Plan Outdoor Recreation Activities / Use and Maintain a Temporary or Overnight Campsite

Transcription

1 RESOURCE MATERIAL PATHFINDER LEADERSHIP AWARD SIOODR001 / SIOOPS005 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities / Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite Resurce Material

2 ASSESSMENT Resurce Material fr the Pathfinder Leadership Award. The Resurce Material, Review Bklet and Assessment tls were prduced by the Seventh-day Adventist Church Yuth Ministries f the Suth Pacific Divisin (SPD). We pay tribute t Pastr Jhn Wells, the main cntributr in the reshaping, rewriting and adapting f this material. He was assisted by a number f ther experienced leaders and an editrial team brught the task t cmpletin. We wish t express ur deepest thanks t them all. Adventist Yuth Ministries, Suth Pacific Divisin, Seventh-day Adventist Church,. The Unit Outline is unchangeable. Hwever, Cnferences/Missins in the SPD are encuraged t be creative in the delivery f the training t suit their lcal needs. Phtcpying f this material is permitted in the cntext f leadership training. It is nt t be used fr cmmercial purpses. Scripture qutatins marked (NLT) are taken frm the Hly Bible New Living Translatin, cpyright Used by permissin f Tyndale Huse Publishers, Inc, Wheatn, Illinis All rights reserved. 2 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

3 Cntent Orientatin... 6 Purpse... 6 The Resurce Material... 6 What Additinal Resurces D I Need?... 6 What D I Need t Bring fr the Training/Review/Assessment Prgram?... 6 Hw Will I Be Assessed?... 7 Reassessment Prcess... 7 Appeal Prcess... 7 Cnsistency in Perfrmance... 7 Unit Outline... 8 CHAPTER 1: Making Lgistical Arrangements Making Chices Chsing the Adventure Chsing the Place Things t Cnsider When Chsing a Campsite Fur Majr Factrs t Cnsider when Chsing a Site Gaining Permissin Overnight Camping Camping Activity Needs The Layut f the Camp Pathfinders General Camping Water Fires Operating the Camp Setting up Tents The Basic Camp Rules Hygiene Prcedures Fd Handling Fd Dispsal f Fd Waste Fd Strage and Handling Washing Hands Identifying the Tilet Area Grup n a Static Camp Overnight Camp Tilet First Aid Hygiene Breaking Camp Final Thughts CHAPTER 2: Select and Use Suitable Equipment Strage Cncerns Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 3

4 Equipment Other Equipment Issues The Equipment Buying Equipment Selecting Equipment Purchasing Questins Basic Equipment Tents Walled/A Frame Tents Pyramid Tents Dme r Tunnel Tents What are yur Requirements fr a Tent? Crucial Features Sleeping Bags Shape Insulating Material Cnstructin Shell Chsing a Sleeping Bag Packs Backpack Principles Buying a Backpack Weight Packing a Pack Putting a Pack On Other Gear CHAPTER 3: Identify and Plan fr Fd Requirements Fd Guidelines fr Chsing Fd Emergency Fd Quantities Sme General Cmments n Fd Cking Fd Cking Fires Stves Types f Stves Stve Safety Cking Gear CHAPTER 4: Identify and Plan Water Needs and Usage Intrductin The Bdy Needs Water Water Cnservatin Methds Ratin yur Sweat Ptential Water Surces Water Purificatin Methds Carrying Water Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

5 CHAPTER 5: Identify and Plan Clthing Requirements Intrductin Climatic Extremes Hypthermia Results f Untreated Hypthermia Management f the Hypthermia Patient Heat Exhaustin and Heat Strke Bth f these cnditins can be prevented by: Clthing fr Cld Cnditins Clthing fr Ht Cnditins Packing Clthes CHAPTER 6: Participate in an Outdr Activity CHAPTER 7: Dealing with Nn-Rutine Situatins Mdifying Bibligraphy Appendix 1: Equipment List Tamavua Pathfinder Club Equipment list Appendix 2: Range Statement Appendix 3: Evidence Guide Appendix 4: Key Cmpetencies Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 5

6 Orientatin Welcme t the Resurce Material fr SIOODR001 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities and SIOOPS005 Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite. Purpse This unit cvers the knwledge and skills required t independently plan and participate in utdr activities which are unsupervised, within a team envirnment, and in situatins where extreme envirnmental cnditins are nt likely t ccur. This unit addresses the basic principles, knwledge and skills needed t plan general (nn activity-specific) requirements fr participatin in utdr recreatin activities. Activity-specific aspects f clthing and equipment selectin are addressed in activity-specific units. It als includes the unit n hw t camp in the utdrs fr at least ne night The Resurce Material The Resurce Material cntains the essential infrmatin t meet the cmpetencies utlined fr this unit. It shuld help yu t: Gain a cmprehensive understanding f Planning Outdr Recreatin Activities, and Using and Maintaining a Temprary r Overnight Site. Understand the issues relating t Outdr Recreatin and Overnight Camping in the cntext f a Pathfinder club. Prepare fr the PLA training/review/assessment prgram. Acquire knwledge that will help with yur Pathfinder ministry. A basic Review Bklet has been develped fr this unit. It cntains a small number f wrksheets that, nce cmpleted, prvide evidence that yu understand the material. The Review Bklet needs t be cmpleted befre the assessment and frms part f the requirements t gain cmpetence in this unit. Nte: If yu have any questins, please cnsult yur District Directr r yur lcal Cnference/Missin Yuth Department. What Additinal Resurces D I Need? Outdr camping equipment. Outdr clthing and persnal items. What D I Need t Bring fr the Training/Review/Assessment Prgram? Resurce material (if received befrehand). Review Bklet (cmpleted, if required). Pencil/pen. Any ther resurces r equipment as specified by yur Assessr. 6 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

7 Hw Will I Be Assessed? At the Cnference/Missin training/review/assessment prgram yur cmpetency will be assessed by ne r mre f the fllwing methds: Written/ral questining. Cmpleted Review Bklet. Simulatin activities. Prject/assignment. Practical demnstratin. Reassessment Prcess Yu will be given the pprtunity fr reassessment if yu are nt fund cmpetent. There will be n limit t the number f pprtunities fr re-assessment. Appeal Prcess If yu are nt satisfied with yur assessment yu can: Discuss the issue with yur Assessr. Discuss the issue with yur District Directr. Request the mediatin f anther Assessr. Reprt yur cncern t the Cnference/Missin Yuth Directr. Cnsistency in Perfrmance This unit must be assessed after the demnstratin f: Cmpetent planning fr three different utdr recreatin activities. Cmpletin f camputs. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 7

