Annual Report FY 2017/18 Port Hedland Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program

Transcription

1 Annual Reprt FY 2017/18 Prt Hedland Ambient Air Quality Mnitring Prgram FINAL Prt Hedland Industries Cuncil Octber 2018 Prepared by Katestne Envirnmental Pty Ltd

2 DOCUMENT CONTORL Deliverable Number: D Status: Final Dcument reference: D FY Annual Mnitring Reprt v1.0.dcx Prepared by: Andrew Vernn, Michael Burchill and Sarah Richardsn Reviewed by: Simn Welchman and PHIC Dust Wrking Grup Apprved by: Simn Welchman 05/10/2018 Cpyright and Disclaimer This reprt is the cpyright prperty f the Prt Hedland Industries Cuncil and has been prepared by Katestne Envirnmental Pty Ltd under a prfessinal services agreement between Prt Hedland Industries Cuncil and Katestne Envirnmental Pty Ltd. The reprt has been subject t and issued in accrdance with the prfessinal services agreement. The infrmatin cntained therein is slely fr the use f the authrised recipient and may nt be used, cpied r reprduced in whle r part fr any purpse withut the prir written authrity f the Prt Hedland Industries Cuncil. Katestne Envirnmental Pty Ltd, as authrs f the reprt, make n representatin, undertake n duty and accept n respnsibility fr misapplicatin r misinterpretatin by third parties. Except where expressly stated, the validity and cmprehensiveness f supplied infrmatin has nt been independently verified and, fr the purpses f this reprt, it is assumed that the mnitring infrmatin prvided t Katestne Envirnmental Pty Ltd is bth cmplete and accurate. Prt Hedland Industries Cuncil Prt Hedland PO Bx 415 Prt Hedland WA 6721 Katestne Envirnmental Pty Ltd ABN Brisbane Grund Flr, 16 Marie Street Miltn, Queensland, 4064 Ph: Website: management@phic-hedland.cm.au Website: us@katestne.cm.au D ii

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT METHODS Backgrund Mnitring Netwrk Summary Mnitring Methds FY 2017/18 Activities Data Prcessing Netwrk Perfrmance Data Capture Rate Air Quality Guidelines and Standards 7 3. SUMMARY OF PORT HEDLAND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 9 4. AIR QUALITY MONITORING DATA - AIR POLLUTANT PERFORMANCE PM Data Capture Cmparisn t Air Quality Standards and Guideline PM10 Timeseries Analysis PM Data Capture Cmparisn t Air Quality Standards PM2.5 Timeseries Analysis Oxides f Nitrgen Data Capture Cmparisn t Air Quality Standards NO2 Time Series Analysis AIR QUALITY MONITORING DATA - MONITORING STATION PERFORMANCE Taplin BM Kingsmill Neptune Richardsn Suth Hedland Wedgefield Yule PM10 TRENDS hur average cncentratins f PM10 - Interim Guideline hur Average PM10 - AAQ NEPM Standard Annual average cncentratin f PM10 AAQ NEPM Standard PM10 Statistics INVESTIGATION OF PM10 EVENTS Investigatin methdlgy Graphical presentatin f event days Overview Octber Nvember December December December December January VI D iii

4 January February CONCLUSIONS PM PM NO Data Capture REFERENCES 50 Appendix A PM10 TREND SUMMARY GRAPHS S LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1: Prt Hedland Ambient Air Quality Mnitring Netwrk 3 Figure 3-1: FY 2017/18 wind rses fr BM annual (tp) seasnal (bttm) 10 Figure 3-2: FY 2017/18 wind rses fr Taplin annual (tp) seasnal (bttm) 11 Figure 3-3: FY 2017/18 wind rses fr Yule annual (tp) seasnal (bttm) 12 Figure 4-1: FY 2017/18 time series plts f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 15 Figure 4-2: FY 2017/18 time series plts f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM Figure 4-3: FY 2017/18 time series plt f 1-hur average cncentratins f NO2 fr Taplin 18 Figure 6-1: Figure 6-2: Number f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve the interim guideline and Prt Hedland exprt tnnage fr each year frm FY 2012/13 t FY 2017/18 23 Number f the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 abve the AAQ NEPM standard fr each reprting year 25 Figure 6-3: Annual average cncentratins f PM10 fr the last three financial years 26 Figure 7-1: Prt Hedland industry arc f influence (shaded area) at Taplin mnitring statin 28 Figure 7-2: Wind rse (left) and PM10 plar plt (right) n 20 Octber 2017 at Taplin 31 Figure 7-3: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 20 Octber Figure 7-4: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 26 Nvember 2017 at Taplin 33 Figure 7-5: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 26 Nvember Figure 7-6: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 14 December 2017 at Taplin 35 Figure 7-7: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 14 December Figure 7-8: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 15 December 2017 at Taplin 37 Figure 7-9: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 15 December Figure 7-10: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 16 December 2017 at Taplin 39 Figure 7-11: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 16 December Figure 7-12: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 30 December 2017 at Taplin 41 Figure 7-13: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 30 December Figure 7-14: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 9 January 2018 at Taplin 43 Figure 7-15: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 9 January Figure 7-16: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 25 January 2018 at Taplin 45 D iv

5 Figure 7-17: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 25 January Figure 7-18: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 15 February 2018 at Taplin 47 Figure 7-19: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 15 February LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Summary f Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk 2 Table 2-2: Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk mnitring methds 4 Table 2-3: FY 2017/18 Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk activities 5 Table 2-4: Ambient Air Quality Standards / Guideline 8 Table 4-1: FY 2017/18 Data Capture Summary 1-hur average cncentratin f PM10 13 Table 4-2: FY 2017/18 data summary 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 14 Table 4-3: FY 2017/18 data summary annual average cncentratins f PM10 14 Table 4-4: FY 2017/18 data capture summary 1-hur average cncentratins f PM Table 4-5: FY 2017/18 data summary 24-hur and annual average cncentratins f PM Table 4-6: FY 2017/18 data capture summary 1-hur average cncentratins f NOx 18 Table 4-7: FY 2017/18 data summary 1-hur average and annual average cncentratins f NO2 18 Table 5-1: Taplin Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary 19 Table 5-2: BM Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary 20 Table 5-3: Kingsmill Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary 20 Table 5-4: Neptune Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary 20 Table 5-5: Richardsn Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary 21 Table 5-6: Suth Hedland Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary 21 Table 5-7: Wedgefield Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary 21 Table 5-8: Yule Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary 22 Table 6-1: Table 6-2: Number f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve the interim guideline at Taplin, per reprting year 23 Summary f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve the AAQ NEPM standard fr the last six reprting years 24 Table 6-3: Summary f annual average cncentratins f PM10 fr the last three reprting years 25 Table 7-1 Summary f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve 70 µg/m³ 29 D v

6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Prt Hedland, a reginal twn in Western Australia, is hme t the wrld s largest irn re exprt prt. Air quality, and specifically dust, has been recgnised as a significant envirnmental issue by the Western Australia Gvernment. Dust in Prt Hedland can be generated frm natural surces (such as the dry dusty land f the Pilbara regin) and anthrpgenic surces (such as urban and industrial develpment, including the handling and stckpiling f bulk cmmdities such as irn re). The Prt Hedland Industries Cuncil (PHIC) was funded in 2009 t prvide an integrated and crdinated apprach t establishing and perating an ambient air quality mnitring netwrk. Currently the PHIC ambient air quality mnitring netwrk cnsists f eight (8) statins distributed acrss the Prt Hedland regin. The statins measure a cmbinatin f PM10, PM2.5, meterlgical cnditins (wind speed, wind directin and temperature) and xides f nitrgen (reprted as NO2). Data frm each statin is upladed t a public website fr viewing in real-time ( A summary f the PHIC ambient air quality mnitring netwrk in FY 2017/18 is prvided in the table belw. Mnitring Statin Latitude Lngitude Type Parameters PM10 PM2.5 NOx Meterlgy BM Backgrund Kingsmill Residential Neptune Residential Richardsn Residential Suth Hedland Residential Taplin Residential Wedgefield Industrial Yule Backgrund This annual reprt presents a summary f the Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk perfrmance fr FY 2017/18. Perfrmance f the mnitring netwrk has been assessed thrugh the fllwing: Pllutant cncentratins at each mnitring statin cmpared with relevant air quality guidelines and standards, namely: Prt Hedland Dust Management Taskfrce Dust Management Plan interim guideline fr PM10 f 70 µg/m³ (24-hur average) with ten allwable exceedances at Taplin. Natinal Envirnmental Prtectin (Ambient Air Quality) Measure (AAQ NEPM) standards fr PM10, PM2.5 and NO2. Data capture fr each parameter at each statin cmpared with the PHIC criterin f at least 75% capture per calendar quarter and annually, as per the AAQ NEPM prtcl. PM10 PM10 was measured at eight (8) statins in the Prt Hedland mnitring netwrk. Analysis f the PM10 data fund the fllwing: D vi

