Avalanche accidents in back country terrain ofthe Swiss alps: New investigations of a 30 year database
|
|
- Chloe Hood
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Avalanche accidents in back cuntry terrain fthe Swiss alps: New investigatins f a 3 year database Stephan Harvey *, Chatrigna Signrell Swiss Federal Institute fr Snw and Avalanche Research (SLF), Davs Manuel Genswein Rescue and Survival Abstract: Mre than 1 avalanche incidents invlving skiers, snwbarders and muntaineers in the back cuntry terrain f the Swiss Alps have been filed in an electrnic database. New results cncerning accidents n ski-turs and ut fbund-skiing (ff-piste) can be presented. 95 % ff all avalanche accidents were human triggered. In 6 % f the cases the first persn in the slpe triggered the avalanche. In 3 % fthe accidents ski tracks frm the same day fthe avalanche were present in the slpe, in 1 % lder ski tracks were fund in the slpe. Althugh the same amunt faccidents n ski-turs ccurred n descent as n ascent, 5 % mre peple gt caught while ascending. The typical victim is male, between 17 and 3 years ld. Fatal avalanches are larger than thse where nbdy gt killed. Analysis f cmplete burials shws that peple are mre affected n multiple burials than expected. On 24 days in the last 3 years 4 r mre avalanche accidents happened n a single day. Many accident -days ccurred after new snw, strng winds with weak snw pack layers. In 2 % f the days there was neither a significant amunt f new snw, nr strng winds, but an increase f temperature. On these days the mean predicted avalanche danger was the lwest. Keywrds: avalanche accident, avalanche incident, avalanche accident statistics, avalanche frecast, avalanche bulletin, avalanche danger degree. 1. Intrductin Over the last years an avalanche data base was develped at the Swiss Federal Institute fr Snw and Avalanche Research (SFISAR). This unique data base cntains all knwn naturally triggered avalanches causing damage ver 1 years and all human triggered avalanche incidents in back cuntry terrain f the last 3 years. It cntains ttally rund 11 ' datasets. The statistics presented here draw n the data base f all recreatinal avalanche accidents frm 197 t This kind f avalanches includes all avalanche accidents where peple n tur r ff-piste (e.g. skiers, snwbarders, muntaineers, etc.) gt caught. Ttally 2649 peple were invlved (677 died, 1986 survived) in 157 separate incidents. 95 % f them were human triggered,s % naturally. The avalanche accidents were analysed in a first part with Crrespnding authr address: Stephan Harvey, Swiss Federal Institute fr Snw and Avalanche Research, Fliielastrasse 11, CH-726 Davs Drf, Switzerland; tel: ; fax: ; harvey@slf.ch. a fcus n new evaluatins. In a secnd part a cmparisn f the recreatinal accidents with snw and weather parameters f bservatin statins frm the SFISAR is presented. The results base n studies fsignrell (21). 2. New results f recreatinal avalanche accidents 2.1 SpatiaL and tempral distributin An analysis f the areas in Switzerland where recreatinal accidents ccurred, shws that in the regin fdavs much mre happened than in all the ther larger ski resrts f the cuntry (Signrell, 21). Whereas the number f fatal incidents in Davs des nt shw this tendency. This can be explained by the fact that the SFISAR gets t knw f nearly all avalanche incidents in the regin, whereas frm ther areas the infrmatin f nnfatal avalanches is nt always transferred t the institute. Therefre we assume that there is a large. estimated number f unknwn cases were peple gt caught, but nbdy was badly injured. With the cmparisn f fatal accidents between Davs and ther ski resrts a estimated number f unknwn
2 Internatinal Snw Science Wrkshp (22: Pentictn, B.C.) nn-fatal cases f abut 65 % was estimated This percentage turned ut t be a little higher than the estimatin by Tschirky et al. (2) (smewhat belw 5 %). Since % f all recreatinal avalanche accidents ccur during the winter mnths Nvember t April (Figure 1), 1 % mre than in Canada (Jamiesn and Geldsetzer, 1996). 5 % f all accidents happen n a weekend day (Saturday r Sunday). During the week there are n significant differences in the days (Figure 2). 35 (J) Q) (J) 25 OJ u a 2 Q; 15. E :::J z 1 5 ::::r 4 t,." :: ', -' k -. n g :f % ] i?'?' -'= c..a 2: LL Figure 1: Number f recreatinal accidents fr each mnth frm 197 t VI., 36.. VI 26-2., E ::> 6 z >-- >--,.., >-- >-- c, Ii l ] i E E 8 Z ::; =.,., il c t=- = >-- ""' c, (J) Figur 2: Number f recreatinal accidents fr each weekday frm 197 t Ttal burials Frm 2649 caught peple in recreatinal avalanche accidents 698 were cmpletely buried and culd nt be fund due t visible parts. T further develpment f avalanche transceivers and fr rescue teams, statistics with this number f burials are f interest. Burial depth f all cmpletely buried peple are deeper than in investigatins f Tschiky (2), because the presented results in this paper relay n a database cntaining peple wh were nt fund due t visible parts. The median burial depth f all 698 cmpletely buried peple is 1 em. The depth fr survival peple is 7 em, the ne fr dead 12 em. Cmpletely buried peple (698 cases) All (tur: 471; Dead (tur: Survived (tur: ff-piste: ; ff-piste: 128; ff-piste: cases) 144 cases) 83 cases 1 em 12 em 7 em Table 1: Median burial depth f cmpletely buried peple fund withut visible parts. Burial depth fr turing and ff-piste terrain are the same. 27 % f all avalanche accidents, where peple were nt fund due t visible parts, include multiple burials. Fr accidents n turs 35 % were multiple burials, fr ff-piste 16 %. Therefre in tw f tree avalanche accidents n turs nly ne persn is ttally buried. In casualties pint fview, 61 % fall buried peple n turs are invlved in multiple burials. Apprximately 1;4 are buried with 4 r mre peple. In ff-piste terrain arund 3 % are invlved in multiple burials and 4 % are buried with 4 r mre peple (Table 2 and 3). 45