8 Unit Outline The Unit Outline belw summarises the requirements (Elements) f this unit. Each Element requires cmpletin f varius tasks (Perfrmance Criteria). SIOODR001 SIOOPS005 ODR Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite Outdr Recreatin DESCRIPTION: This unit has been develped fr the Outdr Recreatin Industry Training Package. It has been adapted t meet the needs f activities cnducted within the framewrk f the Adventist Yuth Ministries. This unit cvers the knwledge and skills required t independently plan and participate in utdr activities which are unsupervised, within a team envirnment, and in situatins where extreme envirnmental cnditins are nt likely t ccur. This unit addresses the basic principles, knwledge and skills needed t plan general (nn activity-specific) requirements fr participatin in utdr recreatin activities. Activityspecific aspects f clthing and equipment selectin are addressed in activity-specific units. Element 1. Make lgistical arrangements. 2. Select and use suitable utdr equipment. Perfrmance Criteria 1.1. Evaluate the suitability f a range f pssible activity sites/lcatins t select ne which is apprpriate t persnal bjectives Surce and apply lcal area knwledge t assist in the planning prcess Identify and cmply with statutry and rganisatinal prcedures Identify and select, where apprpriate, specific sites within the designated activity lcatin fr use, with reference t minimal impact n the envirnment Identify hazards assciated with the activity and implement risk minimisatin prcedures (within the cntrl f the participant) during the planning and preparatin stages Identify equipment needs after cnsideratin f cntextual issues Identify and evaluate surces f equipment accrding t needs Surce equipment at a suitable time prir t the activity t allw fr checking Check equipment fr serviceability t ensure that it is in gd wrking rder Cnfirm suitability f equipment fr individual needs and cnditins Prepare equipment fr transprtatin t activity lcatin in a manner that will minimise lss r damage Use equipment in accrdance with peratinal prcedures and/r manufacturer's recmmendatins t ensure that design limits are nt exceeded Adjust and fit equipment, where necessary, t ensure cmfrt and 8 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

9 3. Identify, plan and mnitr fd requirements. 4. Identify and plan fr water needs and usage. 5. Identify and plan clthing requirements. 6. Participate in an utdr activity. 7. Deal with nn-rutine situatins. safety Mnitr equipment fr wear and damage during use and prir t strage, and refer damaged equipment t the apprpriate persn fr repair r dispsal Stre equipment in a suitable manner accrding t rganisatinal prcedures and/r manufacturer's recmmendatins Analyse fd requirements and apply this analysis t selecting and maintaining intake, based n principles f nutritin and energy requirements suitable fr the cnditins and type f activity Ensure menu planning and preparatin is apprpriate fr dietary requirements and persnal tastes, within the activity cnstraints Apply knwledge f the range f fd prducts available t select fd which is mst apprpriate based n perishability, packaging and strage cnsideratins Identify and plan fr emergency fd requirements Calculate fluid requirements, based n the requirements f a particular activity Identify elements t cnsider when calculating fluid requirements Access infrmatin n water purificatin techniques apprpriate t the water surce Outline the range f water purificatin techniques available, and demnstrate use f purificatin resurces apprpriate t the water surce Prepare water fr carrying and strage in a manner apprpriate t the activity and minimising ptential breakage f cntainer Identify causes f heat lss and heat exhaustin /strke during an activity Select clthing suitable t the activity, based n cnsideratin f cntextual issues, as well as a knwledge f the principles f clthing selectin, and an applicatin f knwledge f the features and limitatins f different fabrics Determine and cmply with statutry and rganisatinal prcedures applicable t the activity and activity site/lcatin Establish temprary sites, where required, t ensure cmfrt, safety and minimal impact Assess a nn-rutine situatin and establish the need fr imprvised equipment r techniques Identify current resurces that can be used fr imprvised techniques r equipment Ensure cnsideratin is given t the ability t acquire new r additinal resurces Evaluate the ability t imprvise with current resurces whilst maintaining the safety f the activity Demnstrate the ability t imprvise equipment and/r techniques t deal with nn-rutine situatins Mdify the activity, where necessary, t accmmdate the use f imprvised equipment r circumstances. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 9

10 CHAPTER 1: Making Lgistical Arrangements This unit prvides infrmatin abut preparing fr and safely participating in an utdr adventure. It addresses the imprtant steps that need t be taken at the beginning f any activity. N utdr activity shuld take place withut cnsidering the needs, purpse and prcess invlved in the adventure. The principle f preparatin is highlighted in ne f the first majr events in the histry f salvatin. Peple had s quickly degenerated under the influence f sin that the prmise f redemptin was hanging in the balance. Gd tld Nah: I have decided t destry all living creatures, fr the earth is filled with vilence because f them. Yes, I will wipe them all frm the face f the earth. Gen 6:13 S Gd directed Nah t begin the prcess f preparing fr the great fld: Make a bat (v14-16) Serve yur family (v18) Bring all f the animals (v19,20) and remember, take enugh fd fr yur family and fr all the animals (v21) In becming invlved in any utdr adventure, whether bushwalking, caving, camping r abseiling, it requires the same prcess f preparatin. One shuld nt just decide t take anyne utdrs withut cnsidering the challenge f the lcatin, the difficulty f the activity r the abilities f the Pathfinder, schl child r ther participant. Just as Nah was advised t take steps f preparatin, s we have that respnsibility as well. Making Chices Opprtunities fr adventure in the utdrs are s extensive and diverse thrughut the Suth Pacific Divisin territry that cnsideratin must be given t sme f the factrs that will assist in making the right chice. These may be represented as shwn in Figure 1.1. Questins Why G? Impacts What is the purpse? Learn smething, Achieve smething Visit a place, Adventure Wh G? G When? Pathfinders (10-15), Schl Children Beginners, Experienced yuth Older, Super fit N fitness Ht summer, Cld winter Wet seasn, Hlidays Afternn, dry vernight, weekend, 5 days Figure 1.1: Factrs that will assist in making the right chice. 10 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

11 Once these imprtant questins have been cnsidered and a prfile f intentins has been develped, the next step can be entertained. Chsing the Adventure In this Unit, we are lking specifically at bushwalking and camping. Mst f the infrmatin and principles in this unit will als apply t a wide variety f utdr activities. Bushwalking is the Australian term fr walking in the utdrs. In New Zealand it is tramping. Nepalese call it trekking. In Nrth America it is either backpacking r hiking, while in Britain it is hill climbing. The Australian term riginated with the frmatin f the Sydney Bush Walkers Club in This term has becme part f the Australian language and sums up the unique features, clurs, smells and sunds f the Australian bush. Bushwalking and camping are essential activities fr Pathfinders and schl grups. They are cre activities fr mst utdr adventures. S where d we g camping and bushwalking? The Bible again gives us a principle that we can apply. Jesus said t His disciples: yu will receive pwer and will tell peple abut me everywhere in Jerusalem, thrughut Judea, in Samaria, and t the ends f the earth Acts 1:8 Ntice the principle. Start where yu live and explre thse areas befre venturing further afield. Chsing the Place 1. Talk Talk t peple that yu knw at church, neighburhd, schl r wrkplace. If yu want t g t a specific area then talk t the lcals. They are generally willing t help. 2. Lk Lk at maps fr the regin. Find ut wh is the traditinal wner r prperty wner and make cntact. Cntact the Lands Department fr details if necessary. 3. Read Read guide bks. Search the internet. 4. Cntact Lcal Natinal Parks r State Frests can recmmend gd camping lcatins. Cntact lcal cuncils, Abriginal and Trres Strait Land Cuncils, Scut grups and ther vlunteer rganizatins in yur territry. Cntact yur utdr recreatin bdy. Cntact a lcal bushwalking club. Make yur chice in light f the questins Why g?, Wh is ging?, and When t g. 1 Paddy Pallin, Bushwalking and Camping. P2 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 11