7 Fr FY 2017/18, the mnitring statin at Taplin recrded nine days abve the 24-hur average interim guideline fr PM10 f 70 µg/m³. The interim guideline allws fr ten exceedance days per year. Cnsequently, the interim guideline was met at Taplin. Cmpared with the previus reprting year, the number f days abve 70 µg/m³ has increased frm three days in FY 2016/17 t nine days in FY 2017/18. The average number f days abve 70 µg/m³ fr the six reprting years is just ver nine indicating that FY 2017/18 is cnsistent with the lnger-term trend. This is in cntrast t the Prt Hedland exprt tnnage that has steadily increased ver the past six reprting years (as shwn in the table belw). Interim Guideline (µg/m³) Number f days abve interim guideline FY 2012/13 FY 2013/14 FY 2014/15 FY 2015/16 FY 2016/17 FY 2017/ Exprt Tnnage (Mt) Detailed analysis f PM10 data and meterlgical cnditins fr the nine days at Taplin that were abve 70 µg/m³ in FY 2017/18 indicated that: On fur days a lcal industrial surce was identified as the cause On three days a lcal industrial surce cmbined with elevated reginal levels were identified as the cause On ne day a lcal industrial surce and a lcal nn-industrial surce were identified as the likely cause On ne day a lcal nn-industrial surce was identified as the cause. In FY 2017/18, there were n days abve the AAQ NEPM standard fr 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 f 50 µg/m³ at Suth Hedland. At the ther seven PHIC sites, 24-hur average cncentratins were abve the AAQ NEPM standard fr PM10 in FY 2017/18. Analysis f these events shwed that: Richardsn and Taplin recrding their highest number f cncentratins abve the AAQ NEPM standard cmpared t all previus years. D vii

8 PM2.5 Kingsmill and Yule recrded a greater number f cncentratins abve the AAQ NEPM standard cmpared t the previus FY (FY 2016/17) BM, Neptune, Suth Hedland and Wedgefield recrded fewer cncentratins abve the AAQ NEPM standard cmpared t the previus FY (FY 2016/17). Cnsidering the number f days per year abve the AAQ NEPM standard fr 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 at each mnitring statin ver the last six years shws the fllwing trends: BM, Kingsmill, Neptune, Suth Hedland, Wedgefield and Yule mnitring statin s shw a general decreasing trend ver the past fur years. The Taplin mnitring statin shws a steady trend ver the last 6 years, with a slightly higher than the average number f exceedances this FY (2017/18). The Richardsn mnitring statin shws an increasing trend in the number f days abve the AAQ NEPM standard, especially ver the last tw reprting years. This may be in part due t urban develpment changes that have ccurred near the Richardsn statin in the past few years. The annual average cncentratin f PM10 was abve the AAQ NEPM standard f 25 µg/m³ at Kingsmill, Neptune, Richardsn, Taplin and Wedgefield. The annual average cncentratin f PM10 was belw the AAQ NEPM standard f 25 µg/m³ at BM, Suth Hedland and Yule. Annual average cncentratins f PM10 ver the past three reprting years (FY 2015/16 t FY 2017/18) shwed that: Neptune, Suth Hedland and Wedgefield statin s shw a slight decreasing trend Bm, Kingsmill, Taplin and Yule statin s shw a relatively steady trend The Richardsn statin shwed an increasing trend (It is nted that urban develpment changes have ccurred near the Richardsn statin that may have cntributed t the trend at this site). PM2.5 was measured at fur (4) statins in the Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk fr the FY 2017/18 reprting perid. Analysis f the PM2.5 data fund the fllwing: NO2 The 24-hur average and annual average cncentratins f PM2.5 were belw the AAQ NEPM standards at BM and Yule mnitring statins. The 24-hur average cncentratin f PM2.5 was abve the AAQ NEPM standard f 25 µg/m³ n ne day at Taplin and fur days at Richardsn. The annual average cncentratin f PM2.5 was abve the AAQ NEPM standard f 8 µg/m³ at Taplin and Richardsn. NO2 is nly measured at the Taplin mnitring statin in the Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk. Analysis f the NO2 data fund the fllwing: The 1-hur average cncentratins f NO2 were belw the AAQ NEPM standard f 246 µg/m³. The highest 1-hur average cncentratin f NO2 crrespnds t 32% f the AAQ NEPM standard. The annual average cncentratins f NO2 were belw the AAQ NEPM standard f 62 µg/m³. The annual average cncentratin f NO2 crrespnds t 22% f the AAQ NEPM standard. Overall, the levels f NO2 measured at Taplin in FY 2017/18 are lw and cnsistent with the NO2 levels measured in previus years. Data Capture In the FY 2017/18 the PHIC data capture criterin f 75% (per quarter and annually) was met fr NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 at all mnitring statins. Fr PM10 and PM2.5, a number f statins als met the PHIC desirable target f 95% data capture. D viii

9 1. INTRODUCTION Prt Hedland, a reginal twn in Western Australia, is hme t the wrld s largest irn re exprt prt. Air quality, and specifically dust, has been recgnised as a significant envirnmental issue by the Western Australia Gvernment. Dust in Prt Hedland can be generated frm natural surces (such as the dry dusty land f the Pilbara regin) and anthrpgenic surces (such as urban and industrial develpment, including the handling and stckpiling f bulk cmmdities such as irn re). In 2009, at the directin f the Premier, the Prt Hedland Dust Management Taskfrce (the Taskfrce) was established t plan fr and prvide effective air quality (and nise) management strategies in Prt Hedland. In parallel with the Taskfrce, the Prt Hedland Industries Cuncil (PHIC) was frmed t prvide industry cperatin and a mre crdinated apprach in cnsidering and addressing envirnment issues frm users f the Prt. In 2010, the Taskfrce intrduced the Prt Hedland Air Quality and Nise Management Plan (DSD 2010). Amngst ther things, it required PHIC t establish and perate an ambient air quality mnitring netwrk in Prt Hedland that included real-time data access fr the public and preparatin f an annual perfrmance reprt fr review by the Taskfrce. PHIC has cmmissined Katestne Envirnmental Pty Ltd (Katestne) t prepare this annual perfrmance reprt n the Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk fr FY 2017/18. This is the sixth annual perfrmance reprt f its kind. This reprt includes the fllwing infrmatin: Overview f ambient air quality mnitring netwrk and assessment methds (Sectin 2) Summary f Prt Hedland meterlgy (Sectin 3) Ambient air quality mnitring data summary by pllutant (Sectin 4) Ambient air quality mnitring data summary by mnitring statin (Sectin 5) Summary f PM10 trends (Sectin 6). Investigatin f PM10 events (Sectin 7) Annual reprt cnclusins (Sectin 7.6). D

10 2. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT METHODS 2.1 Backgrund The Prt Hedland Air Quality and Nise Management Plan (DSD, 2010) identified the need t establish an independent, cmprehensive air quality mnitring regime in Prt Hedland. The Taskfrce intended that the mnitring regime wuld prvide a basis t measure the perfrmance f industry against relevant targets, and the data wuld infrm and guide future industry and cmmunity planning. In 2009 PHIC established an ambient air quality mnitring netwrk in Prt Hedland. The Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk was independently audited in 2013 (PEL, 2013) and again in 2016 (PEL, 2016) t ensure the requirements f the Taskfrce were being met. 2.2 Mnitring Netwrk Summary The Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk is cmprised f eight (8) statins at strategic lcatins in the Prt Hedland regin that measure a cmbinatin f PM10, PM2.5, meterlgical cnditins (wind speed, wind directin and temperature) and xides f nitrgen (NOx). The Kingsmill Street (Kingsmill), Neptune Place (Neptune), Richardsn Street (Richardsn) and Taplin Street (Taplin) mnitring statins are sited within residential areas f Prt Hedland. The Suth Hedland mnitring statin serves as a generally representative site fr the Suth Hedland twnship. The Wedgefield mnitring statin is within a light industrial area that includes sme residences and is lcated between the Suth Hedland and Prt Hedland twnships. The Bureau f Meterlgy (BM) statin in Prt Hedland is relatively distant frm the bulk f prt related industrial activities and residential ppulatins and serves as a general Prt Hedland backgrund mnitring lcatin. The Yule River (Yule) mnitring statin is well remved frm any industry and ppulatins being sme 45 km frm Prt Hedland and serves as a rural backgrund lcatin. Real time data frm each statin is made available via a public website ( A summary and a map f the Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk is prvided in Table 2-1 and Figure 2-1. Table 2-1: Mnitring Statin Summary f Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk Latitude Lngitude Type BM Prt Hedland Backgrund Parameter PM10 PM2.5 NOx Meterlgy Kingsmill Residential Neptune Residential Richardsn Residential Suth Hedland Residential Taplin Residential Wedgefield Industrial Yule Rural Backgrund D