3 Turs Off-piste Ttal Rescue and Survival Number f Number f Number f Number f Number f Number f Number f burials Accidents affected peple Accidents affected peple Accidents affected peple Ttal Table 2: Number faccidents and affected peple fr multiple bunals (cmpletely bmed peple fund Withut visible parts frm 197 t 1999). Turs Off-piste Ttal Number f Cases affected peple Cases affected peple Cases affected peple burials % % % % % % Ttal Table 3: Percentage f accidents and affected peple fr multiple bunals (cmpletely buned peple fund withut visible parts frm 197 t 1999). If peple get buried cmpletely by an avalanche the chance is quite high that mre than ne persn is buried. 2.3 Avalanche size ffatal and nn-fatal accidents Between fatal and nn-fatal recreatinal accidents there are significant differences cncerning verall length and width fthe avalanches (Figure 3 and 4). The smaller the avalanche the bigger is the chance t ski ut f it. The prbability fr lwer burial depth is als higher. As described in previus chapter the burial depth fr survival peple is much lwer (7 cm) than in fatal cases (12 cm). The mean fracture depth is the same fr fatal and nn-fatal avalanches (Figure 5), namely arund 5 cm. This crrespnds t the depth at which a persn can induce easily a failure in a week layer (Schweizer, 1998). Cmparisns between ski tur and ff-piste (Schweizer et ai., 2) and als between the different avalanche danger degrees (Harvey, 22) did neither shw any significant differences in the mean fracture depth. I---!------=====:--- fatal nn-fatal Figure 3: Overall avalanche length f fatal and nnfatal recreatinal accidents frm 197 t
4 Internatinal Snw Science Wrkshp (22: Pentictn, B.C.) 35 " ' z 5 1% 6% 8 nt-fatal Figure 4: Avalanche width f fatal and nn-fatal recreatinal accidents frm 197 t "' N Existing traces Figure 6: Existing traces in an avalanche slpe befre the accident. Ttal number f cases with accrding data: 517. On ski turs the amunt f accidents which ccurred n descents is slightly higher than n ascents. But the number f caught peple and the number f fatalities is clearly lwer (Figure 7 + 8). 5% mre peple get caught while ascending. Avalanche accidents with several fatalities happen very ften while ascending. 2.4 Triggering fatal nn fatal Figure 5: Mean fracture depth f fatal and nn-fatal recreatinal accidents frm 197 t /3 f all recreatinal avalanche accidents in Switzerland get triggered n turs, 1/3 ff-piste. In 6 % f the cases the avalanche slpe had n visible traces befre the accident and the avalanche gt triggered by the first persn skiing the slpe. In 3 % the slpe was skied already n the same day f the accident. Only 1 % f all accidents ccurred while ascending in an existing track (Figure 6). en 'E 4 - '13 u<ti ' 2 Q5. 1 E :::J Z Turing descent <1> 274 Kind f activity Turing ascent Figure 7: Number f accidents n ski turs n descents and ascents. Ttal number f cases with accrding data:
5 Rescue and Survival a. 6 ' 4. E::J Z 2.5 Damage t peple 8j :;::::=====:::l N g 2 Descent Ascent Kind f activity Figure 8: Nwnber f caught and dead peple n ascents and descents. Number f peple with accrding data: caught: 1577; dead: 455. Mstly males between 17 and 3 years are invlved in avalanche accidents (Figure 9). In 3 % fthe cases the size fthe grup causing the accident cnsists f 2 peple, t 16 % f 3 peple and t after all 12 % f lners. 8 % fcmpletely buried lners died in the avalanche. Fr all cmpletely buried peple this part is 5 % (Tschirky et al.,2). Therefre the chance t survive in an avalanche is significantly lwer fr lners, ifttally buried. Turing Off-piste Ttal Snw parameters: New snw (HN; cm) Ttal snw depth (HS; cm) Temperature fsnw (TS; c) Weather parameters: Wind velcity (kts) Air temperature (TA; c) Days with fur r mre recreatinal avalanche accidents (24 days with ttally 128 accidents) were defined as avalanche days and were cmpared with bservatin statins. Therefre fr each accident site the measured data f the nearest bserver was cnsidered in the analysis. Fr the statistical evaluatin the snw and weather data were transfrmed t fllwing nine parameters which were used fr a cluster analysis: Swn fnew snw 7 days back (sum HN) Swn fnew snw 3 days back (3d HN) Swn f new snw f the first 4 days ut f 7 (4dHN) Percentage f ttal snw depth t lng time mean (% HS) Air temperature difference frm accident day t day befre (TA diff6/7) Snw temperature difference frm accident day t day befre (TS diff6/7) Swn f wind velcities 7 days back (sum wind; ne measurement per day) Sum fwind velcities 3 days back (3d wind); ne measurement per day Swn f wind velcities f the first 4 days ut f7 (4d wind); ne measurement per day. '-r , , ,j Figure 9: Age f caught peple in recreatinal avalanche accidents n turs and ff-piste. Ttal number fpeple cnsidered: Cmparisn f avalanche days with snw and weatherparameters The avalanche warning service f the SFISAR is based n an avalanche and snw bserver netwrk cvering the whle Swiss alpine area. Abut 8 human bservers wh measure fllwing snw and weather parameters which were used fr cmparisn in this study: The percentage f ttal snw depth t the lng time mean (% HS) is an indicatr fr a brief evaluatin f the quality f the snw cver (e.g. a lw percentage indicates unusually little amunt f snw and therefre a higher prbability fr snw metamrphism and frmatin fdepth har). Fr each avalanche day the mean f the nine parameters abve f each accident was calculated. With a cluster analysis (k-means methd) 5 clusters culd be evaluated with similar avalanche days cncerning the nine parameters. In Figure 1 t 13 the distributin f the relevant parameters fr avalanche frmatin (new snw, temperature, relative ttal snw depth and wind) is displayed fr each cluster. 453