12 Things t Cnsider When Chsing a Campsite Yu will nt always find the perfect camp site. The challenge is t find the best available within the area, r the time available t make the selectin. There are tw main types f Campsites: 1. Designated Area These are the best t use because the factrs f envirnment and safety have already been addressed. Where pssible, avid ppular sites during the main camping seasns. Use less frequented sites t enjy the beauty f the utdrs. 2. Wilderness Sites This is a site where there is n identified camping area. Fur Majr Factrs t Cnsider when Chsing a Site 1. Minimise Envirnmental Impact As a general recmmendatin, camp n mre than 2 nights at ne site. Use framed, self-standing tents. Avid using natural ples r pegs. D nt dig drainage hles r trenches. Chse a sandy r cmpact site t minimise impact. Mve the tents t spaces where they will fit rather than reshaping the envirnment. If a stne is mved, try and return it when leaving. D nt clear the site. Rather put the tent n the site and flatten the grass. The grass will return t its natural state. Sleep n a mattress s as t lessen the impact n the grund. Avid using a fireplace as much as pssible. If using a fireplace, be safe. Cmpletely remve all signs f the fireplace when leaving. Camp at least 30 metres away frm a water surce. Chse a site that is apprpriate fr the activity, and that will minimise the impact n the envirnment and the access t the activity. 2. Other Envirnmental Factrs The site shuld be sheltered frm piercing winds. Avid wind tunnels such as gullies r valleys (unless it is very ht and the breeze is desirable). Chse a healthy site Chse a gd aspect where pssible Make sure there is enugh space fr everyne Islate knwn snrers s that everyne can have a gd sleep 3. Chse a Safe Lcatin Stay clear f trees wherever pssible They culd have dead branches which may fall 12 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

13 White ants may weaken branches They culd attract lightning strikes in electrical strms Avid camping near a cliff where rcks culd fall. Avid camping belw the fld line, especially if it is in a knwn wet lcatin fr example, the river has a large basin, r it is the wet seasn? Remember that if it rains upstream, there may be sudden unexpected flding. Be aware f the ptential fire risk. Plan a safe escape rute and advise campers f it. Avid camping n any established animal tracks. It is very embarrassing if a kangar hps int a tent causing damage. Be especially careful f water hles that may be the nly ne in the area. Camp away frm the water s that the lcal animals can still gain access t the water Always designate an assembly pint in case f danger and have a well thught ut escape rute. Privacy. Chse a lcatin that is islated frm ther grups, especially n Friday night and Sabbath. Check with the district if the lcatin happens t be visited by thers at night fr drinking etc. 4. Chse a Cmfrtable Site Chse a well-drained site. If it shuld rain, think f where the water will g and lcate tents t avid thse places. Make sure the site is flat enugh t place tents. Chse a sheltered spt away frm strng winds. Avid wet areas where there are large msquit/sand-fly ppulatins Dn t pitch tents n ants nest r ne f their main tracks. It culd becme very uncmfrtable. Identify where the cking is ging t take place. Minimize the impact f peple mving arund the area. Ensure that everyne has space fr their camping experience. Identify tileting needs Ensure that there are adequate lcatins fr wrship experiences. Gaining Permissin Make bkings with Natinal Parks, State Frest rangers r talk with the lcal wner. 1. When liaising with them, prvide the fllwing infrmatin: What kind f grup and hw many. Explain the purpse. What skill levels the leaders have. References frm ther Land carers (especially with lcal farmers). 2. Yu need t find ut: What fire restrictins are in place. What the maximum site numbers are (especially in a Natinal Park). What access t the desired camp site is like. What time is apprpriate fr arrival, travel etc? If any bnds, keys, fees are needed, r frms need t be filled ut. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 13

14 Overnight Camping Camping ut in the bush is very ppular. Whether it is with family, Pathfinders, a yuth grup, a schl grup r Duke f Edinburgh grups, it is usually a great experience. Everything seems t be better n a camput. During the training prgram, these tpics have already been r will be cmpleted: Cnduct and Guide utlines the planning and prgramming fr a camp. Envirnmental Impact utlines guidelines fr caring fr the envirnment. Risk Management utlines hw t minimise risk in the camping experience. This sectin will highlight what t cnsider when setting up the site, review pints n perating the camp and the break up f the camp. Camping Fr a Pathfinder r Schl camp it is essential t pre-visit the site. This is dne fr the fllwing reasns: T becme familiar with the layut f the campsite r the planned bushwalking area. T identify ways t minimise the envirnmental impact. T see if the site has the capacity t achieve the aims f the grup. T cmplete the Adventist Outdrs Activity Ntificatin Frm T cmplete a Safety Management Plan, cvering the fllwing areas: Identify the risks and rate their ptential impact Establish methds t minimize the risk. Be able t prepare fr any specific needs. Develp an emergency plan. Activity Needs Activity issues t cnsider when chsing a campsite include the fllwing: Specific needs fr the grup such as a schl base camp, r a bushwalking grup wh are just passing thrugh. Weekend base camp grup Ensure there is adequate space Tilet facilities. Either access t prvided tilets r lcatins fr temprary tilets. Cking area (may include fire) Designated meeting place (may be arund the fireplace) Activity area Water camping, swimming, pineering activities, fishing, bating etc Prblem slving activities grup develpment, adventure prjects, lw element rpes, pineering activities Training utdr skills, caving, rck climbing, abseiling, etc, where participants cme back t base after the activity. Nature study Other factrs t cnsider when chsing a base camp are: 14 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

15 Access by vehicle r distance frm vehicle Wet weather vehicle access Emergency exits Envirnmental impact Risk analysis. Risk needs t be assessed based n bservatin f the site, Organisatinal guidelines, wner s guidelines and accepted bushwalking standards. Islatin frm ther peple. T ensure that campers, especially Pathfinders, schl children etc, d nt disturb anyne with excessive nise. Als s thers d nt interfere with the camp prgram r individual campers. If there is nly ne water supply, eg. Water-tank, recgnise that strangers may als cme fr water. Infrm campers, and rganise supervisin t prtect them. This may affect the chice f the camping lcatin. The Layut f the Camp This will be affected by all f the factrs mentined abve. Other factrs will include: Pathfinders The camp will be laid ut as units. Each unit will be slightly separate frm thers s that they can have their unit experience. This will include tents, eating area and a place where the unit meets. General Camping There will generally be an area designated fr females and males. It is recmmended that the privacy f these areas be respected at night and befre breakfast. Water Drinkable water is essential fr any persn invlved in camping. Fr a base camp, sufficient water may be brught in frm hme t cver the time perid. Make sure that each water cntainer is clean. Twenty litre plastic cntainers are excellent. When bushwalking; the surce f water is very imprtant. All untreated water in Australia and New Zealand is cntaminated, which means that purificatin is extremely imprtant. The mst simple prcess is t bil water after a meal. Allw it t cl dwn while sleeping and place int water bttles the next mrning. Sme peple cannt handle the taste f biled water s flavuring can be added (adding flavur des nt purify). Other chemical purificatin methds can als be used t make water safe t drink. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 15