11 Figure 2-1: Prt Hedland Ambient Air Quality Mnitring Netwrk 2.3 Mnitring Methds The Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk is perated and maintained by Ectech Pty Ltd (Ectech), an independent third-party cntractr. A descriptin f the mnitring methds used at each site t measure PM10, PM2.5 and NOx is prvided in Table 2-2. It shuld be nted that the Prt Hedland BAM1020 mnitrs are perated in accrdance with tw mnitring methds. The BAM1020 has bth the Australian Standard (AS) accredited beta attenuatin methd (BAM) fr 1- hur average measurement, and a real-time mdule (light scattering methd) that measures PM10 and PM2.5 cncentratins at sub hurly intervals (used fr display n the public website). Ectech prvided bth the real-time data and BAM accredited data as 5-minute r 10-minute averages. T prduce the BAM data as 5-minute r 10-minute averages, the mnitring system repeats the 1-hur average BAM measurements acrss each f the 5-minute r 10-minute time intervals that make up each 1-hur average. Fr example, if the 1-hur average measured by the BAM was 27 µg/m³, the system wuld recrd six 10-minute averages f 27 µg/m³ and assign timestamps t each that span the perid represented by the 1-hur average. Katestne prduced a 1-hur average dataset frm each BAM 5-minute r 10-minute average dataset. If a BAM 1-hur average measurement is nt btained r is invalidated, then -99 is repeated acrss each f the 5-minute r 10-minute time intervals that make up the relevant 1-hur average. D

12 BM Kingsmill Neptune Richardsn Suth Hedland Taplin Wedgefield Yule Table 2-2: Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk mnitring methds Mnitring Statin Parameter Equipment Mnitring Methd (Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS) PM 10 BAM1020 AS/NZS :2008 & 2016 PM 2.5 BAM1020 AS/NZS :2013 NO x Ectech ML9841 AS/NZS : FY 2017/18 Activities The Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk activities fr FY 2017/18 are detailed in Table 2-3. Ntable data gaps utside f the rutine maintenance cnducted at the site included the fllwing: A cyclne warning fr January 2018 resulted in all statins (except Yule) t shut dwn. The PM2.5 BAM1020 at Richardsn Street that had faulted in the last financial year was replaced n 7 July The Neptune PM10 BAM 1020 was affected by many pwer failures between January 2018 June The Yule PM10 and PM2.5 BAM 1020 mnitrs were affected by pwer failures in August 2017 and intermittent tapes faults in September D

13 July 17 August 17 September 16 Octber 17 Nvember 17 December 17 February 18 March 18 April 18 May 18 June 18 Table 2-3: FY 2017/18 Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk activities Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Statin Parameter Averaging time A January 18 B BM Kingsmill Neptune Richardsn Suth Hedland Taplin Wedgefield Yule PM min / PM hr Meterlgy 10-min PM min / 1-hr Meterlgy 10-min PM min / 1-hr C C C C C C Meterlgy 10-min PM min / PM hr D Meterlgy 10-min PM 10 5-min / 1-hr Meterlgy 5-min PM min / PM hr NO x 5-min Meterlgy 10-min PM 10 5-min / 1-hr Meterlgy 5-min PM min / E F PM hr E F Meterlgy 10-min Table Nte: Shaded and ticked cells indicate a cmplete mnth f data fr the stated parameter. Unshaded ticked cells indicate a partially cmplete mnth fr that parameter. The table nte indicates the extent t which data is missing. Unticked, unshaded cells indicate that n data was cllected in the mnth. A All Prt Hedland BAM1020 mnitrs are equipped with a real-time mdule fr PM 10 and PM 2.5. Therefre, averaging perids fr these mnitrs are 1-hur (AS/NZS methd) and 10-minute r 5-minute intervals (real time mdule) B A cyclne warning fr January resulted in all statins (except Yule) t shut dwn. C Pwer failures were experienced frm January 2018 June 2018 at Neptune PM 10 mnitr which resulted in reduced data capture. D PM 2.5 BAM1020 at Richardsn Street that had faulted in the last financial year was replaced n 7 July 2017 E PM 10 and PM 2.5 BAM1020 instruments at Yule experienced pwer failures in August 2017 which resulted in reduced data capture. F PM 10 and PM 2.5 BAM1020 instruments at Yule experienced intermittent tape faults in September 2017 which resulted in reduced data capture. D

14 2.5 Data Prcessing The FY 2017/18 Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk data was prcessed and analysed in accrdance with the fllwing prcedures and dcuments: PHIC data handling prcedure (apprved by Department f Envirnment Regulatin (DER)). Natinal Envirnment Prtectin (Ambient Air Quality) Measure Technical Paper N.5. Data Cllectin and Handling, Peer Review Cmmittee (PRC, 2001). Natinal Envirnment Prtectin (Ambient Air Quality) Measure. Technical Paper N.8. Annual Reprts, PRC 2002 Peer Review Cmmittee (PRC, 2002). The prcess fr data quality assurance and analysis was as fllws: Quality assured Prt Hedland mnitring data was supplied by Ectech fr each site, as either 5-minute r 10-minute averaged data, depending n the site/parameter (see Table 2-3). Fr the statins using a BAM1020, tw sets f data were prvided: ne set being the raw real-time data that was displayed n the public website and the secnd set (beta data) being the BAM1020 measurements reprted as 5-minute r 10-minute averages (see Sectin 2.3). Unless specifically stated, nly the beta data is cnsidered in this reprt as it is in accrdance with the AS methd. Further quality assurance was perfrmed by Katestne that included: ensuring data fell within acceptable ranges (e.g. wind directins between 0 and 360 ) checking fr utliers and incnsistencies checking fr abnrmal patterns checking that the tw BAM1020 and light scattering datasets (real-time and beta data) shwed gd crrelatin. The Katestne quality assurance fund that all the FY 2017/18 data was acceptable fr final prcessing. Final prcessing included the fllwing steps: All 1-hur average data was cmbined int a single file. The light scattering data was separated frm the 1-hur data and nt analysed unless required t investigate elevated events. Data capture rates frm all statins and air pllutants was calculated frm the 1-hur average dataset and cmpared with the data capture perfrmance criterin (see Sectin 3.2.1). A 24-hur average dataset (midnight t midnight) was created frm the 1-hur average dataset under the PRC prtcl requirement f a minimum 75% data capture, that is eighteen (18) 1-hur readings per day are required fr a valid 24-hur average. Statistical analysis n the valid 1-hur and 24-hur average datasets was cnducted and prduced the fllwing: Maximum values Mean value Percentiles Number f exceedances f relevant air pllutant standards and guidelines Time series graphs Wind rses Pllutin plar plts. Events when the PM10 cncentratin was fund t be abve the interim PM10 guideline at the Taplin mnitring statin (see Sectin 2.6.2) were further investigated thrugh the examinatin f wind rses, PM10 plar plts and time series plts. T maximise the reslutin f the available data, this analysis was made using the light scattering measurements f PM10 (10-minute reslutin). The greater tempral reslutin allws fr a mre detailed understanding f the relatinship between cncentratins and meterlgy thrughut the day. Further detail n the event day analysis is prvided in Sectin 7.1. Data visualisatin made use f statistical sftware R (R Cre Team, 2016) and the R-packages: Openair (Carslaw and Rpkins, 2012 and Carslaw, 2015), GGPlt2 (Wickham, 2009) and Cwplt (Wilke, 2016). D

15 2.6 Netwrk Perfrmance Netwrk perfrmance (Sectin 4) is recrded against the data capture rate and air quality guidelines and standards as: Met Nt met Nt demnstrated (as a result f inadequate data recvery r data quality) Data Capture Rate The netwrk perfrmance fr data capture rate fr each air pllutant is based n the PRC prtcl requiring at least 75% data capture in each calendar quarter in additin t an annual data availability f at least 75%. Perfrmance criteria is based n 1-hur average data Air Quality Guidelines and Standards Air quality guidelines and standards fr the pllutants measured by the Prt Hedland ambient air quality netwrk (PM10, PM2.5 and NOx) that have been used t determine perfrmance f FY 2017/18 mnitring have been selected frm lcal and federal legislatin. In 2010 the Taskfrce specified a 24-hur average interim guideline fr PM10 in its Prt Hedland Air Quality and Nise Management Plan (DSD, 2010). The interim guideline fr PM10 is defined as fllws: Maximum cncentratin f 70 µg/m³ fr a 24-hur average 10 exceedance events per calendar year due t industry (using a backgrund statin as a reference) Applies t residential areas east f Taplin Street Nte: Interim guideline intended t be reviewed 5 years after implementatin (the Taskfrce released a draft versin f its 5-year review in August The reprt recmmends that the interim guideline f 70 µg/m³ (with 10 exceedances) shuld apply t residential areas f Prt Hedland. The reprt was advertised fr public cmment and at the time f publishing this Annual Mnitring Reprt the Gvernment f Western Australia had nt cmmitted t any recmmendatins r respnded t the reprt). At the federal level, the Natinal Envirnment Prtectin Cuncil (NEPC) set air quality standards under the AAQ NEPM fr criteria pllutants, which includes PM10, PM2.5 and NO2. These are defined as fllws: Maximum cncentratin f 50 µg/m³ fr 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 Maximum cncentratin f 25 µg/m³ fr annual average cncentratin f PM10 Maximum cncentratin f 25 µg/m³ fr 24-hur average cncentratin f PM2.5 Maximum cncentratin f 8 µg/m³ fr annual average cncentratin f PM2.5 Maximum cncentratin f 246 µg/m³ fr 24-hur average cncentratin f NO2 with maximum allwable exceedances f 1 day a year Maximum cncentratin f 62 µg/m³ fr annual average cncentratin f NO2. Relevant air quality standards and guidelines used t determine netwrk perfrmance are detailed in Table 2-4. D