6 Internatinal Snw Science Wrkshp (22: Pentictn, B.C.) 7 6 i 4 f s 3-2 iii 1 Figure 1: Distributin f sum f new snw 7 days back fr each cluster (sum HN). 15!! _.- en 1 I.. 5- ' Cluster Figure 11: Distributin f percentage f ttal snw depth t lng time mean (% HS) iii I) -'_.!! Cluster Figure 12: Distributin f air temperature difference frm accident day t day befre (TA diff617) Cluster Figure 13: Distributin f Sum f wind velcities 7 days back (sum wind). The fllwing temperatures referring t 2 m abve see level ccurred in the mrning fr each cluster: Cluster 1: -6 C Cluster 2: -12 C Cluster 3: -1 C Cluster 4: -9 C Cluster 5: -1 C The resulting 5 clusters can be described as fllwing: - Cluster 1: Temperature rise and sparse new snw 23 Accidents spread ver 4 days were put int this cluster. The mean 3d HN was nly 1 cm. It's the nly grup with a rise f air and snw temperature n the accident day. In 2 cases the predicted avalanche danger degree was "lw". - Cluster 2: Lts f new snw (specially 3d HN) and cld temperatures 25 accidents spread ver 5 days were put int cluster 2. The largest amunt f new snw fell during the 3 days befre the accident (n an average f 36 cm). The temperatures were cld (all mean temperatures belw -1 C at 2 m abve see level). - Cluster 3: relatively weak snw cver, mderate amunt f new snw and winds, cld temperatures. 45 accidents spread ver 7 days were put int this cluster. As in cluster 5 the percentage f ttal snw depth is als lw and indicates a bad stratigraphy in the snw cver. 454
7 - Cluster 4: Strng winds On 3 days 17 accidents ccurred in this cluster. The mst characteristic parameter in this cluster are the strng winds which caused dangerus wind drifted snw. - Cluster 5: catastrphe cluster 18 accidents spread ver 4 days were put int this cluster. The largest amunt f new snw was measured and the winds were medium. The mean snw cver is indicated t be the weakest f all clusters. In this cluster many relevant factrs fr avalanche frmatin were given. Frm 197 t 1999 "nly" n 24 days mre than 3 recreatinal accidents happened in Switzerland. The weather and snw situatins befre the accidents were nt extrardinary n these days but ther circumstances matched t achieve an avalanche day. Fr example n mst f these days the weather was beautifully sunny and they ften fell n Sundays r hlidays (12 f 24 days were Sundays). On such days many peple are skiing in back cuntry terrain and therefre the ptential fr a damage t peple increases. On mst avalanche days the danger degree "cnsiderable" was predicted by the Swiss avalanche warning service. On the 1. January 1997 (cluster 1) tw accidents ccurred at danger degree "lw" and tw mre at level "mderate". Except fr the temperatures all ther snw and weather parameter were rather psitive (Sum HN = 13 em; 3d sum HN = 8 em; % HS = 136 % (the snw pack was als judged as gd by the frecasters); 3d wind = 9 knts). The temperatures n this day rse by abut 8. On the day befre -12 C was measured at 2 m, n the accident day -4 c. The nly indicatr fr an increase f the avalanche danger was the temperature rise, which is ne f the mst difficult parameter fr a frecaster and practitiner t estimate what the cnsequences are. 4. Cnclusin Fatal avalanches are significant larger than nn fatal accidents. But the mean fracture depth is the same fr all accidents and crrespnds t the ideal depth t induce a failure in a weak layer. Althugh the stress induced in the snw cver is larger n descents than n ascents, mst peple n turs get caught while ascending. The reasn is, that ascending peple ften walk quite clse t each ther and therefre mre than ne persn is situated in a dangerus zne. Furthermre n ascents yu are Rescue and Survival slwer t react and try t get ut f the avalanche. The fact that nearly 4 % f recreatinal accidents ccur in slpes with existing tracks in it shws, that reliance n existent tracks is nt the best advise. Hwever it has t be taken int cnsideratin that frm many accidents there is n infrmatin abut the existence f traces in the slpe befre the accident happened. In existing ascending tracks hardly any accidents happen. The chance f ttally buried peple t be invlved in multiple burials is higher than expected (61 % fr turs and 31 % fr ff-piste) The cmbinatin f avalanche frming parameters with sunny weather and hlidays results ften in an avalanche day. Mstly a reasnable amunt f new snw (3-6 em in 7 days) was required fr an avalanche day. But in 2 % f the days there was neither a significant amunt f new snw, nr strng winds, but an increase f temperature. 5. References Harvey, S. 22. Skifahrerlawinen und Lawinenbulletin: Ein Vergleich. Die Alpen 4/22. Schweizer Alpen Club (SAC). Jamiesn, J. B. and Geldsetzer, T Avalanche accidents in Canada - Vl. 4: Canadian Avalanche Assciatin, Revelstck BC, Canada Schweizer, J Cntributin n the rle f deficit znes r imperfectins in dry snw slab avalanche release..prceedings Internatinal Snw Science Wrkshp, Sunriver Oregn, USA, Schweizer, J. and Liitschg, M. 2. Characteristics f human triggered avalanches. Prceedings Internatinal Snw Science Wrkshp, Blue Sky MT, USA, 1-6 Octber 2. Signrell, C. 21. Skifahrerlawinenunfalle in den Schweizer Alpen. Eine Auswertung der letzten 3 Jahre. Diplmarbeit Eidg. Institut fur Schneeund Lawinenfrschung, SLF, Davs. Tschirky, F., Brabec, B. and Kern, M. 2. Avalanche rescue systems in Switzerland: experience and limitatins. Prceedings Internatinal Snw Science Wrkshp, Blue Sky MT, USA, 1-6 Octber
Tasmanian Tourism Snapshot
Tasmanian Turism Snapsht Year ending December 2014 Intrductin The Tasmanian Turism Snapsht is published every quarter, using the latest figures frm the Tasmanian Visitr Survey, the Internatinal Visitr
More informationATM Network Performance Report
Netwrk Perfrmance Reprt ATM Netwrk Perfrmance Reprt 2018. Page 1 f 17 Netwrk Perfrmance Reprt 2018 Table f cntents Summary... 3 Netwrk Wide Perfrmance... 7 Airbrne delay... 7 Netwrk Delay Rati: 2018...