16 Fires If fires are allwed, minimize the number f fireplaces. Guidelines are: Site the fire in a previusly used fireplace Avid creating a new site. If the camp site is new, site the fireplace: Away frm verhanging bushes r tree rts On hard r rcky grund On a cleared area (at least 3 metres all arund) Remve the tp layer f sil and replace it after use Keep the fire small fr cking. Just build it up fr light if needed fr meetings and fellwship Never leave a fire unattended. If everyne is ging away fr the day, make sure that it is cmpletely ut. Remve any unburned lgs frm the fireplace. Sak with water. Use nly fallen timber as firewd. D nt knck dwn r cut trees fr future grups. Make sure that permissin is btained frm the fire warden t light a fire D nt leave the fireplace with a pile f wd fr the next persn, fires are n lnger encuraged. The best ptin is fr everyne t ck their fd n their wn stves, and use a gas light as the fcal pint when the entire grup is tgether. If fires are allwed, then nly use the fire fr the meeting time; cut dwn n the use f natural resurces and allw the fire t be fully extinguished during the day. Operating the Camp A pre trip t the camp site is very helpful befre the grup arrives. This enables leaders t layut the site befrehand. Regarding new sites, leaders have t decide where units, male/female r individuals shuld g. They als need t identify tilet, eating, meeting areas, and access t drinkable water (if available). Setting up Tents Encurage everyne t set up their campsites and make themselves cmfrtable. Each persn shuld knw hw t set up a tent. Mdern tents are very simple. The prcedure is described belw and shwn in Figure 1.2. Identify the best site t pitch the tent. Check fr stnes, sticks r any ther sharp things and remve them. Check that the area is safe. Lk at the trees arund the tent site. Avid camping where a branch culd fall n a tent. Presume that all branches culd suddenly break and fall because f termite actin. Chse where the entrance will be. Identify where the rest f the grup is lcated. Cnsider the view. Cnsider the natural elements - Where will the sun rise and set? Which directin is the prevailing wind? Be aware f the directin f smke if fires are being used. Be aware f the slpe f the grund. Try and anticipate what effect f rain n the area. Lay the tent ut. Put in the crner pegs. 16 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

17 Assemble the ples and attach them accrding t the instructins. They either slide thrugh a sleeve r are hked nt the tent. Once the tent is attached t the ples, put the fly n. Attach everything in place. Put in extra pegs where needed. Yur new hme sweet hme is ready. The Basic Camp Rules Figure : Pitching a Tent. These shuld be simple, apprpriate and acceptable by everyne. Such things as: Treat everyne as yu treat yurself Respect everyne as special individuals Identify age apprpriate curfews fr sleeping. If peple are awake utside f thse times, respect thers and keep the nise dwn. Hygiene Prcedures Camping invlves a grup f peple in clse cntact with each ther. Germs r viruses can spread thrugh clse cntact r by the mishandling f fd. Resultant illness then affects the enjyment f the utdr experience. Areas that affect bushwalking, camping r utdr activities include the fllwing: Fd The types f fd taken n a weekend r extended camput/bushwalk can affect the health f the individual r the grup. If fresh fd is taken, it must be recgnised that it will have a limited safe cnsumptin time depending n the weather, temperature and humidity. Stre fresh fd in a dark cl place If backpacking, stre in the middle f the pack If base camping, stre in a ventilated tent A Kalgrlie Safe can be created using wet clth thrugh which breeze can blw t keep cntents cl. This is particularly relevant if at a base camp fr a perid f time. A diagram f a Kalgrlie Safe is shwn in Figure Pr Jhn Wells Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 17

18 Figure 1.3: Kalgrlie Safe. Plan t eat fresh fd in the first meals. This wuld include: Vegetables Meat Fruit Cheese Bread Etc Handling Fd Always wash hands with sap and water befre handling any fd. See ntes n washing hands. D nt cugh ver the fd Always wash hands after blwing yur nse r using a handkerchief D nt pick yur nse D nt taste test the fd if cking fr smene else Be careful where the stirring instrument is placed Keep flies away frm cking utensils and uncvered fd D nt reuse leftver cked fd. D nt share tthbrushes, razrs, r water bttles D nt share finger fds like nuts, raisins etc 18 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

19 Dispsal f Fd Waste Put it int a bag where yu can keep the flies ut as sn as pssible Avid thrwing scraps ut fr animals r birds t eat. Avid digging a hle and putting the scraps int it. Eat it all r take it ut Clean dirty dishes as sn as pssible after eating. Use ht water and detergent t destry any bugs. Dry the cleaned dishes as much as pssible Fd Strage and Handling Stre fd in sealed cntainers Tip r pur ut cntents whenever pssible Use nly dry ingredients as much as pssible Watch ingredients such as jams, peanut butter, hard cheese etc, fr muld r yeast. Stre them in the clest spts available. Keep margarine cl. Stre in a shady flwing stream if pssible. Stre within the pack. Washing Hands Human hands accunt fr 25% - 40% f all fd-caused illness. Washing hands des nt ttally remve all bacteria, but it des reduce the chance f cntaminatin. The recmmended washing technique is adapted fr the bush, because availability f ht water is ften restricted. This washing technique uses abut 1 ½ litres f water: Wet hands thrughly Add a small amunt f germicidal sap Wrk lather up, especially fingertips, fr 30 secnds t 1 minute Clean under fingernails (and keep yur nails trimmed) Rinse thrughly Repeat sap, lather and rinse Dry The imprtance f repeating the sap and lather step is that the first lather up remves the sils that interfere with the wrk f the germicide sap, letting the secnd lather be mre effective in zapping the micrscpic denizens. 3 Identifying the Tilet Area Lcate the tilet (if cmmunal) r the tilet area, ensuring it is the right distance away frm streams and the campsite. There are different ways f dealing with this: Grup n a Static Camp If accessible, bring in a Prt-a-l fr the grup Dig a narrw trench and place a tilet seat ver it Dig a trench and prvide a shvel fr everyne t cver excreta Buy a tilet seat that has a plastic bag in it fr later dispsal 3 Tiltn B, Camping Health, p17-19 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 19

20 Overnight Camp Tilet Identify a specific area/directin fr the tilet Make sure that everyne uses a plastic trwel and cvers excreta cmpletely. Get them t mark the spt with tw crssed sticks. Place a bwl with detergent in it beside the entrance t the tilet. Ask everyne t dip their hands in and allw them t dry. This is the prcedure if it is a Pathfinder r schl grup base campsite. If bushwalking, it is imprtant t wash hands as sn as pssible with germicide sap. See ntes n hand washing. First Aid Hygiene Dispsable latex glves must be wrn t deal with bld Duble bag (in plastic) all siled bandages and dressings Use a pcket mask with a ne way valve when perfrming muth t muth breathing Wash yur hands befre and after treating sick r injured peple Keep all yur vaccinatins up t date!! Breaking Camp Everyne shuld be respnsible fr packing their wn gear. Wrk tgether t cmplete grup jbs such as: Putting tents away Cmpletely putting ut the fire and scattering the evidence Everyne is respnsible fr rubbish in their wn area. Try and return rcks mved s that a tent culd be pitched Cnduct a general emu parade t pick up rubbish frm the whle camp area Take ut all rubbish The camp shuld lk better than when yu arrived Final Thughts Climb the muntains (camp ut in the bush) and get their gd tidings. Nature s peace will flw int yu as sunshine flws int trees. The winds will blw their wn freshness int yu and the strms their energy, then cares will drp ff like autumn leaves. 4 Nature and revelatin alike testify f Gd s lve. Our Father in heaven is the surce f life, f wisdm, and f jy lk at the wnderful and beautiful things f nature. Think f their marvellus adaptatin t the needs and happiness, nt nly f man, but f all living creatures. The sunshine and the rain, that gladdens and refreshes the earth, the hills, seas and plains, all speak t us f the Creatr s lve. It is Gd wh supplies the daily needs f all his creatures. 5 4 Jhn Muir 5 White, Ellen. Steps T Christ. 20 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