16 Table 2-4: Pllutant PM10 PM2.5 Ambient Air Quality Standards / Guideline Averaging Perid Standard / Guideline (µg/m³) Surce 24-hur 70 A, B Interim Guideline 24-hur 50 AAQ NEPM 2016 Annual hur 25 Annual 8 AAQ NEPM 2016 NO2 Table nte: A 10 exceedance days allwed per year due t industry B Applies t residential areas east f Taplin Street C Maximum allwable exceedances f 1 day a year 1-hur 246 C AAQ NEPM 2016 Annual 62 D

17 3. SUMMARY OF PORT HEDLAND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS The fcus f this annual reprt is the analysis f air pllutants measured by the Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk. Hwever, meterlgical cnditins play an imprtant rle in the dispersin (and emissin generatin in the case f dust) f air pllutants in the Prt Hedland regin. Expsed dust surces (be it frm industry surces, ther anthrpgenic surces r natural surces), will have higher dust emissins during dry cnditins and strng winds. The dust emissins will als have a greater radius f impact during perids f strnger wind speeds due t dust remaining suspended in the air fr lnger perids and therefre being carried further distances. The variability in the wind speed and wind directin in Prt Hedland will result in variatin f dust emissins and in the areas ptentially affected by dust. A graphical summary (in the frm f wind rses) f the 10-minute average meterlgical data cllected at the BM, Taplin and Yule mnitring statins during FY 2017/18 are prvided in Figure 3-1, Figure 3-2 and Figure 3-3, respectively. A wind rse is a tl used t illustrate the frequency and intensity f a given wind speed and its directin. Wind speeds (metres per secnd) are gruped based n the data range (fr each site) and wind directins are gruped int 16, 22.5 degree sectrs that represent all pssible wind directins. The wind rses at BM, Taplin and Yule indicate the fllwing: The distributin f winds shwn in Figure 3-1, Figure 3-2 and Figure 3-3 are typical f the Prt Hedland regin and its lcatin n the WA castline. The predminant wind directin at all three sites is the nrthwest quadrant (west t nrthwest). All three sites als shw frequent winds frm the sutheast quadrant. Winds frm the suthwest and nrtheast quadrants are less cmmn but d ccur n ccasin at all sites. Wind speeds measured at all three mnitring statins are relatively strng (imprtant fr dust generatin and dispersin) with FY 2017/18 annual average wind speeds f 4.4 m/s, 3.0 m/s and 3.6 m/s at BM, Taplin and Yule, respectively. Wind speeds are highest at BM due t the expsed nature f the BM mnitring statin near Prt Hedland airprt. Yule has strnger winds than Taplin due t the Yule mnitring site being lcated in an pen area that is mre expsed t winds than Taplin, which is within a residential area where structures and urban develpment are likely t reduce wind speeds. The seasnal distributin f winds is characterised by the climate drivers in Prt Hedland. During spring and summer (wet seasn) the winds are generally frm the nrthwest quadrant. During autumn and winter (dry seasn) the winds are predminately frm the sutheast quadrant. D

18 Figure 3-1: FY 2017/18 wind rses fr BM annual (tp) seasnal (bttm) D

19 Figure 3-2: FY 2017/18 wind rses fr Taplin annual (tp) seasnal (bttm) D

20 Figure 3-3: FY 2017/18 wind rses fr Yule annual (tp) seasnal (bttm) D

21 4. AIR QUALITY MONITORING DATA - AIR POLLUTANT PERFORMANCE The fllwing sectin describes the perfrmance f each pllutant measured by the Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk thrugh data capture and cmparisn f measurements against relevant air quality standards and guidelines. 4.1 PM 10 PM10 was measured at all eight (8) mnitring statins during FY 2017/ Data Capture Data capture rates fr 1-hur average cncentratins f PM10 fr each mnitring statin in FY 2017/18 are detailed in Table 4-1. All statins achieved an annual capture rate fr PM10 f greater than 88% and a quarterly capture rate greater than 77%. This meets the PHIC criterin f 75% data capture. Table 4-1: Mnitring Statin FY 2017/18 Data Capture Summary 1-hur average cncentratin f PM10 PM10 Data Capture Rate (%) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Annual Perfrmance BM Met Kingsmill Met Neptune Met Richardsn Met Suth Hedland Met Taplin Met Wedgefield Met Yule Met Cmparisn t Air Quality Standards and Guideline The maximum measured 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 (calculated as midnight t midnight) and the number f days abve the 24-hur average AAQ NEPM standard and interim guideline fr each statin are detailed in Table 4-2. The average cncentratin f PM10 fr FY 2017/18 fr each statin is detailed in Table 4-3. The measurements f PM10 shw that fr FY 2017/18: The mnitring statin at Taplin recrded nine days abve the 24-hur average interim guideline fr PM10 f 70 µg/m³. The interim guideline allws fr 10 exceedance days per year. Cnsequently, the interim guideline was met at Taplin. There were n days abve the AAQ NEPM standard fr 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 f 50 µg/m³ at Suth Hedland. At the ther seven PHIC sites, 24-hur average cncentratins were abve the AAQ NEPM standard fr PM10 in FY 2017/18. The number f days abve the AAQ NEPM standard f 50 µg/m³ ranged frm 4 days at BM t 143 days at Richardsn. The annual average cncentratin f PM10 was abve the AAQ NEPM standard f 25 µg/m³ at Kingsmill, Neptune, Richardsn, Taplin and Wedgefield. The annual average cncentratin f PM10 was belw the AAQ NEPM standard f 25 µg/m³ at BM, Suth Hedland and Yule. D

22 Table 4-2: Mnitring Statin ID FY 2017/18 data summary 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 Maximum 24-hur Number f Number f average PM10 days Perfrmance days cncentratin >50 µg/m³ (AAQ NEPM) >70 µg/m³ (µg/m³) (AAQ NEPM) (Taskfrce) BM Nt met Kingsmill Nt met Neptune Nt met Richardsn Nt met Suth Hedland Met Perfrmance (Taskfrce) - - Taplin Nt met 9 Met Wedgefield Nt met Yule Nt met - - Table 4-3: FY 2017/18 data summary annual average cncentratins f PM10 Mnitring Statin ID Annual average PM10 cncentratin (µg/m³) Perfrmance (AAQ NEPM f 25 µg/m³) BM 23.8 Met Kingsmill 43.7 Nt met Neptune 26.4 Nt met Richardsn 47.3 Nt met Suth Hedland 16.1 Met Taplin 34.4 Nt met Wedgefield 42.2 Nt met Yule 17.9 Met PM 10 Timeseries Analysis Timeseries plts f the 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 fr FY 2017/18 fr each mnitring statin are shwn in Figure 4-1. The nine 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve 70 µg/m³ at Taplin are highlighted in the figure. D

23 Figure 4-1: FY 2017/18 time series plts f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 D

24 4.2 PM 2.5 PM2.5 was measured at fur (4) mnitring statins (BM, Richardsn, Taplin and Yule) during FY 2017/ Data Capture Data capture rates fr 1-hur average cncentratins f PM2.5 fr each mnitring statin in FY 2017/18 are detailed in Table 4-4. All statins achieved an annual capture rate fr PM2.5 f greater than 92% and a quarterly capture rate greater than 77%. This meets the PHIC criterin f 75% data capture. Table 4-4: Mnitring Statin ID FY 2017/18 data capture summary 1-hur average cncentratins f PM /18 PM2.5 Data Capture Rate (%) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Annual Perfrmance BM Met Richardsn Met Taplin Met Yule Met Cmparisn t Air Quality Standards The maximum measured 24-hur average (midnight t midnight) and annual average cncentratins f PM2.5 are detailed fr each statin in Table 4-5. The number f days abve the AAQ NEPM standard is als presented. The PM2.5 measurements shw that fr FY 2017/18: The 24-hur average and annual average cncentratins f PM2.5 were belw the AAQ NEPM standards at BM and Yule mnitring statins. The 24-hur average cncentratin f PM2.5 was abve the AAQ NEPM standard f 25 µg/m³ n ne day at Taplin and fur days at Richardsn. The annual average cncentratin f PM2.5 was abve the AAQ NEPM standard f 8 µg/m³ at Taplin and Richardsn. Table 4-5: Mnitring Statin ID FY 2017/18 data summary 24-hur and annual average cncentratins f PM2.5 Maximum 24-hur Number f Annual Perfrmance Perfrmance average PM2.5 days average PM2.5 (AAQ NEPM f (AAQ NEPM f cncentratin >25 µg/m³ 25 µg/m³) (µg/m³) (AAQ NEPM) A cncentratin 8 µg/m³) (µg/m³) BM Met 6.9 Met Richardsn Nt met 10.1 Nt met Taplin Nt met 11.3 Nt met Yule Met 5.8 Met Table nte: A 24-hur average PM 2.5 AAQ NEPM standard requires maximum cncentratin less than 25 µg/m³ D

25 4.2.3 PM 2.5 Timeseries Analysis A timeseries plt f the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM2.5 fr FY 2017/18 fr each mnitring statin is shwn in Figure 4-2. Figure 4-2: FY 2017/18 time series plts f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM2.5 D