More informationSki & Snowboard Group Guide. Wilmot Mountain, a Vail Resorts Company Fox River Rd. Wilmot, WI 53192
Ski & Snwbard Grup Guide Wilmt Muntain, a Vail Resrts Cmpany 11931 Fx River Rd. Wilmt, WI 53192 Phne: 262-862-2301 www.wilmtmuntain.cm WilmtMtnGrups@vailresrts.cm www.facebk.cm/wilmtmtn Welcme! We are
More informationNational Business Ethics Survey 2013 Summary - US
INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ETHICS Natinal Business Ethics Survey 2013 Summary - US Institute f Business Ethics 24 Greencat Place Lndn SW1P 1BE www.ibe.rg.uk The Natinal Business Ethics Survey f the US wrkfrce
More informationFLIGHTS OF FANCY How Wing Shape Affects Flight
FLIGHTS OF FANCY Hw Wing Shape Affects Flight Summary/Purpse: The purpse f this activity is t simulate bird flight using mdel paper planes. Students will be able t differentiate between high and lw aspect
More informationCamp Scholarship Application
Please mail all crrespndence t: Camp Fire Minnesta Attn: Camp Schlarship 429 Minnetnka Blvd. Suite 202 St. Luis Park, MN 55416 Camp Schlarship Applicatin Please review these guidelines and cmplete the
More informationConcern Worldwide Haiti
Cncern Wrldwide Haiti Transitinal Shelter Prgramme Tabarre Isse A family in their new shelter prvided by Cncern Wrldwide in Haiti Octber 2010 1 Prject Summary: Objective: T prvide safe, secure shelter
More informationManresa Island Reuse and Economic Impact Analysis Study Public Involvement Process & Summary June 2017
Manresa Island Reuse and Ecnmic Impact Analysis Study June 2017 The public invlvement prcess fr the Manresa Island Reuse Study used a variety f methds t engage key stakehlders and the public. The elements
More informationASISA STANDARD ON UNCLAIMED ASSETS
ASISA STANDARD ON UNCLAIMED ASSETS 1. Backgrund This Standard prvides guidance fr members n the treatment f unclaimed assets. The LOA Cde n Unclaimed Assets was used as the basis t develp this Standard
More informationDraft Evaluation Criteria for the Tonto National Forest Wilderness Recommendation Process
fr the Tnt Natinal Frest Wilderness Recmmendatin Prcess Intrductin When revising the Frest Plan, the Tnt Natinal Frest is required t identify and evaluate lands that may r may nt be suitable fr inclusin
More informationContact Details for Visa Information
Imprtant: This Drp Bx facility at Blue dart Centre in Guwahati is nly fr applicants wh d nt need t appear fr Bimetrics. This can be as fllws: 1. Applicants applying fr Lng Term (D-Visa) wh des NOT need
More informationUpdate report for Strangeness in Quark Matter 2019 Bari, Italy (21 years after Padova 1998)
SQM 2017 IAC meeting Utrecht (The Netherlands) July 11, 2017 Update reprt fr Strangeness in Quark Matter 2019 Bari, Italy (21 years after Padva 1998) Dmenic Elia n behalf f INFN and the University f Bari
More informationLower prices drive WA first time buyers on to the housing ladder
MEDIA RELEASE Embarged t 00.01 EST 05 December 2017 Lwer prices drive WA first time buyers n t the husing ladder Western Australia s first time buyers are injecting life int the state s prperty market,
More informationPBN Route Structure Alaska Sub-Committee AACA Co-Chair Dennis Parrish
ALASKA AIR CARRIERS ASSOCIATION 2301 Merrill Field Drive A-3, Anchrage, Alaska 99501 907-277-0071 www.alaskaaircarriers.rg PBN Rute Structure Alaska Sub-Cmmittee AACA C-Chair Dennis Parrish d.parrish@cp.cm
More informationPORTER AIRLINES INC. GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CARRIAGE
PORTER AIRLINES INC. GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CARRIAGE REVIEW ITINERARY UPON RECEIPT Please review yur travel itinerary prvided by Prter upn receipt. Yu shuld cntact Prter within 24 hurs f receipt f yur itinerary
More informationSAN DIEGO ROTARY CLUB 33 CAMP ENTERPRISE 2018 PROGRAM INFORMATION FOR
SAN DIEGO ROTARY CLUB 33 CAMP ENTERPRISE 2018 PROGRAM INFORMATION FOR WHAT IS CAMP ENTERPRISE? Since 1976 the San Dieg Unified Schl District and ther San Dieg schls have participated in Camp Enterprise,
More informationPÁTIO Horse & Lodge: Work & Travel 2017/18
PÁTIO Hrse & Ldge: Wrk & Travel 2017/18 Wrking n a Trail-Hrse Farm n Azrean Faial Island N previus riding experience required Enjy riding n an Atlantic Island in an evergreen nature Ideal lcated fr free
More informationAthens International Airport. Airport Terminal Operator Liability Stamatis Varsamos
Athens Internatinal Airprt Airprt Terminal Operatr Liability Stamatis Varsams WALA - IX Cnference January 19, 2017 1. Intrductin - Airprt terminal peratr as an agent f the carrier (Vumbaca V. Terminal
More informationLufthansa (LH) Group OB Fee on Apollo
Prduct Advisry Number: 1335 Versin: 01 Lad T Prductin: 10-Nv-11 23:00 EST 04:00 (11-Nv) GMT On Nvember 2 nd 2011, the Lufthansa Grup airlines (Austrian Airlines, bmi British Midland Airways, Brussels Airlines,
More informationQUT Digital Repository:
QUT Digital Repsitry: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/27550 CRC fr Cnstructin Innvatin (2006) Submissin t Brisbane City Cuncil : Draft Brisbane Ecnmic Develpment Plan. The Participants f the CRC fr Cnstructin
More informationAVALANCHE FLOTATION DEVICES
AVALANCHE FLOTATION DEVICES 1. ISSUE In the Coroner s Report into the deaths of Ms. Kimberly Anne Manchip and Mr. Daisuke Matsui, both of whom were caught in an avalanche and died from asphyxiation, the
More informationMODELING THE OPERATIONAL IMPACT OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AUTOMATION TOOLS:
MODELING THE OPERATIONAL IMPACT OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AUTOMATION TOOLS: A Case Study f Traffic Management Advisr Megan Smirti, Mark Hansen University f Califrnia at Berkeley NEXTOR Berkeley, CA, USA msmirti@berkeley.edu
More informationOperational Decision Tree Avalanche Forecasting
Internatinal Snw Science Wrkshp (2002: Pentictn, B.C.) Operatinal Decisin Tree Avalanche Frecasting Walter Rsenthal Dnald Bren Schl fnvirnmental Science and Management University fcalifrnia, Santa Barbara
More informationALI ZAGHARI Deputy District Director Caltrans, District 7 Division of Traffic Operations
ALI ZAGHARI Deputy District Directr Caltrans, District 7 Divisin f Traffic Operatins Backgrund Califrnia law permits ILEV (Inherently Lw Emissin Vehicles) and previusly hybrid vehicles t access HOV lanes
More informationShuttles are scheduled ONLY when there is a reservation. Without reservations we DO NOT travel.