21 CHAPTER 2: Select and Use Suitable Equipment Strage Cncerns Equipment Every persn wh becmes invlved in the utdrs begins t accumulate equipment. This equipment is designed t help make the utdrs safer, and mre enjyable. This unit cvers the knwledge and skills required t prepare, utilize and stre equipment fr activities. The Pathfinder Club has equipment available fr when the club ges camping r des specific utdr activities. The lcal club equipment list may include: Tents, ples & pegs Grund sheets Gas stves Cking gear Gas lights Gas bttles First Aid kit Buckets Water cntainers Tasting frks Shwer bags Axe (in sheath) Crsscut saw Cmpasses Sme maps Fld up shvels Pineering timber Pineering rpe Washing up dishes Large pts Cking utensils First Aid Kit Tarpaulins Mending Kit tent Hammers Prt-a-l GPS EPIRB Tw Way Radis Sme clubs have camping kits fr each unit. These kits include shelter and cking gear. Each unit is respnsible fr lking after their equipment and returning it after they have used it. The Cunsellr r Captain needs t recmmend any repairs r replacement f equipment that is missing r damaged. It is a gd idea t have a list. The list is checked ff when equipment is packed away. 6 The equipment cycle is shwn in Figure See Appendix 1 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 21

22 The equipment cycle is: Pack up Return t stre Stred available equipment Request fr equipment Clean and check fr damage Equipment issued Frm filled ut Pull dwn Care fr Set up Figure 2.1: Equipment Cycle. Ideally, the equipment wuld be repaired immediately; always cleaned, packed and then put away prperly, ready fr use n the next adventure. But it is nt the case. There needs t be a prcess where frms are filled ut t make sure that everything is tracked and returned. A suggested equipment inventry is attached in the Appendix 1. It is useful t recrd: What is being brrwed. Wh is respnsible fr it being brrwed. When it cmes back. What is missing r whether equipment needs repair; (smene shuld be rganised t d the repairs). Hw many pieces f different equipment are being used In Pathfindering there may be n change t the frm attached, but in sme rganisatins this frm wuld als recrd payments and bnds that need t be returned. The frm helps keep track f all f these details. Other Equipment Issues The Club, Schl r individual needs t make sure that all equipment is regularly checked. This can be dne easily when it is being packed away r returned t the strerm. The strage area shuld be user friendly: Equipment shuld be easy t find. Area shuld have adequate lighting and be well-ventilated. A cl dark rm shuld be used t preserve the equipment. Area must be tidy and vermin free. All lifting f heavy bjects shuld be dne crrectly. 22 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

23 Chemicals, fuels, batteries, etc shuld be kept separate frm all camping and utdr equipment. Specific places shuld be allcated fr different pieces f equipment, s that they can be easily fund Envirnmental hazards such as chemicals shuld be kept secure. Make sure that they are stred upright with their lids secure. Exits shuld be quickly and easily accessible in the case f emergency. Manufacturers strage requirements must be cmplied with. Read the instructins and directins. Observe them fr main usage. A cpy f the Material Safety Data Sheets shuld be kept. When transprting equipment, the lad must be tied dwn crrectly, and the trailer cvered securely s that fragile items are nt damaged during transit. The lad weight must be balanced. Keep accurate recrds f equipment stred, including: Date f purchase Date f replacement Actual usage Insure all equipment. Check insurance list t make sure that new equipment is listed Withdraw expired equipment r equipment whse life span has been met. Dispse f it by either: Destrying it ttally. Changing its usage, eg, retired abseiling rpes can be used as twrpes. Always remember that the Equipment Officer, the Stre Persn r Quarter Master plays a valuable rle because: They want their gear t be used. They want t serve thers. They want it back in gd rder. They like everything being in its wn place. They dn t like anything gathering cbwebs and dust thrugh nn-usage. The Equipment Sme types f bushwalking and camping equipment brands are prvided in subsequent sectins. Buying Equipment Outdr specialist equipment stres stck gd quality utdr equipment. Australian stres include: Paddy Pallin, Kathmandu, Muntain Equipment, Muntain Designs, Camp fr Less, Suthern Crss Equipment, Snwgum (Scuts), Alpsprt, Eastwd Camping Centre, Camping Wrld etc. All f these stres: Sell quality equipment. Sell respected brands. Have staff that knw and use the equipment. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 23

24 Gd Australian and New Zealand brands include: MONT Australian Macpac NZ Paddy Pallin Australian Muntain Designs Australian Adventure Designs Australian Kathmandu NZ, Australia Fairydwn NZ These can cst mre but generally last lnger. Dispsal Stres, Department Stres, and Sprts Stres These stres generally sell cheaper brands. OZ Trail Australia Rman Australia Great Outdrs NZ/Australia These stres are an excellent surce fr Pathfinders and schls t access basic camping gear. Remember, yu get what yu pay fr. Selecting Equipment Lk arund at what is available. Read equipment guides frm Outdr and Wild magazines. Lk at catalgues, read bks and talk t experienced friends. The utdr equipment market is always imprving designs, develping new prducts and inventing new ways f ding things. Purchasing Questins Paddy Pallin lists fur simple questins that shuld be asked befre purchasing equipment r taking it n a trip. They are: 1. Is it necessary? This will depend upn the style f yur camping and bushwalking, experience levels, and regularity. Will sme ther piece f equipment d the jb just as well? 2. Is it effective? Will the tent withstand a strng gusty wind, r keep ut a trpical dwnpur? Will it be cl enugh? 3. Is it as light as pssible? This is especially imprtant when walking - backpacking. 4. Is it cmpact? Will a smaller versin d? 24 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

25 Basic Equipment 7 Anther cnsideratin when purchasing equipment is the type f camping planned. Heavy weight Everything is carried t the campsite by car and/r trailer. A cmprehensive range f equipment is taken. Middle weight This is the Pathfinder and Schl type f camping, the 2 3 day base-camp. Cmfrtable tents and gear are taken, but nt excessive equipment. Light weight Everything must fit int a backpack, including fd and water fr 4 6 days. The fllwing pages will lk at sme f the equipment. Tents Figure 2.2 shws three types f tent shapes. Pyramid A Frame Dme Walled/A Frame Tents Figure 2.2: Tent Shapes. Invlve a lt f ples and pegs. Are nt s gd in windy cnditins. Have less internal space Are mre cmplicated t erect. Are cheaper. Include sewn in flr. Can be clsed against insects and snakes. Pyramid Tents Are a variatin f the A-Frame tent. Have less internal space. Are a gd lightweight tent. 7 Adapted frm Paddy Pallin, Bushwalking and Camping 14 th ed. P20. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 25

