War (cont d) E. The Pythagoreans and the Sophists Pythagoras mathematics and musical theory The Sophists those who are wise Protagoras man is the measure of all things Socrates a. Questioning received truth examine everything b. Socrates was wise because he knew nothing c. Examined ethics rather than the physical world d. The philosopher of the marketplace 5. The life and thought of Socrates
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48 VIII. Conclusion A. B. C. D. E. Image versus reality Freedom, competition, individual achievement, and human glory Primacy of the human intellect The Greeks and humanity Paideia
Classical Greek Civilization Our main topics: n History of Greek City-States n Cultural contributions as foundation of Western Civilization n
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