Custmer Agreement / Cmpany Plicies Shuttles are scheduled ONLY when there is a reservatin. Withut reservatins we DO NOT travel. (Excluding Hlidays) Reservatins must be prepaid with a credit card. Please
More informationTHIS IS UNCHARTED ADVENTURE
K i n g s W h a r f, B er m u d a THIS IS UNCHARTED ADVENTURE Send yur clients n a memr y making explre-a-thn with savings the whle family can dive int. Here s what yu need t knw: BOGO50 50% ff secnd guest.
More informationReview of the previous CARSAMMA and Scrutiny Group meetings Conclusions and Recommendations
Internatinal Civil Aviatin Organizatin GTE/17-WP/02 Seventeenth Meeting f the GREPECAS 16/10/17 Scrutiny Wrking Grup (GTE/17) Lima, Peru, 30 Octber t 03 Nvember 2017 Agenda Item 1: Review f the previus
More informationDetailed Information Lauterbrunnen 2019 Hotel Staubbach
Detailed Infrmatin Lauterbrunnen 2019 Htel Staubbach We are pleased yu are travelling with us this winter and are cnfident yu will have a great time. Dn t wrry if yu are cming alne as with ur friendly
More information2019 NCM Caravan/ 2019 NE Corvette Caravan to Bowling Green, KY
Updated: 10/24/2017 File: LG 2019 Caravan Presentatin.dcx 2019 NCM Caravan/ 2019 NE Crvette Caravan t Bwling Green, KY Begins 22 August 2019 in Gettysburg, PA and cncludes n 27 August 2019 in Bwling Green,
More informationWhite Paper Network Video Management System Ensuring end-to-end protection of video integrity
White Paper Netwrk Vide Management System Ensuring end-t-end prtectin f vide integrity Netwrk Vide Management System Octber 7, 2016 NVMSWP002 Revisin 1.0.0 White Paper Netwrk Vide Management System Ensuring
More informationUVA OR UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA OUTDOOR RECREATION Field Programs / Rental Center / Poplar Ridge Challenge Course / Bouldering Wall/ COAR
Field Prgrams / Rental Center / Pplar Ridge Challenge Curse / Buldering Wall/ COAR Cavalier Outdr Adventure Retreat (COAR) Meet and get t knw ther first year students n a backcuntry trip in Shenandah Natinal
More informationTerra Nova Development
Canada-Newfundland and Labradr Industrial Benefits Public Quarterly Reprt January 01, 2013 March 31, 2013 Table f Cntents Sectin 1.0 Intrductin... 3 Sectin 2.0 Prject Activity and Benefits Accmplishments...
More informationAccess control and (pre-)registration
Access cntrl and (pre-)registratin Nte n ISPS Since July 1, 2004, passenger ships and carg ships (GT 500 and upward) n internatinal vyages and prt facilities serving such ships n internatinal vyages, have
More informationCarbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) Overview Kurt Edwards Director General, IBAC NBAA BACE October 2018
Carbn Offsetting and Reductin Scheme fr Internatinal Aviatin (CORSIA) Overview Kurt Edwards Directr General, IBAC NBAA BACE Octber 2018 Agenda CORSIA Brief Histry CORSIA in cntext Key dates fr CORSIA Am
More informationGYMNASTICS & NINJA SUMMER CAMPS 2018
1 f 5 GYMNASTICS & NINJA SUMMER CAMPS 2018 GUIDE FOR PARENTS & CAREGIVERS Welcme t Chelsea Piers Summer Camp! Thank yu fr chsing us. Yur child will have a wnderful experience learning gymnastics and making
More informationAll Requests for Stamping, Banners, and Space Reservations must be done through TitanLink. Complete the form at:
All Requests fr Stamping, Banners, and Space Reservatins must be dne thrugh TitanLink. Cmplete the frm at: https://fullertn.campuslabs.cm/engage/submitter/frm/start/165803 Guidelines fr the Psting f Printed
More informationFrom the Editor Happy New Year and welcome to 2017!
Frm the Editr Happy New Year and welcme t 2017! We have many new surprises fr yu! We have develped a brand new website which is easy t use and has great functinality. Over the cming mnths we will increase
More informationTerra Nova Development
Canada-Newfundland and Labradr Industrial Benefits Public Quarterly Reprt April 01, 2013 June 30, 2013 Table f Cntents Sectin 1.0 Intrductin... 3 Sectin 2.0 Prject Activity and Benefits Accmplishments...