26 4.3 Oxides f Nitrgen NOx was measured at the Taplin mnitring statin during FY 2017/18. NOx mnitring included nitrgen dixide (NO2), nitric xide (NO) and ttal NOX (reprted as NO2) Data Capture Data capture rates fr 1-hur average cncentratins f NOx fr the Taplin mnitring statin are detailed in Table 4-6. Taplin mnitring statin achieved quarterly and annual NOx capture rates greater than 92%, which meets the PHIC criterin f 75% data capture. Table 4-6: Mnitring Statin ID FY 2017/18 data capture summary 1-hur average cncentratins f NOx 2017/18 NOx Data Capture Rate (%) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Annual Perfrmance Taplin Met Cmparisn t Air Quality Standards The maximum measured 1-hur average and annual average cncentratins f NO2 at Taplin are detailed in Table 4-7. The NO2 measurements shw that fr FY 2017/18: The 1-hur average cncentratins f NO2 were belw the AAQ NEPM standard f 246 µg/m³. The highest 1-hur average cncentratin f NO2 crrespnds t 32% f the AAQ NEPM standard. The annual average cncentratins f NO2 were belw the AAQ NEPM standard f 62 µg/m³. The annual average cncentratin f NO2 crrespnds t 22% f the AAQ NEPM standard. The levels f NO2 measured at Taplin are lw and cnsistent with the NO2 levels measured in previus years. Table 4-7: Mnitring Statin ID FY 2017/18 data summary 1-hur average and annual average cncentratins f NO2 Maximum 1-hur average NO2 cncentratin (µg/m³) Perfrmance (AAQ NEPM f 246 µg/m³) Annual average NO2 cncentratin (µg/m³) Perfrmance (AAQ NEPM f 62 µg/m³) Taplin 77.5 Met 13.8 Met NO 2 Time Series Analysis A timeseries plt f the 1-hur average cncentratins f NO2 fr FY 2017/18 at Taplin mnitring statin is shwn in Figure 4-3. Nte that the AAQ NEPM standard is 246 µg/m³ and is nt shwn n Figure 4-3 due t the lw levels measured at the statin. Figure 4-3: FY 2017/18 time series plt f 1-hur average cncentratins f NO2 fr Taplin D

27 5. AIR QUALITY MONITORING DATA - MONITORING STATION PERFORMANCE The fllwing sectin describes the perfrmance f each mnitring statin in the Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk during the FY 2017/ Taplin The Taplin mnitring statin is lcated in Prt Hedland (Figure 2-1) and is generally representative f a residential site in Prt Hedland twnship. Parameters measured at the Taplin statin are: PM10 PM2.5 NOx Wind speed and wind directin. Taplin is the nly PHIC mnitring netwrk statin where measurements f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 are cmpared with the Taskfrce s interim guideline fr PM10. A summary f the air pllutant perfrmance f the Taplin mnitring statin is detailed in Table 5-1. Table 5-1: Pllutant PM10 PM2.5 NO2 Taplin Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary Data Capture Perfrmance Met Met Met Interim Guideline / Standard Cncentratin (µg/m³) Averaging Perid Table nte: A 10 exceedances f 24-hur average allwed per year due t industry Number f instances abve the Interim Guideline / Standard Perfrmance against Interim Guideline / Standard 70 A 24-hur 9 Met hur 65 Nt met 25 Annual 1 Nt met hur 1 Nt met 8 Annual 1 Nt met hur 0 Met 62 Annual 0 Met 5.2 BM The BM mnitring statin is lcated at Prt Hedland Airprt (Figure 2-1) and represents a backgrund mnitring site in the Prt Hedland regin. Parameters measured at the BM statin are: PM10 PM2.5 Wind speed and wind directin. A summary f the air pllutant perfrmance f the BM mnitring statin is detailed in Table 5-2. D

28 Table 5-2: Pllutant PM10 PM2.5 BM Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary Data Capture Perfrmance Met Met Cncentratin (µg/m³) Standard Averaging Perid Number f instances abve the Standard Perfrmance against Standard hur 4 Nt met 25 Annual 0 Met hur 0 Met 8 Annual 0 Met 5.3 Kingsmill The Kingsmill mnitring statin is lcated in Prt Hedland (Figure 2-1) and is generally representative f a residential mnitring site in Prt Hedland twnship. Parameters measured at the Kingsmill statin include: PM10 Wind speed and wind directin. A summary f the air pllutant perfrmance f the Kingsmill mnitring statin is detailed in Table 5-3. Table 5-3: Pllutant PM10 Kingsmill Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary Data Capture Perfrmance Met Cncentratin (µg/m³) Standard Averaging Perid Number f instances abve the Standard Perfrmance against Standard hur 103 Nt met 25 Annual 1 Nt met 5.4 Neptune The Neptune mnitring statin is lcated at Prt Hedland (Figure 2-1) and is generally representative f a residential mnitring site in the eastern part f Prt Hedland twnship. Parameters measured at the Neptune statin include: PM10 Wind speed and wind directin. A summary f the air pllutant perfrmance f the Neptune mnitring statin is detailed in Table 5-4. Table 5-4: Pllutant PM10 Neptune Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary Data Capture Perfrmance Met Cncentratin (µg/m³) Standard Averaging Perid Number f instances abve the Standard Perfrmance against Standard hur 15 Nt met 25 Annual 1 Nt met 5.5 Richardsn The Richardsn mnitring statin is lcated at Prt Hedland (Figure 2-1) and is generally representative f a residential mnitring site in the western part f Prt Hedland twnship. Parameters measured at the Richardsn statin include: PM10 PM2.5 D

29 Wind speed and wind directin. A summary f the air pllutant perfrmance f the Richardsn mnitring statin is detailed in Table 5-5. Table 5-5: Pllutant PM10 PM2.5 Richardsn Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary Data Capture Perfrmance Met Nt met Cncentratin (µg/m³) Standard Averaging Perid Number f instances abve the Standard Perfrmance against Standard hur 143 Nt met 25 Annual 1 Nt met hur 4 Nt met 8 Annual 1 Nt met 5.6 Suth Hedland The Suth Hedland mnitring statin is lcated in the Suth Hedland twnship (Figure 2-1) and is generally representative f the residential cmmunity away frm the prt. Parameters measured at the Suth Hedland statin include: PM10 Wind speed and wind directin. A summary f the air pllutant perfrmance f the Suth Hedland mnitring statin is detailed in Table 5-6. Table 5-6: Pllutant PM10 Suth Hedland Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary Data Capture Perfrmance Met Cncentratin (µg/m³) Standard Averaging Perid Number f instances abve the Standard Perfrmance against Standard hur 0 Met 25 Annual 0 Met 5.7 Wedgefield The Wedgefield mnitring statin is lcated within light industrial and residential areas (Figure 2-1) and is generally representative f the industrial area t the suth f Prt Hedland twnship. Parameters measured at the Wedgefield statin include: PM10 Wind speed and wind directin. A summary f the air pllutant perfrmance f the Wedgefield mnitring statin is detailed in Table 5-7. Table 5-7: Pllutant PM10 Wedgefield Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary Data Capture Perfrmance Met Cncentratin (µg/m³) Standard Averaging Perid Number f instances abve the Standard Perfrmance against Standard hur 88 Nt met 25 Annual 1 Nt met D

30 5.8 Yule The Yule mnitring statin is lcated 30 km away frm Prt Hedland (Figure 2-1) and is generally representative f a rural backgrund mnitring site, remved frm industrial surces. Parameters measured at the Yule statin include: PM10 PM2.5 Wind speed and wind directin. A summary f the air pllutant perfrmance f the Yule mnitring statin is detailed in Table 5-8. Table 5-8: Pllutant PM10 PM2.5 Yule Mnitring Statin Perfrmance Summary Data Capture Perfrmance Met Met Cncentratin (µg/m³) Standard Averaging Perid Number f instances abve the Standard Perfrmance against Standard hur 8 Nt met 25 Annual 0 Met hur 0 Met 8 Annual 0 Met D

31 6. PM10 TRENDS This sectin presents analysis f trends in cncentratins f PM10 measured by the Prt Hedland ambient air quality mnitring netwrk data fr the six years frm FY 2012/13 t FY 2017/ hur average cncentratins f PM 10 - Interim Guideline The number f days that the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was abve the interim guideline f 70 µg/m³ fr the last six reprting years is presented in Table 6-1 and Figure 6-1. The data shws the fllwing: Cmpared with the previus reprting year, the number f days at Taplin abve 70 µg/m³ has increased frm three days in FY 2016/17 t nine days in FY 2017/18. The average number f days abve 70 µg/m³ fr the six reprting years is just ver nine indicating that FY 2017/18 is cnsistent with the lnger-term trend. This is in cntrast t the Prt Hedland exprt tnnage that has steadily increased ver the past six reprting years (as shwn in Figure 6-1). Table 6-1: Number f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve the interim guideline at Taplin, per reprting year Mnitring Statin Interim Guideline (µg/m³) FY 2012/13 Number f days abve Interim Guideline FY 2013/14 FY 2014/15 FY 2015/16 FY 2016/17 FY 2017/18 Taplin 70 A Table nte: A 10 exceedances f 24-hur average allwed per year due t industry Figure 6-1: Number f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve the interim guideline and Prt Hedland exprt tnnage fr each year frm FY 2012/13 t FY 2017/18 D

