Size Structure and Biomass of the Panama Grunt (Pomadasys panamensis) from Bycatch in the Southeastern Gulf of California

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1 Ope Joural of Marie Sciece, 2012, 2, Published Olie Jauary 2012 ( Size Structure ad Biomass of the Paama Grut (Pomadasys paamesis) from Bycatch i the Southeaster Gulf of Califoria José Alberto Rodríguez-Preciado 1, Jua Madrid-Vera 2, Ricardo Meraz-Sáchez 1 1 Posgrado e Ciecias del Mar y Limología, Uiversidad Nacioal Autóoma de México, Mazatlá, México 2 Istituto Nacioal de Pesca, Cetro Regioal de Ivestigació Pesquera (CRIP) Mazatlá, Mazatlá, México {arodriguez, merazs}@ola.icmyl.uam.mx, juachomvera@yahoo.com.mx Received July 29, 2011; revised October 22, 2011; accepted October 28, 2011 ABSTRACT A populatio aalysis was made usig data of the grut Pomadasys paamesis. The iformatio is from the catch from 260 hauls i estuarie waters, ope-ocea waters, ad off the coast of Sialoa ad orther Nayarit, Mexico, i the southeaster Gulf of Califoria. The area of ifluece is about 120,000 km 2 ad icludes about a third of the drag area of the largest shrimp fleet of the America Pacific. The average legth i the populatio was 210 mm. The maximum legth was 430 mm ad the miimum was 50 mm. The aalysis for the frequecy distributios of the legths ad the multiomial solutio produced represetative modal groups for 160 mm, 190 mm, ad 230 mm. The simulatio of the biomass desity gave a estimate close to 90 t, with 650,000 orgaisms before startig the fishig seaso i the regio. The desity was 0.19 kg ha 1. The coloizatio was 0.42% or 42%. The model was validated usig the Aikaikae criterio (AIC). The results provide a overview of the iitial biomass desities ad populatio structure of the species caught as bycatch, demostratig the importace of this species abudace i the shrimp fishery, ad geeratig a source of moetary icome to the crew of the fishig fleet. The persistece of the species to fishig provides a example to study the mechaisms of survival. Keywords: Coloizatio; Multiomial Solutio; Model; Pomadasys paamesis; Aikaikae 1. Itroductio The species of the family Haemulidae are importat as a part of the commercial catch from the fisheries of the Mexica Pacific ad tropical ad subtropical America Pacific. They are kow as grut [1-3]. I geeral, the e- valuatio of the catch cotributio ad their biomass has bee studied. Usig the magitude the catch ca reach as a relevat idicator makes it possible to estimate their abudace ad populatio structure. These elemets are resource maagemet iformatio. Moreover, it is fudametal kowledge of a species subject to high impact by trawlig ad discardig, but which still maitais high levels of abudace. The bycatch uder study is composed of about 300 species belogig to 10 major groups of orgaisms, such as aelids, sipuculids, porifera, crustaceas, mollusks, cidarias, echioderms, fish, algae, ad reptiles. I the literature, the total umber of species may amout to 1000 [4-9]. The magitude of the catch i the regio of the mouth of the Gulf of Califoria reaches 100,000 t, with the discard of 70% ad a ratio of the laded species of 1.4 kg per 1 kg of shrimp [10,11]. The magitude of ca- tch i the Gulf of Califoria off the Pacific coast of Mexico, ad particularly the coasts of Sialoa ad Nayarit, is becomig more ecoomically importat, reflected i the ladigs of the order of 10,000 t per seaso [11], where P. paamesis is up to 5%, ad the Haemulidae family about 10%. The shrimp fishery catches fish with commercial importace (with a higher moetary value), icludig rays, stig rays, sardie, achovy, sapper, grouper, ad flouder (Rajidae, Egraulidae, Clupeidae, Serraidae, Lutjaidae, ad Pleuroectidae) ad species of commercial grade (lesser value), like sufish ad gruts of the Sciaidae ad Haemulidae family. Some are discarded ad others are kept. The species of this study belog to the secod family, which is best represeted i terms of abudace alog the Mexica Pacific coast [9,12]. Pomadasys paamesis lives i the coastal zoe, regularly associated with sady-muddy ad rocky bottoms. They live i the area of the cotietal shelf, i estuarie areas, at depths of up to 55 m but ca reach 105 m [1,13]. The backgroud characteristics of the eviromet that prevails i the study area are a favorable habitat for this species.