More informationHar Ki Dun Trek. Max Altitude : 11,678 FT
Har Ki Dun Trek Literally meaning Valley f Gds, Har Ki Dun is ne f the mst scenic treks f Uttarakhand and will heighten yur senses as yu tread int its wilderness. The valley is mst alive when it blms rhddendrns
More informationUSE OF DURABLE PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Page 1 f 6 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES PART SECTION SUB-SECTION General Pavement markings prvide mtrists with valuable guidance and radway infrmatin. Pavement markings have specific functins; they guide the
More informationRunway Expansion Impact Assessment Oshawa Municipal Airport. Presentation To Development Services Committee City of Oshawa May 30, 2011
Runway Expansin Impact Assessment Oshawa Municipal Airprt Presentatin T Develpment Services Cmmittee City f Oshawa May 30, 2011 2 Agenda Airprt s Ecnmic Imprtance Backgrund Scpe f Wrk Prpsed Runway Expansin
More informationAugust 13th 17th T Register, g t Registratin Prcess https://regnag.brushfire.cm/events/444326?grup=9368ec5b-4db0-4ad7-b527-80009df990bf Pay the $50 depsit and/r the amunt that yur family can cver withut
More informationChapter 7. Video Broadcast
Chapter 7 Vide Bradcast The Vide feature f Blackbard Cllabrate Web Cnferencing enables yu t transmit and receive vide bradcasts with thers in a sessin. This is vide yu send live via a vide camera (e.g.,
More informationUVA OR. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA OUTDOOR RECREATION Field Programs / Rental Center / Poplar Ridge Challenge Course / Bouldering Wall/ COAR
Field Prgrams / Rental Center / Pplar Ridge Challenge Curse / Buldering Wall/ COAR Cavalier Outdr Adventure Retreat (COAR) Meet and get t knw ther first year students n a backcuntry trip t Shenandah Natinal
More informationAPPENDIX D Safety Performance Review
APPENDIX D Safety Perfrmance Review Safety Perfrmance Review Curtneypark Drive East Class EA & Preliminary Design Prepared fr: City f Mississauga Prepared by: Stantec Cnsulting Ltd. 300-675 Cchrane Dr,
More informationAgenda Joint Meeting of The Park Board & City Council
Agenda Jint Meeting f The Park Bard & City Cuncil Parks & Recreatin Bard Visin A city with utstanding parks and recreatinal pprtunities within a valued natural envirnment. Parks & Recreatin Bard Missin
More informationMangawhai Village and Kaipara District Council Working in Partnership
Mangawhai Village and Kaipara District Cuncil Wrking in Partnership Actin Plan Octber 2015 1 1 Intrductin Mangawhai Village is the main shpping and village area fr Mangawhai. It ffers a range f services
More informationSpring 2016 Trip Descriptions
Spring 2016 Trip Descriptins **All return times are apprximate and depend n grup pace, traffic, and weather. We d ur best t return n time but smetimes things happen** Registratin fr trips thrugh Spring
More informationSan Juan Islands Visitor Study
San Juan Islands Visitr Study Dug Whittaker, B Shelby, and Dan Shelby Cnfluence Research and Cnsulting fr Terrestrial Managers Grup June 2018 San Juan Islands Visitr Study Prepared by Dug Whittaker, B
More informationAVSP 7 Summer Section 5: Visitor Profile - Destinations and Activities
AVSP 7 Summer 2016 Sectin 5: Visitr Prfile - Destinatins and Activities Destinatins The fllwing pages shw the regins and cmmunities visited by Alaska visitrs, including verall visitatin (day r vernight),
More informationAnnual Report FY 2017/18 Port Hedland Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program
Annual Reprt FY 2017/18 Prt Hedland Ambient Air Quality Mnitring Prgram FINAL Prt Hedland Industries Cuncil Octber 2018 Prepared by Katestne Envirnmental Pty Ltd DOCUMENT CONTORL Deliverable Number: D17093-3
More informationRiver Valley Civilizations Egypt. Page 1 of 12
River Valley Civilizatins Egypt Page 1 f 12 Ancient Page 2 f 12 Egypt Use the bk pages 28, 34, 73, & 85 t help find these areas. Label the fllwing n the map: Upper Egypt Lwer Egypt Mt. Sinai (use symbl)
More informationBusiness Paihia Incorporated Information Pack Empowering Better Business
Business Paihia Incrprated Infrmatin Pack Empwering Better Business Business Paihia is an incrpratin f businesses frm Paihia, Waitangi, Opua, Haruru Falls, Kerikeri and Whangarei. We aim t build a dynamic
More informationCHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROPOSED AIR SERVICE AND FAA RESPONSIBILITY This dcument is the Envirnmental Assessment (EA) prepared by the Twn f Mammth Lakes and United Airlines t analyze, dcument, and
More informationPedestrian delay at Pelican crossings in areas operating under SCOOT
TRANSPORT AND ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY Department f Transprt RRL Cntractr Reprt 249 Pedestrian delay at Pelican crssings in areas perating under SCOOT by J G Hunt, J D Griffiths and K M Hughes (University
More informationEDUCATIONAL PROGRAM AviationCV. The Better Way. to Fly
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM AviatinCV The Better Way t Fly Abut AviatinCV AviatinCV is a cmpany exclusively wrking in the aviatin industry aiming at helping airlines and aviatin prfessinals t get tgether fr a
More informationBCHA Volunteer Hours Reporting Guide
BCHA Vlunteer Hurs Reprting Guide List each participant in the prject and their individual cntributin t the prject: Wrk hurs. Miles f trail maintained. (Wilderness areas and nn-wilderness) Travel time
More informationTiger CAMPus REC WELCOME CAMPERS!
Tiger CAMPus REC WELCOME CAMPERS! We are very excited that yu will be jining us this summer in this fun filled active yet educatinal fitness adventure. Our gal is t prvide the highest quality recreatinal
More informationPACKING A SUITCASE MINI COURSE
PACKING A SUITCASE MINI COURSE Brught t yu by Wednesday Blue Rm Grup O Tny O Sandra O Russell O Bb O Crinna O Barb O Anne OUTCOME PACKING A SUITCASE MINI COURSE Demnstrate effective packing f a suitcase
More informationEnglish Version ATC BRIEFING GUIDE. GR IVAO [COMPANY NAME] [Company address]
English Versin ATC BRIEFING GUIDE GR IVAO [COMPANY NAME] [Cmpany address] Table f Cntents Intrductin...2 General Rules:...2 Departures...3 Arrivals...3 Cntrlling at Niks Kazantzakis...4 Runways...4 Cmmunicatins...5
More informationUbah?: Voting pattern in a sectarianized post-information-monopoly population I. predictions from a simple projection model
Ubah?: Vting pattern in a sectarianized pst-infrmatin-mnply ppulatin I. predictins frm a simple prjectin mdel W. A. T. Wan Abdullah Physics Department, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (wat@um.edu.my)
More informationKilimanjaro national Parks
Chief s turs limited. (Kilimanjar Intenaries) Kilimanjar natinal Parks Uhuru peak (5896mt) is the highiest summit f munt kilimanajr, the highiest muntain in Africa and ne f the highiest vlcanes f the wrld
More information20 years of monitoring populations of Mediterranean monk seals in Greece. MOm/Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk Seal
20 years f mnitring ppulatins f Mediterranean mnk seals in Greece MOm/Hellenic Sciety fr the Study and Prtectin f the Mnk Seal Slmu Str. 18, 106 82 Athens, GREECE www.mm.gr MOm/The Hellenic Sciety fr the
More informationEstimation of Global Solar Radiation on Horizontal Surfaces Over Egypt
Egypt. J. Slids, Vl. (28), N. (1), (05) 163 Estimatin f Glbal Slar Radiatin n rizntal Surfaces Over Egypt A. A. El-Sebaii 1 and A. A. Trabea 2 1 Physics Department, Faculty f Science, Tanta University,
More informationSTUDENT APPLICATION PROCESS: TIER 1 STUDENTS
STUDENT APPLICATION PROCESS: TIER 1 STUDENTS A Tier 1 student must be enrlled in a NJ public schl in his r her Resident schl district fr the entire year (2012-13) immediately preceding enrllment in a Chice
More informationBusiness Paihia Incorporated Information Pack Empowering Better Business
Business Paihia Incrprated Infrmatin Pack Empwering Better Business Business Paihia is an incrpratin f businesses frm Paihia, Waitangi, Opua, Haruru Falls, Kerikeri and Whangarei. We aim t build a dynamic
More informationNew York Action Team SWAP Federal Aviation Administration. Teterboro User Group Brief. Leo Prusak, Manager of Tactical Operations.