26 Dme r Tunnel Tents Are mst widely used. Are easy t erect. Include a flr and are easily islated frm insects. Withstand wind. Dn t waste internal space. Are difficult t pitch n uneven grund. What are yur Requirements fr a Tent? Chse the mst cmmn level f camping (heavy, middle r light weight). Think f the anticipated envirnmental needs wind, rain and sun. Lk at the wrkmanship especially seams. Decide n the budget. Crucial Features Easy t pitch by yurself Easy access int the tent Gd ventilatin Extra features may include a vestibule/verandah f sme srt t stre gear, and space fr changing wet clthing befre entering tent. Sleeping Bags Sleeping bags are designed t fit cmfrtably fr warmth at night. The features include: Shape Shape Insulating Material Cnstructin Shell Figure 2.3 shws tw shapes f sleeping bags. Standard Mummy Figure 2.3 Sleeping Bag Shapes 26 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

27 Insulating Material Dwn Materials Advantages Disadvantages Fine feathers f the under plumage f ducks and geese. Lighter, less bulk when packed, very lng life, mst efficient. Ineffective if wet, dries slwly, allergenic fr sme peple, slightly mre cstly. Synthetic Plyester fibre. Warmer if wet, nn allergenic, dries quicker, slightly cheaper. Heavier, bulkier when packed, restricted life, less efficient. Cnstructin Different cnstructin methds have been designed t evenly spread the insulating material (Figure 2.4) Figure 2.4: Cnstructins. 1. Seam Thrugh Cnstructin This methd is the cheapest ptin. 2. Bx Wall Cnstructin This methd is designed t keep insulatin between the bdy and the utside. 3. Slant Wall Cnstructin This methd is nt very warm, Shell This is the uter lining f the bag. T be truly insulated, it needs t be a waterprf, wind stpper material such as Gre Tex. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 27

28 Chsing a Sleeping Bag Packs Decide what the mst cmmn style f camping. Decide where mst camping is ging t be. Wrk ut the maximum warmth desired fr sleeping. Lk fr minimal mass and bulk. Knw the budget. A pack is the bag that all gear is cntained in, t be self-cntained in the bush. Pack shape and cnstructin has develped ver the years. Tday there are many excellent designs available. Backpack Principles The pack shuld be n wider than yur bdy, fr ease f use when passing thrugh a gap. The pack shuld be n higher than head height. Restrict what is taken. The pack shuld have a hip belt, t take 75-90% f the weight. The internal frames and the harness shuld be adjustable fr different bdy needs. Sme manufacturers sell packs t meet wmen s specific needs. Lk fr a back panel that allws sme air t circulate between yur bdy and the pack. Make sure that it feels gd. The pack becmes an extensin f yur back. Buying a Backpack Weight Decide n a size that is large enugh fr the lngest trip t be taken. D nt cmprmise n cmfrt r fit. Lk at the wrkmanship. Check that the stitching is well dne. Shp arund. Talk t peple. If the budget permits, buy a well knwn brand. Paddy Pallin, an experienced bushwalker in Australia, said Take care f the grams and the kilgrams will take care f themselves. Suggested bdy weights are: A fit persn ¼ f their bdy weight Average persn 1/5 f their bdy weight Packing a Pack Every ne develps their wn particular styles f packing, but these are sme principles t help: Heaviest gear shuld be clsest t the back. Higher placement will cause the least muscular stress. Lwer placement will give maximum stability. Place bulky sleeping gear at the bttm t help lift the weight up. Pack in the rder yu think yu will need the gear. Fd fr lunch and snacks, diary, camera, first aid, raincat etc shuld be at the tp r in an easy place t access. The rest f the equipment can be further dwn fr setting up at night. 28 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

29 Pad hard bjects s that they d nt rub against yur back r the bag material, Keep all gear dry by waterprfing it inside a waterprf inner bag. Put clthes and sleeping gear inside separate waterprf sealed bags. Dn t have anything dangling ff the bag that upsets yur balance r gets caught up in bushes. It may fall ff and be lst. Putting a Pack On Get smene else t lift it up when preparing t head ut. Make sure they lift it crrectly by bending their hips, knees and ankles. Place the pack high n yur back, and then place the straps. If by yurself: Grab yur pack by the tp f the shulder straps. Lift it nt yur best leg. Put ne arm int a shulder strap and swing it arund t yur back slwly. Swing it arund cmpletely putting yur secnd shulder strap n. Adjust all the straps fr the best fit. Walk with a smile. Other Gear 1. Sleeping Mat This is an essential additin if yu want t have a gd night s sleep. Different types f mats include: Self inflating mats Eg. Thermrest - these are highly recmmended. Clsed cell fam mats These are bulky and nt very cmfrtable. Blw up mattresses Sme are heavy but there are small versins that are light and pack really flat as ppsed t the bulky designs abve. They are cheaper. 2. Pack Liner N pack is fully waterprf, s a liner is needed t prtect yur gear against water/rain. 3. Water Bttles Bttles shuld be at least ne litre in size. Plastic (such as Nalgene) r Aluminium (such as Sigg) bttles may be used. If using bttles that are nt specifically designed fr carrying water (such as abve), tw are needed in case ne splits. Water hydratin systems are nw available. Newly designed packs make prvisin fr them. 4. Trch Chse a light weight trch. Take a spare set f batteries and bulb. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 29

30 Head lamps are great as they allw yur hands t be free Petzel is amng the ppular brands. Lamps with LED lights last a lng time. 5. Clthes This will be discussed later. 6. Cking Gear This will be discussed later 7. Trwel Plastic trwels are used fr digging a cat hle fr tileting. Keep yur trwel in a plastic zip lcked bag. 8. Tilet Paper Keep a small rll in a sealable plastic bag. 9. Crd Carry six metres f light blind crd. It is useful fr many emergency purpses. 10. Watch Waterprf (100m) is best. 11. Cmpass, GPS & Map Maps shuld be carried in a sealable plastic bag. 12. Whistle Carry this n a crd at all times. 13. Adventist Outdrs Lg bk Pen/Pencil This is an excellent way f lgging/recrding the trip. 14. Persnal Items Persnal items may include: sunscreen, insect repellent, band-aids, persnal medicatin, lip-screen, tthbrush and paste, cmb, face washer, small twel (chamis), mtel-size sap. 15. Mending Kit Mending kit may include: needles, safety pins, canvas needle, cpper wire, nyln wire, spare buttns, spare laces, rll f duct tape (particularly handy), sharp knife (sheathed) r multi tl (eg Leatherman). 30 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

31 CHAPTER 3: Identify and Plan fr Fd Requirements Fd In Gd s first recrded wrds t Adam, He said: I have given yu every seed-bearing plant thrughut the earth and all the trees fr yur fd. Gen 1:29 Fd is ne f the majr items t be taken n any camp r bushwalk. Fd is ur main surce f energy and bdy heat. It always tastes better in the utdrs, and it affects the mrale f the camper. The fd chsen t carry will meet daily needs, keep campers happy, r make the difference in a survival situatin. Be thughtful f the chice f fd. 1. Nutritin Nutritin may nt be a majr issue fr an vernight r weekend camp, but it becmes critical the lnger the camp. The type f fd affects energy levels. The main types f fd cmpsitins are: 2. Carbhydrates 70% f the ttal fd taken shuld be carbhydrates. Carbhydrates supply energy, and are essential fr utilizing fat. Fds rich in carbhydrates (sugar r starch) include sweets, juices, biscuits, cakes, bread, grains, dried fruit, flur, spaghetti, and ptates. 3. Fats 10% f ttal fd taken shuld be fats. Fats prvide the mst cncentrated surce f energy. They als supply essential fatty acids. Fds rich in fats include nuts, seeds, margarine, chclate, cheese, milk, and il. 4. Prtein 20% f ttal fd taken shuld be prtein. Prtein builds and repairs bdy tissue. Fds rich in prtein include cheese, eggs, sy beans, baked beans, peas, nuts, and leaf vegetables. The utdrs demand energy. Students and Pathfinders appear t have n shrtage f energy, but ver time it des catch up with them. Energy requirements are als greater than nrmal in the utdrs. Variatins in weather, especially the cld, require mre energy (fr every degree belw 10 C, a persn needs an extra 3% energy). Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 31