32 hur Average PM 10 - AAQ NEPM Standard The number f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 at each Prt Hedland mnitring statin abve the AAQ NEPM standard f 50 µg/m³ fr each reprting year is presented in Table 6-2 and Figure 6-2. The data shws the fllwing: In FY 2017/18: There were n 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve the AAQ NEPM standard f 50 µg/m³ at Suth Hedland. Richardsn and Taplin recrded mre 24-hur average cncentratins abve the AAQ NEPM standard cmpared t all previus years. Kingsmill and Yule recrded mre 24-hur average cncentratins abve the AAQ NEPM standard cmpared t the previus FY (FY 2016/17) BM, Neptune, Suth Hedland and Wedgefield recrded fewer 24-hur average cncentratins abve the AAQ NEPM standard than the previus FY (FY 2016/17). Over the six years, the number f 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 abve the AAQ NEPM standard at each mnitring statin shw the fllwing trends: BM, Kingsmill, Neptune, Suth Hedland, Wedgefield and Yule mnitring statins shw a general decreasing trend ver the past fur years. In years prir t FY 2016/17, the Taplin mnitring statin shwed a relatively steady trend in the number f 24-hur average cncentratins abve the AAQ NEPM standard. In FY 2016/17, the number was lwer than average, whereas in FY 2017/18 the number f 24-hur average cncentratins abve the standard was higher than the average. The Richardsn mnitring statin shws an increasing trend in the number f 24-hur average cncentratins abve the AAQ NEPM standard, especially ver the last tw reprting years. This may be in part due t urban develpment changes that have ccurred near the Richardsn statin in the past few years. Table 6-2: Summary f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve the AAQ NEPM standard fr the last six reprting years Mnitring Statin BM AAQ NEPM Standard (µg/m³) FY 2012/13 Number f days abve the AAQ NEPM standard FY 2013/14 FY 2014/15 FY 2015/16 FY 2016/17 FY 2017/ Kingsmill Neptune Richardsn Suth Hedland Taplin Wedgefield Yule D

33 Figure 6-2: Number f the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 abve the AAQ NEPM standard fr each reprting year 6.3 Annual average cncentratin f PM 10 AAQ NEPM Standard An annual average standard fr PM10 was intrduced int the AAQ NEPM in Accrdingly, the annual average cncentratins f PM10 at each Prt Hedland mnitring statin fr the last three reprting years have been cmpared with the standard in Table 6-3 and Figure 6-3. The data shws the fllwing in relatin t annual average cncentratins f PM10 ver the past three reprting years (FY 2015/16 t FY 2017/18): Neptune, Suth Hedland and Wedgefield statins shw a slight decreasing trend Bm, Kingsmill, Taplin and Yule statins shw a relatively steady trend The Richardsn statin shwed an increasing trend. It is nted that urban develpment changes have ccurred near the Richardsn statin that may have cntributed t the trend at this site. Table 6-3: Summary f annual average cncentratins f PM10 fr the last three reprting years Mnitring Statin BM AAQ NEPM Standard (µg/m³) FY 2012/13 Annual average cncentratin f PM10 (µg/m³) FY 2013/14 FY 2014/15 FY FY 2015/16 A 2016/17 FY 2017/ Kingsmill Neptune Richardsn Nt required t be reprted Suth Hedland Taplin Wedgefield Yule Table nte: A AAQ NEPM annual average standard fr PM 10 was intrduced in 2016 D

34 Figure 6-3: Annual average cncentratins f PM10 fr the last three financial years 6.4 PM 10 Statistics The fllwing summary statistics fr 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 are displayed graphically in Appendix A fr the past six reprting years: maximum 99 th percentile 98 th percentile 95 th percentile 50 th percentile. The graphs in Appendix A shw the fllwing: Maximum 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 shw a decreasing trend at all mnitring statins ver the six reprting years 99 th, 98 th and 95 th percentile 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 shw a slightly decreasing r stable trend at all mnitring statins ver the six reprting years 50 th percentile 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 exhibit a generally stable trend at all mnitring statins ver the six reprting years. D

35 7. INVESTIGATION OF PM10 EVENTS 7.1 Investigatin methdlgy The Taskfrce interim guideline fr 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 allws fr ten days abve 70 µg/m³ at Taplin as a result f industry. The fllwing methdlgy is used t determine whether an exceedance f the Taskfrce interim guideline at Taplin was caused by industry. Under the methdlgy, an event day is nt cunted where it can be demnstrated t be a result f reginal dust r a lcal dust surce ther than industry. Step 1. Determine whether the event is likely t be "reginal" r "lcal" a) A "reginal" event ccurs when the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin is greater than 70 µg/m³ and the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at BM mnitring statin is greater than 60 µg/m³. Reginal events are nt caused by industry and s are nt cunted as an exceedance f the Taskfrce interim guideline. The backgrund mnitring statin at Yule is als cnsidered when determining reginal events. b) A "lcal" event ccurs when the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin is greater than 70 µg/m³ and the 24-hur cncentratin f PM10 at BM mnitring statin is less than 60 µg/m³. c) Further identificatin f lcal versus reginal events cnsiders the percentile range f the value measured at BM and Yule cmpared t the FY 2017/18 dataset. Cncurrent 24-hur average cncentratins at the ther PHIC mnitring statins are als extracted t investigate a reginal cmpnent t the event. Step 2. Fr each "lcal" event, the likelihd that Prt Hedland industry cntributed t the cncentratin f PM10 abve 70µg/m³ has been investigated thrugh analysis with meterlgical cnditins (using wind rses, plar frequency plts and time series discussed in Sectin 7.1.1) and the Prt Hedland industry 'arc f influence'. a) The Prt Hedland industry arc f influence is defined as any wind directin that has the ptential t carry emissins frm industry t the Taplin mnitring statin. The Prt Hedland industry arc f influence at Taplin is shwn in Figure 7-1 (shaded area) and represents wind directins between 115 and 290. It is pssible fr events t ccur due reginal influences like bushfires, lcal activities such as industry r lcal activities that are nt related t industry. It is als pssible that a cmbinatin f the abve may ccur during ne event. D

36 Figure 7-1: Prt Hedland industry arc f influence (shaded area) at Taplin mnitring statin Graphical presentatin f event days The likelihd that Prt Hedland industry cntributed t the cncentratin f PM10 abve 70µg/m³ has been investigated thrugh analysis with meterlgical cnditins. The 10-minute average data has been used t prvide the best reslutin. The fllwing types f graphs have been used: Wind rses Plar frequency plts Time series. A wind rse is a tl used t illustrate the frequency and intensity f a given wind speed and its directin at a chsen lcatin. In the fllwing sectins, the 10-minute average wind speed and vectr-averaged wind directin measurements fr the event days at Taplin are shwn. Wind speeds have been gruped based n the data range fr each day. Wind directin is gruped int sixteen, 22.5 degree sectrs that represent all pssible wind directins. All wind rse graphs have the same wind speed scale and clurs. A plar plt shws the dependence f cncentratins f PM10 n wind speed and wind directin as measured at the Taplin mnitring statin during each event day (10-minute average data has been used t increase reslutin). The clur scale represents the average cncentratin f PM10 with cncentratins higher than 200 µg/m³ shwn in red graduating t lwer cncentratins, which are shwn in range, yellw, green and then blue. All plar plts have the PM10 clur scale fr ease f cmparisn. The placement n the plar plt reflects the wind speed and wind directin at the time f measurement. Measurements during strnger winds are placed further frm the centre with each ring denting an increment in wind speeds. The wind directin at the time f measurement is reflected by pltting the pint relative t its directin frm nrth. It shuld be nted that the PM10 cncentratin is the average f the 10-minute data fr each wind speed grup and wind directin sectr. A time series plt is a tl used t illustrate the change ver time. Time series plts fr PM10 cncentratin, wind directin and wind speed at the Taplin mnitring statin and have been prduced fr each event day. Again, the 10-minute average data has been used t increase reslutin and each event day plt has the same scale. D

37 7.2 Overview Table 7-1 details the nine days when the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 was abve 70 µg/m³ at Taplin during FY 2017/18. Cncentratins f PM10 at BM and Yule fr the same time perid are als displayed. The likely cause f the PM10 event day is detailed in Table 7-1 as determined by the methdlgy in Sectin 7.1. The analysis shws fr the fllwing fr the nine event days in FY 2017/18: Fur days were the result f lcal (industry) surces Three days were the result f bth a lcal (industry) surce and a reginal event One day was the result f bth lcal (industry) and lcal (nn-industry) surces One day was the result f lcal (nn-industry) surces. Table 7-1 Date Summary f 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 abve 70 µg/m³ 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule 20 Octber Lcal (industry) Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 26 Nvember Lcal (industry) and Reginal 14 December Lcal (industry) and Reginal 15 December Lcal (nn-industry) 16 December Lcal (industry) and Reginal 30 December Lcal (industry) 9 January Lcal (industry) 25 January Lcal (industry) 15 February n data Lcal (industry and nn-industry) D