New Yrk Actin Team SWAP 2013 Teterbr User Grup Brief By: Le Prusak, Manager f Tactical Operatins Date: March 21, 2013 New Yrk Actin Team bjectives Imprve the flw f traffic and airprt peratins in the New
More informationParaglider Inspection Report
Paraglider Inspectin Reprt Custmer Details Name: Sme Custmer Phne : Wing Details Manufacturer: Ozne Mdel: Mj Size: L Serial Number: S- Hurs f flight: Hr Checked by: Paul Zapparli Date f receipt : 9// Return
More informationCamp BUCKO 2018 Volunteer Application
Camp BUCKO 2018 Vlunteer Applicatin Thank yu fr yur interest in vlunteering at Camp BUCKO. We hpe yu will be able t jin us as we celebrate ur 23rd year!!! Camp week cmmences Sunday August 12, 2018 and
More informationAccess Statement Milarrochy Bay. Your Point of Contact
Access Statement Milarrchy Bay Yur Pint f Cntact - Fr bkings please call 02476 475 426 - Fr site queries please cntact 01360 870 236 - Site Page http://www.campingandcaravanningclub.c.uk/milarrchybay Yur
More informationFigure 1. The sun warms the soil in the daytime. Heat from the soil keeps crops warm at night. A covering traps heat from the soil around the crops.
CMG GardenNtes #722 Frst Prtectin and Extending the Grwing Seasn Outline: Types f frst, page 1 Heat surce at night, page 1 Cverings, page 2 Blankets and sheets, page 2 Flating rw cvers, page 2 Plastic
More information!!!!!! Vision & Strategy!!
Visin & Strategy Why Small Grups Exist: Therefre g and make disciples f all natins, baptizing them in the name f the Father, the Sn, and f the Hly Spirit. Matthew 28:19 At Christ Fellwship, Small Grups
More informationTenderfoot: A new requirement 4c was added and the wording of requirement 13 was revised. The revisions are as follows:
Advancement Changes (effective Jan 2010) Scut: The wrding f requirement 1 was revised in 2005 (we had nt nticed the change) t clarify the age requirement. A By wh has earned the Arrw f Light r has cmpleted
More informationCAMP WESTWOOD. SUMMER 2017: July 4th - August 25th CONTACT US: Phone: ext. 10
CAMP WESTWOOD Hckey Prgrams SUMMER 2017: July 4th - August 25th 2017 Quality Prgrams in a Great Recreatinal Facility! CONTACT US: Email: campwestwd@gmail.cm Phne: 902-826-2100 ext. 10 Registratin begins
More informationAmerican Avalanche Association Forest Service National Avalanche Center Avalanche Incident Report: Long Form
American Avalanche Association Forest Service National Avalanche Center Avalanche Incident Report: Long Form Please send to: CAIC; 325 Broadway WS1; Boulder CO 80305; caic@qwest.net; Fax (303) 499-9618
More informationBi-Annual Statistics Report: Jan-June 2016
Bi-Annual Statistics Reprt: Jan-June 2016 1 Executive Summary The Cayman Islands Department f Turism half year reprt aims t deepen the understanding f turism perfrmance based n the Cayman Islands Immigratin
More informationTips for attending the 11 th World IFYE Conference 8-16 September 2018 Cruisin with IFYE
Tips fr attending the 11 th Wrld IFYE Cnference 8-16 September 2018 Cruisin with IFYE PLEASE NOTE: Infrmatin in GREEN is infrmatin added t this dcument since 12 July 2017 and is dated as such. TABLE OF
More informationStrand 3- Transportation: Airlines
Strand 3- Transprtatin: Airlines Hw ppular is air travel? In times f peace, apprximately millin peple take a plane trip each day. Air Transprtatin Histry Wright brther s first plane: Passenger travel n
More informationServas International - Nominations Committee Candidate Application Form -
Table f Cntents Part 1 - The Candidate Part 2 Nminatins Part 2A: Nminatin by the Natinal Grup Part 2B: Nminatin by 5 Individual Servas Members Part 2C: Declaratin f the candidate Appendix A - Guidelines
More informationcommittee report Network Rail: Route Utilisation Strategy: Stations Draft for Consultation
cmmittee reprt Netwrk Rail: Rute Utilisatin Strategy: Statins Draft fr Cnsultatin Cmmittee Strategy and Prgrammes Date f Meeting 24 June 2011 Date f reprt 31 May 2011 Reprt by Assistant Chief Executive
More informationScreening, Qualifying & Instructing Passengers
Screening, Qualifying & Instructing Passengers An AFC Crdinatr r trained vlunteer screens each prspective Passenger and cmpanin t determine if the request is cnsistent with the missin f Angel Flight Central
More informationKIRKLAND LAKE GOLD REPORTS RECORD ANNUAL AND QUARTERLY PRODUCTION
KIRKLAND LAKE GOLD REPORTS RECORD ANNUAL AND QUARTERLY PRODUCTION Trnt, Ontari January 11, 2018 - Kirkland Lake Gld Ltd. ( Kirkland Lake Gld r the Cmpany ) (TSX:KL) (NYSE:KL) (ASE:KLA) tday annunced recrd
More informationSequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Visitor Study
Natinal Park Service U.S. Department f the Interir Natural Resurce Stewardship and Science Sequia and Kings Canyn Natinal Parks Visitr Study Summer 2012 Natural Resurce Reprt NPS/NRSS/EQD/NRR 2013/712
More informationWhat You Must Know About Your Immigration Status. Presented by the Office of International Affairs (OIA)
What Yu Must Knw Abut Yur Immigratin Status Presented by the Office f Internatinal Affairs (OIA) What Yu Must Knw Abut Yur Immigratin Status Tpics OIA Overview SSN/ITIN/Taxes Maintaining Status Office
More informationo o o þ þ o o Short title of the project: VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN KAUNISSAARI I. BASIC INFORMATION I.1 Short title of the Pilot Action
Shrt title f the prject: I. BASIC INFORMATION I.1 Shrt title f the Pilt Actin 1.1. Full title f the Pilt Actin/ prject Versatile village develpment prject in Kaunissaari village 1.2. Leader+ theme f the
More informationGet to know Europa-Park with this quiz either at the park or from your desk!