32 Guide t a typical daily energy requirement 8 Build f Bdy Walking Rate Energy Requirement (kj) Men Wmen Slight Mderate Difficult Average Mderate Difficult Heavy Mderate Difficult Guidelines fr Chsing Fd Meals Chse fd/recipes that taste nice. Experiment with new fds befre a camput. Chse fd that is easily prepared. The evening meal is generally cked. Cnsider weight and bulk. Particularly if space is limited and it is carried individually. When buying fd: Make up a menu. Only buy what is n the menu. Remve all excess packaging and put fd in sealable bags. Sme peple srt fd ut int meals/fd fr the day. Sme have breakfast, lunch, and specific evening bags. Breakfast cereals can be pre-packed as a serving, cmplete with dried milk, dried fruit etc. When camping just add water. This saves space and is useful even while base-camping. Put il/margarine in duble sealed cntainers. Jam, peanut butter etc can be put int sealable tubes r small cntainers. A cheap cntainer is a washed ut camera film canister. 1. Breakfast A gd serve f carbhydrates at breakfast is vital. It prvides energy very quickly. Fds may include: cereals, milk (pwdered), sugar, margarine, spreads, crisp bread etc. 2. Lunch Lunch is usually eaten n the track, while walking r in the middle f sme exciting event. It is generally a light, nn-cked meal made up f a variety f fds that prvide energy fr the day s activities. Fds may include: bread/crispbread, margarine, cheese, spreads, nuts, dried fruit, small tin spaghetti, baked beans, creamed crn, biscuits, chclate, etc. 3. Dinner Dinner is the high-prtein meal that prvides the bdy with the nutritin it needs t repair yur bdy while sleeping. It is usually a scial ccasin, and a time fr relaxing and cking a feast, s d nt rush it. Try and plan s that each evening meal is different, t add a special feature t the day. There are s many fds available, which can prvide a real feast. Fds may include: pasta, rice, TVP, ptat, beans, etc. Deserts can include snack packs, instant puddings, creamed rice, r fruit. 8 Bushwalking and Ski Turing Leadership. BMTAB p Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

33 4. Sabbath Lunch Sabbath lunch is anther special time t eat and relax. It is a real break frm a rutine day. It is great t have smething special, eg. tacs. 5. Snacks Snacks are fds rich in carbhydrates and shuld be eaten at regular intervals thrughut the day. They are an energy tp-up and help with stress release. Snacks may include: dried fruit, nuts (salted, if sufficient water), chclate, glucse, scrggin (mixture f dried fruit, nuts, chclate, sunflwer seeds, sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds, jelly babies, and ther sweets), muesli bars, fruit bars etc. Special Cnditins Very cld cnditins: Extra energy is needed Very ht cnditins: Prvide higher levels f energy fd per gram carried Design fds that can be eaten withut cking Keep a balanced diet Watch perishable fds as they will g ff quickly fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs, and bread last n mre than 3 days. Smarties are designed t survive the heat, s they can be included in snacks alng with jelly snakes, jelly babies, liqurice allsrts etc. Emergency Fd Plan t have extra fd in case f any delays at the end f the adventure, due t unexpected cnditins. This applies t bushwalks and weekend r vernight camputs. Extra fd shuld cntain sme fd that des nt require cking, eg. biscuits, cheese, dried fruit, chclate, muesli bars. Als ther fd that is quick and easy t heat up, eg. sups, ndles, pasta etc. Quantities On an average, allw between 900g 1000g (1kg) f dried fd per day. The average camper culd survive n 800g but that is barely enugh. Sme General Cmments n Fd Bread Black bread r rye bread is the lngest lasting. Whlemeal, Lebanese pcket bread is fine. Biscuits Dry crackers (Jatz), Crispbread (Ryvita), gd bread substitutes (ften break up), Cabin Biscuits. Savury Shapes and Sweet Biscuits have 25% mre energy per gram. Shredded Wheatmeals have higher energy. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 33

34 Dried Fruits Sultanas, peaches, prunes, apricts, pears, apples, figs, dates, raisins, bananas and pineapple are an excellent surce f snack fd. Mst f them are high in carbhydrates and thus are gd energy surces. Drinks Use flavured drinks if wanting t replace minerals lst by sweating, r t disguise bad tasting water. Yu will need t have gd cntainers that hld 3-4 litres f water. Sprts drinks (eg.staminade, Gatrade) may be used t replace glucse and minerals lst thrugh sweating. Pwdered drinks r crdials can prvide sugar r glucse fr energy, eg. Tang, Refresh, Rar, Rbinsn's Lemn Barley. Eggs These may be carried fresh fr 1 day. Dried eggs are excellent scrambled. Prtein Sanitarium prducts such as T.V.P, Bacn Chips, Sya Crisps, etc. all are excellent surces f prtein. They take a shrt while t ck, have excellent flavur, and little dry weight. Lentils, Split Peas etc. take 30 minutes plus t ck. Rice Rice is an excellent surce f carbhydrates. White is easier t ck, cmes in a variety f types and sizes, and can be used as a savury r a sweet. Pasta Pasta is a gd surce f carbhydrates and prtein. Many varieties are available, eg. ndles. It is easy t prepare and ck. Spreads Hney and jam are rich in carbhydrates and give the same energy as cheese. Peanut Butter is rich in bth prtein and fat, with twice the energy f hney and jam. Nte: There is nw a wide variety f instant fd available. Take nly what is really needed. Try a few favurite meals and wrk ut hw much f the pack is enugh. Eg. 1/3 f a pack f ndles may be enugh fr ne meal with sme chunks f T.V.P and a handful f dried peas. Use lightweight plastic cntainers fr jams, hney, and margarine that can spill. Cking Fd One f the great pleasures f the utdrs is the time spent cking. Traditinally this has been dne ver the pen fire, times are changing, especially when camping in Natinal Parks and State Frest. Cking Fires If yu have permissin t use a fire, the fllwing pints must be cnsidered: Use a fireplace that is already established. D nt set up anther ne, even if in the wrng psitin, unless there is a real bushfire danger. If there is n fire place, then site the fire n the barest piece f grund yu can find. 34 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