38 Octber 2017 Date 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 20 Octber Lcal (industry) On the 20 Octber 2017, the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was 76.8 µg/m³, 33.1 µg/m³ at BM and 24.2 µg/m³ at Yule, which indicates a lcal event ccurring at Taplin. A wind rse and PM10 plar frequency plt f the Taplin data fr 20 Octber 2017 is shwn in Figure 7-2 and a time series plt f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM and wind speed and wind directin at Taplin is shwn in Figure 7-3. The figures indicate the fllwing: Winds n 20 Octber 2017 were mainly frm the sutheast, suthwest and nrthwest quadrants. Winds were strngest (5 7 m/s) frm the sutheast quadrant. The PM10 plar frequency plt indicates that the highest 10-minute average cncentratins f PM10 (red and range areas) ccurred when the wind was relatively light (<3 m/s) and frm either the west-nrthwest r suthwest (within the industry arc f influence). The time series plts fr the 20 Octber 2017 shw that cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were elevated in the early mrning (between 02:00 and 06:00) and in the evening (between 18:00 and 20:00). A very large 10-minute average spike (>500 µg/m³) ccurred at 23:00. Cncentratins f PM10 at BM were lwer than at Taplin n 20 Octber 2017, especially during the elevated perids at Taplin described abve. During the early mrning, winds were frm the suthwest (within the industry arc f influence) and less than 3 m/s. As the mrning prgressed, the winds shifted t a sutheast and increased in speed t between 4 and 6 m/s. In the afternn and evening the winds shifted frm the sutheast t the nrth and then t the suthwest and gradually decreased in speed t less than 2 m/s. Overall n 20 Octber 2017, winds were frm the directin f industry at the times when cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were elevated. At the same time, lw cncentratins f PM10 were measured at BM. Therefre, this has been classified as a lcal industry event. D

39 Figure 7-2: Wind rse (left) and PM10 plar plt (right) n 20 Octber 2017 at Taplin Figure 7-3: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 20 Octber 2017 D

40 Nvember 2017 Date 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 26 Nvember Lcal (industry) and Reginal On the 26 Nvember 2017, the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was 76.5 µg/m³, 47.8 µg/m³ at BM and 45.0 µg/m³ at Yule. The relatively high cncentratin at Taplin cmpared t the ther tw sites suggests a ptential lcal event ccurring at Taplin. It is als relevant t nte that the cncentratins at BM and Yule were relatively elevated being in the 95 th percentile range fr each site s FY 2017/18 dataset. This indicates a reginal cmpnent t dust levels n the 26 Nvember Further t this, 24-hur average cncentratins f PM10 n 26 Nvember 2017 at Kingsmill, Neptune, Richardsn Street, Suth Hedland and Wedgefield (the ther PHIC netwrk sites) were 73.8 µg/m³, 63.7 µg/m³, 60.3 µg/m³, 24.0 µg/m³, 58.1 µg/m³, respectively. With the exceptin f Suth Hedland, the data frm the ther PHIC sites indicates elevated cncentratins f PM10 acrss the regin. A wind rse and PM10 plar frequency plt f the Taplin data fr 26 Nvember 2017 is shwn in Figure 7-4 and a time series plt f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM and wind speed and wind directin at Taplin is shwn in Figure 7-5. The figures indicate the fllwing: Winds n 26 Nvember 2017 were nly frm the west t nrth-nrtheast. Winds were strngest (5 7 m/s) frm the west-nrthwest t nrth-nrthwest. The PM10 plar frequency plt indicates that 10-minute average cncentratins f PM10 were relatively elevated all day (mstly range clured areas) and ccurred when winds were frm the west (within the industry arc f influence) and the nrthwest. The time series plts fr the 26 Nvember 2017 shw that cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were abve 50 µg/m³ fr the whle day. Cncentratins gradually increased in the early mrning with a sharp increase arund 05:00, which crrespnds with wind directin shifting int the arc f industry. Cncentratins then remained relatively cnstant in the middle f the day befre gradually decreasing ver the curse f the evening except fr shrt term peaks arund 15:00 and 18:00. Winds were frm utside the arc f influence during the day and evening. Cncentratins f PM10 at BM shwed a similar pattern n 26 Nvember 2017 but there was n sharp increase arund dawn (05:00) and the magnitude was generally lwer. Wind speeds were highest in the early mrning and early afternn, reaching apprximately 6 m/s, and were lwest in the middle f the day. Overall n 26 Nvember 2017, bth lcal industry surces and a reginal dust cmpnent cntributed t the elevated 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin and the event has been classified accrdingly. D

41 Figure 7-4: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 26 Nvember 2017 at Taplin Figure 7-5: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 26 Nvember 2017 D

42 December 2017 Date 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 14 December Lcal (industry) and Reginal On the 14 December 2017, the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was 73.1 µg/m³, 43.0 µg/m³ at BM and 37.3 µg/m³ at Yule. The relatively high cncentratin at Taplin cmpared t the ther tw sites suggests a ptential lcal event ccurring at Taplin. It is als relevant t nte that the cncentratins f PM10 at BM and Yule were relatively elevated. The cncentratin at BM is in the 90 th percentile range fr the FY 2017/18 dataset and Yule is in the 95 th percentile range. Similar t the event f 26 Nvember 2017, this indicates that there was likely t be a reginal cmpnent t the event n 14 December A wind rse and PM10 plar frequency plt f the Taplin data fr 14 December 2017 is shwn in Figure 7-6 and a time series plt f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM and wind speed and wind directin at Taplin is shwn in Figure 7-7. The figures indicate the fllwing: Winds n 14 December 2017 were mainly frm the west-nrthwest. Winds were greater than 4 m/s fr the majrity f hurs frm 06:00 t 18:00. The PM10 plar frequency plt indicates that 10-minute average cncentratins f PM10 were relatively elevated all day (mstly range clured areas) and ccurred when winds were frm the west t westnrthwest (inside industry arc f influence). The time series plts fr the 14 December 2017 shw that cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin steadily increased ver the day, peaking arund 13:00 befre gradually decreasing. Cncentratins f PM10 at BM shw a similar pattern t Taplin but at a lwer magnitude. The wind speeds n 14 December 2017 were strnger during the middle part f the day than during the early mrning and evening, with the highest wind speed (6 m/s) ccurring at the same time as the highest cncentratin f PM10. Winds were frm the edge f the industry arc during the day. Overall n 14 December 2017, bth lcal industry surces and a reginal dust cmpnent cntributed t the elevated 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin and the event has been classified accrdingly. D

43 Figure 7-6: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 14 December 2017 at Taplin Figure 7-7: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 14 December 2017 D

44 December 2017 Date 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 15 December Lcal (nn-industry) On the 15 December 2017, the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was 73.5 µg/m³, 33.5 µg/m³ at BM and 33.0 µg/m³ at Yule, which indicates a lcal event ccurring at Taplin. A wind rse and PM10 plar frequency plt f the Taplin data fr 15 December 2017 is shwn in Figure 7-8 and a time series plt f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM and wind speed and wind directin at Taplin is shwn in Figure 7-9. The figures indicate the fllwing: Winds n 15 December 2017 were mainly frm the west t nrthwest. Winds were greater than 4 m/s fr mst f the day with strng winds (6 m/s) ccurring frm the nrthwest. The PM10 plar frequency plt indicates that 10-minute average cncentratins f PM10 were relatively elevated all day (mstly range clured areas) The time series plts fr the 15 December 2017 shw that cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were between µg/m³ fr mst f the mrning. At arund 15:00 the cncentratins f PM10 reached a lw f 40 µg/m befre gradually increasing t a peak at 19:00 when winds were utside the industry arc. Cncentratins f PM10 at BM shw a similar increase during the afternn but cncentratins at ther times were lwer than measured at Taplin. The wind speeds n 15 December 2017 were strng. Winds increased ver the mrning t a sustained peak f greater than 6 m/s in the later afternn and early evening. Winds were frm just within the industry arc f influence in the early mrning and just utside the industry arc f influence during the day and evening. Overall n 15 December 2017, a lcal surce utside f the industry arc f influence cntributed t elevated cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin. D

45 Figure 7-8: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 15 December 2017 at Taplin Figure 7-9: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 15 December 2017 D