TRAVEL AGENT QUIZ Get t knw Eurpa-Park with this quiz either at the park r frm yur desk! Simply print, fill in, and return by pst r e-mail t the address prvided. Great prizes await the lucky winners! Fingers
More informationConcur Travel Tips and Tricks
Cncur Travel Tips and Tricks Items cvered in this dcument: (can use the link t mve t the specific sectin) Main Search Page Air Results Page Upcming Trips Keybard / Tabbing Optin Time f day Identifiers
More informationPARKSVILLE NEWCOMERS CLUB MARCH 2018 NEWSLETTER
Page 1 PARKSVILLE NEWCOMERS CLUB MARCH 2018 NEWSLETTER The Parksville Newcmers Club meets the first Thursday f every mnth, except July. Next Meeting: Thursday, March 1 st, 2018 Time: 6:30 7:00 pm New member
More informationAVALANCHE RESCUE SYSTEMS IN SWITZERLAND: EXPERIENCE AND LIMITATIONS
AVALANCHE RESCUE SYSTEMS IN SWITZERLAND: EXPERIENCE AND LIMITATIONS Frank Tschirky *, Bernhard Brabec and Martin Kern Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research, CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
More informationSection: 8 Occupational Health & Safety Policy No: 8.05 Page: 1 of 4 Employees covered: All Employees Effective: 1 November 2010
FIRST AID POLICY Sectin: 8 Occupatinal Health & Safety Plicy N: 8.05 Page: 1 f 4 Emplyees cvered: All Emplyees Effective: 1 Nvember 2010 Subject: First Aid Plicy Authrized: [Signed by G. MacInnis, VP]
More informationHigh Hopes for Colorado
High Hpes fr Clrad The HHFC Visin is T psitively inspire, mtivate, and create change thrugh the aviatin experience. High Hpes fr Clrad includes tw prgrams: High Hpes fr Wunded Warrirs and High Hpes fr
More informationCherokee Flight Presolo Written Exam (PA28-181)
Cherkee Flight Presl Written Exam (PA28-181) NOTE: AIRCRAFT SPECIFIC QUESTIONS ARE FROM POH Name: Date: 1. What persnal dcuments are required fr a student pilt t fly sl? A. Student pilt certificate, medical
More informationTiger CAMPus REC WELCOME CAMPERS!
Tiger CAMPus REC WELCOME CAMPERS! We are very excited that yu will be jining us this summer in this fun filled active yet educatinal fitness adventure. Our gal is t prvide the highest quality recreatinal
More informationAccessibility Guide. Page 1 of 10 12/9/2017. Figure 1 Giraffe
Accessibility Guide Page 1 f 10 Figure 1 Giraffe Table f Cntents San Dieg Z Glbal, an Access Friendly Organizatin 3 Frequently Asked Questins 4 Blind r Lw Visin Guest Assistance 5 Deaf r Hard f Hearing
More informationEnhancing the lives of under-resourced urban teens"
Enhancing the lives f under-resurced urban teens" D yu want yur teen T experience the majesty f the utdrs? T push themselves physically and mentally? T learn t vercme challenges they will face in life?
More informationMAP REFERENCE HANDBOOK BUILDING & LAND USE INVENTORY
DOWNTOWN REVITALIZATION & ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE FOR MISSOURI MAP REFERENCE HANDBOOK BUILDING & LAND USE INVENTORY Sikestn, Missuri DOWNTOWN REVITALIZATION & ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE FOR MISSOURI Sikestn, Missuri
More informationThe Salvation Army Senior Citizens Camp June 4-7, 2018 Wonderland Camp & Conference Center
The Salvatin Army Senir Citizens Camp June 4-7, 2018 Wnderland Camp & Cnference Center Dear Camp Friends: It wn t be lng until we again meet at Wnderland Camp fr fellwship, fd, fun, and Gd-filled praise!
More informationSample Candidate schedule
Sample Candidate schedule Family Name: Can yu please take few minutes t fill this schedule accrding t yur dally planning and remve thing whish nt belw t yur family schedule. N.B: Within this cultural exchange
More informationRV SITE RENTAL AGREEMENT AND WAIVER OF LIABILITY
RV SITE RENTAL AGREEMENT AND WAIVER OF LIABILITY Please call 276-244-1111 r e-mail inf@sgadventures.cm fr any questins cncerning this reservatin. All reservatins are cnsidered cnfirmed at the time f bking.
More informationSouth Chilcotin Mountains and Big Creek Parks
Chilctin Hlidays Guest Ranch September 16, 2011 Suth Chilctin Muntains and Big Creek Parks The fllwing infrmatin was summarized frm a meeting n September 16, 2011. Hwever, mre cmprehensive input n values,
More information