35 Keep the size f the fire t a minimum. The bigger the fl, the bigger the fire. A small fire is easier t ck ver, uses less wd, is safer in windy cnditins, and is easier t extinguish. Clear an area arund the fire. Put a ring f stnes (nt creek stnes which might explde) arund the fire t keep it in place. The fire needs t be at least 3 metres frm the tent. Never leave a fire unattended. The fire must be ttally ut (cl enugh t put yur hands in the ashes). This will take between 5-10 litres f water. Use nly dead and fallen timber and avid using large pieces. When yu g, leave the fireplace as if it has nt been used. Avid leaving a pile f wd fr the next persn, as using fires is n lnger encuraged. It is illegal t light fires in the Great Barrier Reef Natinal Parks and in Tasmania (peat sils). Always check with the landwner r manager. Stves Advantages f using stves include the fllwing: They are quick t set up and use They prvide heat that is easy t use fr cking They save wd dead wd is an imprtant part f nature s cycle They can be easily used in an emergency r in bad weather Types f Stves Type f Stve Fuel Advantages Disadvantages Other Cmments Pressure Stve Pressure Stve Nn Pressure Stve Shellite. Lighter fuel. White gasline. Kersene. Paraffin in sme cuntries. Methylated spirits. Denatured alchl. Prvides gd clean strng heat. Wrks well at altitude. Efficient. Evaprates fast - clean if spilt. Safe t use because fuel is less vlatile. Fuel readily available, cheap and efficient. Fairly clean and ht. Very safe water extinguishes. Simple t perate. Evaprates fast - clean if spilt. Fuel highly flammable. Sme mdels have cmplicated lighting systems. Needs ther fuel t pre-heat it. Spilt fuel evaprates slwly and may cntaminate cntents f pack. Bulky. Half as much heat as the thers. Difficult t ignite in cld weather. Uses mre fuel. Fairly safe. Safer with separate tank. Cstly t buy. Safe t use. Cheap. Add 10% water t the fuel bttle t minimize blackening f pts. Stve must be cl befre refilling. Cheap t run. Stve is a selfcntained cking set. Very durable. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 35

36 Gas Stve Slid Fuel Stves Butane. Liquefied petrleum. Metaldehyde tablets. Hexamide tablets. Burns clean and ht. Fairly safe. Easy t perate. N pre heating. Generally safe t use. Simple t use. Very cmpact and light. Nt a high cst. Nt always available. Uncertain hw much gas left in bttle. Have t carry empty bttle ut. Heavy. Very high cst. Burns slw and dirty. Prduces txic fumes s shuld nt be used in a cnfined space. Less efficient at high altitudes and in cld cnditins. Be careful where it is set up. The frame becmes very ht and can burn a wden bench. Stve Safety Always use stves in an pen, well-ventilated place. Stves use xygen and give ff carbn mnxide that can lead t asphyxiatin. Be careful abut stability. A pt f biling water n a pressure r gas stve can be easily kncked ver. The nn-pressure stves are the mst stable. Keep the stve away frm tents r ther plastics. If using a pressure stve, psitin the safety valve away frm peple r flammable bjects. They can send ut a jet f flame up t 20 metres in length. Dn t fuel up a stve while ht r near burning fires. Cking Gear Billies, pts, and frypans, are essential cntainers. Leather glves r a clamp-n can be used t take cking pts ff the fire. A lng wden spn is very handy. The number f cntainers yu take is up t yu. There are many sets available n the market. The Trangia stves cme with a set f cntainers that all fit tgether. 36 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

37 CHAPTER 4: Identify and Plan Water Needs and Usage Intrductin Water is essential t sustain life. The average persn will nt survive beynd 2 5 days withut water. Accrding t the apstle Jhn, a Samaritan wman met Jesus at the well. Jesus tld her: Anyne wh drinks this water will sn becme thirsty again. Jn 4:13 That is what makes water s imprtant. N utdr adventure can achieve its purpse withut water. Jesus applied the Samaritan wman s need fr water t lead her further tward a cmmitment t Gd, I wuld give yu living water, Jn 4:10 The Bdy Needs Water Water is used t transprt fd t the bdy cells It helps remve waste It acts as a medium in which chemical reactins ccur It reduces the heat f metablism Water is a great stabiliser in the bdy. If peple d nt cnsume enugh water t maintain the necessary water balance in their bdies, the effects f water deficiency becme apparent. Water lss equalling 5% f bdy weight may cause thirst, sleeplessness, flushed skin and lack f appetite. 10% may make walking and breathing difficult, cause headaches and dizziness. 20% may cause delirium, a swllen tngue, inability t swallw, numb and shrivelled skin, and finally death. Water is nt stred in the bdy. It is cnsumed and excreted. A persn sweating in a humid climate may lse up t 3 litres an hur. Smene wrking in 43 C may lse up t 6 litres in a day. A persn walking in the trpics wuld lse 14 litres in 24 hurs. Water Cnservatin Methds On average peple need between 2 10 litres f water a day. This varies depending n the persn s individual needs, and can increase 2 r 3 times when in ht cnditins r ding stressful activities. Ratin sweat, nt water. This is dne by: Trying t cnsume enugh water t replace bdy water lss. Drinking as much water as pssible when there is plenty available. Keeping clthes n s that yur perspiratin evaprates slwly t get maximum cling effect. Lsening clthing arund neck, waist, wrists and ankles t give best ventilatin. Wearing light clured clthes that reflect the sun (Dark clurs absrb heat). Avid sunburn as blisters cause lss f water. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 37

38 Ratin yur Sweat If camping r hiking in ht cnditins with restricted water: Stay in shade during the day. Try nt t rest n the grund. When mving, mve slwly. Be active in the cl f the day. Rest up during the heat. Ptential Water Surces 1. Full flwing rivers and streams 2. Lakes 3. Seepage at the base f a cliff 4. In limestne caves and springs 5. Where vibrant vegetatin is grwing. 6. In gullies behind sand dunes 7. In a sandy desert, dig at the lwest pint between the sand dunes 8. In a dry river bed, dig at the lw pints f where the river turns 9. Observe seed eating birds. Nte where they are travelling t late in the afternn. They are never far frm water. It may be in the trunk f a tree r a small rck pl. Bees, ants and ther insects are anther surce f infrmatin. 10. Dew, especially if it falls n a standard vehicle. Mp it up with a clean rag and squeeze it ut. Walk thrugh dewy grass with a rag r wipe it ff rcks. This needs t be dne befre sunrise. 11. Dig a dew pit. 12. Create a slar still. Dig a hle abut 450mm deep. Put green leaves, succulent plants r liquid waste int the hle. Spread a 1-2 metre square sheet f plastic ver it. Put a cntainer at the bttm f the hle t catch the cndensatin frm the inside. Stretch the plastic ver the hle and weigh it dwn with a stne. Seal the edges f the plastic with dirt. Have a tube in the cntainer s water can be suck ut. This methd uses bth evapratin and cndensatin. 38 Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite

39 Figure 4.1: Slar Still. 13. Transpiratin methd. Obtain water by placing clear plastic bags ver the leafy branches f a nn pisnus tree. Seal it well n the branch. Drain every 4 hurs. Use trees in gullies because they are drawing n a better water surce. 14. Cut rts f trees and drain them. Drink immediately as lng as the water is clear. It des nt stre well. 15. Fllw any well-frmed animal tracks. Where tw r three cme tgether, they may lead t water. Water Purificatin Methds Of all the illnesses and afflictins suffered by bushwalking and camping, water brne cntaminatin wuld be the secnd mst frequent, after blisters. Nthing feels wrse than stmach cramps and a desire t visit every secnd tree. Plan Outdr Recreatin Activities & Use and Maintain a Temprary r Overnight Campsite 39