46 December 2017 Date 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 16 December Lcal (industry) and Reginal On the 16 December 2017, the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was 81.0 µg/m³, 41.6 µg/m³ at BM and 38.8 µg/m³ at Yule. The relatively high cncentratin at Taplin cmpared t the ther tw sites suggests a ptential lcal event ccurring at Taplin. It is als relevant t nte that the cncentratins at BM and Yule are relatively elevated being in the 90 th and 95 th percentile range fr each site s dataset, respectively. This indicates a reginal cmpnent t dust n the 16 December A wind rse and PM10 plar frequency plt f the Taplin data fr 16 December 2017 is shwn in Figure 7-10 and a time series plt f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM and wind speed and wind directin at Taplin is shwn in Figure The figures indicate the fllwing: Winds n 16 December 2017 were mainly frm the nrthwest and west-nrthwest. Winds were generally strng fr mst f the day (>4 m/s) with strngest winds (6 m/s) ccurring frm the nrthwest. The PM10 plar frequency plt indicates that 10-minute average cncentratins f PM10 were relatively elevated all day (mstly range clured areas) The time series plts fr the 16 December 2017 shw that cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were high ( µg/m³) in the mrning (00:00 t 10:00). Cncentratins f PM10 gradually decreased during the day befre trending upwards again in the evening including a spike arund 19:00. Cncentratins f PM10 at BM shw similar levels during the day (11:00 15:00) and a spike in the evening (19:00) but cncentratins at ther times (mrning and late evening) were lwer than measured at Taplin. The wind speeds n 16 December 2017 were strng. Winds were cnsistent and between 3-4 m/s in the mrning, strengthened during the day t ver 6 m/s befre reducing back t arund 4 m/s in the evening. Winds were cnsistently frm either just within the industry arc f influence (early mrning and late evening) and just utside the arc f influence during the late mrning, day and afternn. Overall n 16 December 2017, bth industry and a reginal cmpnent cntributed t 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin. D

47 Figure 7-10: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 16 December 2017 at Taplin Figure 7-11: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 16 December 2017 D

48 December 2017 Date 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 30 December Lcal (industry) On the 30 December 2017, the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was 71.9 µg/m³, 30.2 µg/m³ at BM and 34.0 µg/m³ at Yule, which indicates a lcal event ccurring at Taplin. A wind rse and PM10 plar frequency plt f the Taplin data fr 30 December 2017 is shwn in Figure 7-12 and a time series plt f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM and wind speed and wind directin at Taplin is shwn in Figure The figures indicate the fllwing: Winds n 30 December 2017 were predminantly frm the nrthwest. Winds were strngest (5 7 m/s) frm the nrthwest. Infrequent lighter winds (<3m/s) ccurred frm the sutheast t west. The PM10 plar frequency plt indicates 10-minute average cncentratins f PM10 were elevated all day (mstly range clured areas) and ccurred when winds were frm the sutheast t west (within the industry arc f influence) and the wind speed was less than 4 m/s. The time series plts fr the 30 December 2017 shw that cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were highest during the early mrning (between 02:00 and 06:00) and cnsistently abve 50 µg/m³. Cncentratins f PM10 at BM n 30 December 2017 were cnsistently less than 50 µg/m³. During the early mrning, winds were frm the suthwest t sutheast (within the industrial activity arc f influence) and relatively light. As the mrning prgressed, the winds shifted t the nrthwest and strengthened t 6 m/s. In the afternn and int evening the winds stayed in the same directin but gradually decreased in speed. Overall n 30 December 2017, winds were frm the directin f the industry at the times when cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were elevated. At the same time, lw cncentratins f PM10 were measured at BM. It is therefre likely that industry cntributed t 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 n 30 December 2017 at Taplin. D

49 Figure 7-12: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 30 December 2017 at Taplin Figure 7-13: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 30 December 2017 D

50 7.9 9 January 2018 Date 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 9 January Lcal (industry) On the 9 January 2018, the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was 71.9 µg/m³, 42.8 µg/m³ at BM and 36.4 µg/m³ at Yule. The relatively high cncentratin at Taplin cmpared t the ther tw sites suggests a ptential lcal event ccurring at Taplin. It is als relevant t nte that the cncentratins at BM and Yule are relatively elevated being in the 90 th percentile range fr each site s dataset. This indicates a reginal cmpnent t dust n the 9 January A wind rse and PM10 plar frequency plt f the Taplin data fr 9 January 2018 is shwn in Figure 7-14 and a time series plt f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM and wind speed and wind directin at Taplin is shwn in Figure The figures indicate the fllwing: Winds n 9 January 2018 were generally frm the west-suthwest t nrthwest. Infrequent winds als ccurred frm mst ther directins. Winds were strngest (5-7 m/s) frm the nrthwest. Lighter winds (<3m/s) ccurred frm the west and west-suthwest. The PM10 plar frequency plt indicates the highest 10-minute average cncentratins f PM10 (darker range clured areas) ccurred when winds were frm the suth and west-suthwest (within the industry arc f influence). The time series plts fr 9 January 2018 shw that cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were highest during the early mrning (between 02:00 and 06:00) and in the evening (between 18:00 and 21:00). Cncentratins f PM10 at BM n 9 January 2018 shwed a similar trend t Taplin except fr lack f elevated early mrning cncentratins and a generally lwer magnitude. During the early mrning, winds were relatively light (between 2-4 m/s) frm the west-suthwest t suth (within the industrial activity arc f influence). Winds increased in speed during the day up t 6 m/s and shifted t a nrthwest. In the afternn and int evening the winds shift back twards the suth and west and decreased in speed. Overall n 9 January 2018, winds were frm the directin f industry at the times when cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin was elevated (early mrning and evening). It is therefre likely that industry cntributed t the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 n 9 January 2018 at Taplin. D

51 Figure 7-14: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 9 January 2018 at Taplin Figure 7-15: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 9 January 2018 D

52 January 2015 Date 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 25 January Lcal (industry) On the 25 January 2018, the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was 74.6 µg/m³, 49.2 µg/m³ at BM and 29.1 µg/m³ at Yule. The relatively high cncentratin at Taplin cmpared t the ther tw sites suggests a ptential lcal event ccurring at Taplin. It is als relevant t nte that the cncentratin at BM is relatively elevated being in the 95 th range fr the dataset. This indicates a reginal cmpnent t dust n the 25 January A wind rse and PM10 plar frequency plt f the Taplin data fr 25 January 2018 is shwn in Figure 7-16 and a time series plt f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM and wind speed and wind directin at Taplin is shwn in Figure The figures indicate the fllwing: Winds n 25 January 2018 were predminantly frm the west-nrthwest. Frequent winds als ccurred frm the nrtheast and suthwest. Winds were strngest (5->7 m/s) frm the nrtheast and nrthwest. Lighter winds (<3m/s) ccurred frm the sutheast and suthwest. The PM10 plar frequency plt indicates that the highest 10-minute average cncentratins f PM10 (dark range clured areas) ccurred when winds were frm the suth (within the industry arc f influence). The time series plts fr the 25 January 2018 shw that cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were highest during the mrning (arund 06:00) but were cnsistently abve 50 µg/m³ thrughut the day. Cncentratins f PM10 at BM n 25 January 2018 were elevated in the early mrning (03:00 and 04:00) and arund midday. During the early mrning (03:00), strng winds were bserved frm the nrtheast. As the mrning prgressed, the wind speed drpped t arund 3 m/s and shifted t the suth (within the industrial activity arc f influence). The wind speeds cntinued t increase as the day prgressed t arund 5-6 m/s and shifted t a nrthwest by midday. Overall n 25 January 2018, with winds were frm the directin f industry at the times when cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were elevated. It is therefre likely that industry cntributed t the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 n 25 January 2018 at Taplin. D

53 Figure 7-16: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 25 January 2018 at Taplin Figure 7-17: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 25 January 2018 D

54 February 2018 Date 24-hur average PM10 (µg/m³) Taplin BM Yule Likely cause (as determined by methdlgy presented in Sectin 7.1) 15 February n data Lcal (industry and nn-industry) On the 15 February 2018, the 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin was 71.0 µg/m³ and 37.9 µg/m³ at BM (n data available fr Yule due t a cyclne shutdwn), which indicates a lcal event ccurring at Taplin. A wind rse and PM10 plar frequency plt f the Taplin data fr 15 February 2018 is shwn in Figure 7-18 and a time series plt f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM and wind speed and wind directin at Taplin is shwn in Figure The figures indicate the fllwing: Winds n 15 February 2018 were predminantly frm the west-nrthwest. Frequent winds als ccurred frm the nrtheast, west and west-suthwest. Winds were strngest frm the west-nrthwest and nrthwest. Lighter winds (<3m/s) ccurred frm ther directins. The PM10 plar frequency plt indicates that the highest 10-minute average cncentratins f PM10 (dark range and range clured areas) ccurred when winds were frm the suthwest (within industry arc f influence) and the nrthwest t nrth-nrtheast (utside the industry arc). The time series plts fr the 15 February 2018 shws that cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin were high in the early mrning and gradually decreased t apprximately 50 µg/m³ befre spiking arund 13:00 and then drpping back t apprximately 50 µg/m³ fr the rest f the day. Cncentratins f PM10 at BM n 15 February 2018 shw a similar pattern but with a lesser magnitude than Taplin. During the mrning, winds were frm the industrial activity arc f influence and less than 2 m/s. As the day prgressed, the winds increased in speed t arund 6 m/s and shifted t be frm the nrth and nrthwest. Overall n 15 February 2018, it is likely that bth lcal industry and nn-industry surces cntributed t 24-hur average cncentratin f PM10 at Taplin. D

55 Figure 7-18: Wind rse (left) and PM10 rse (right) n 15 February 2018 at Taplin Figure 7-19: Time series f cncentratins f PM10 at Taplin and BM (tp) and wind speed at Taplin (middle) and wind directin at Taplin (bttm) n 15 February 2018 D