2 2 Pomadasys paamesis is a abudat species over the Pacific cotietal shelf of cetral Mexico, as show i the work of Cruz-Romero [14] ad Madrid-Vera [9]. This similar argumet is explaied by Va der Heide ad Fidley [6] for the Gulf of Califoria shrimp-trawl catch. Martiez-Tovar [15] metioed agai that P. paamesis is the most abudat i the Gulf of Califoria bycatch. Rodriguez-Preciado [12] records a assessmet of P. paamesis that recorded sizes over 30 cm. The study area is characterized by a ifluece of the Califoria Curret, the Equatorial Coutercurret, ad the orth-streamig Costa Rica curret [16-20]. The Califoria curret is a mass of cold water ad its ifluece exteds over the study regio i witer [21,22]. The ifluece of the flow from Costa Rica exteds to the tip of the Baja Califoria peisula ad shows from August to December [17,19]. The Pacific is uder the ifluece of the ENSO, which has a great ifluece o commuities ad populatios [8,9,20,22,23]. Because of the importace of the species i the commercial catch ad its role as part of the biological commuity, the objective was to geerate idicators of abudace ad size structure. These idicators are useful as part of fishery-biological studies to establish the coditio of the populatio uder study ad the iformatio about the populatio dyamics of the species. 2. Material ad Methods The study area icludes several samplig statios set up by INAPESCA (Istituto Nacioal de Pesca), which aims at the evaluatio ad maagemet of the populatios of shrimp of the differet fisheries i the Mexica Pacific. We aalyzed the bycatch i the states of Sialoa ad orther Nayarit i the souther Gulf of Califoria. The study area exteds from Puta Ahome, Sialoa (25 47'N ad 'W) to the mouth of Custodio, Nayarit (21 19'N, 'W). The area icludes a zoe of ifluece of some 120,000 km 2 ad about half the drag area of the Gulf of Califoria ad a third of the Mexica Pacific regio (Figure 1). Samplig: I the estuarie estuarie system of Pabello Altata, there were 38 sets, lastig betwee 10 mi ad 15 mi, with the depth from 1 fathoms to 7 fathoms (1.8 m to 12.8 m) with a et type called suripera. The samplig was from July to November I the marie ad estuarie system of Pabello Altata there were 31 sets with a duratio betwee 10 mi ad 15 mi, at depths of 2 fathoms, 5 fathoms, 8 fathoms, ad 12 fathoms (3.6 m, 9 m, 14.6 m, ad 21.9 m), with the capture made usig the trawl-et type chago. The samplig was from April to November I the marie ad estuarie system Caimaero Huizache there were 36 sets, lastig betwee 10 mi ad 15 mi, at depths of 2 fathoms, 5 fathoms, 8 fathoms ad 12 fathoms (3.6 m, 9 m, 14.6 m, ad 21.9 m). The capture was made with a trawl et. The samplig for this area was from March to November For these three samplig areas we used pagas (boats) 5 m log ad 2 m wide, with egies from 75 hp to 115 hp. I the ope ocea from orther Nayarit to orther Sialoa (areas 30, 40, ad 60), 155 sets were made, 69 i July 2008 ad 86 i August, with a duratio about 60 mi, i the isobaths of 5 fathoms to 35 fathoms, ad a trawl rope 110 feet, usig commercial shrimp boats with egies of at least 345 hp. For all sets i differet areas of study, samples were collected of shrimp ad bycatch with the miimum of 25 kg haul 1. The samples were stored i plastic bags, which were processed i both the field ad laboratory. The three differet types of ets (suripera et, small trawl et chago ad commercial trawl et) were stadardized by the drag area method proposed by Sparre ad Veema [24]. Logs were used to record the characteristics of the towig time, geographic positio, depth, temperature, saliity, catch by species, total catch of shrimp ad bycatch species. Data were etered ad orgaized i a database by legth ad weight of orgaisms ad as the compositio ad abudace of species. We calculated the average drag area per set. For the suriperas et used for protected waters or estuarie systems, the area of drag ad the average area was 0.9 ha (9000 m 2 ) for 10 mi. For the small trawl et chago, the drag area ad the average area was ha per 20 mi. The trawl used i the ope ocea was 13 ha for 60 mi. Based o these data we calculated the desities of faua caught by trawlig. Figure 1. The study area exteds from Puta Ahome, Sialoa (25 47'N ad 'W) to the mouth of Custodio, Nayarit (21 19'N, 'W).

3 3 The orgaism (Pomadasys paamesis) was classified i 10 mm icremets calculatig the frequecy histograms by size. This iformatio was used to idetify the differet age groups ad sizes, ad the modes observed i the distributios of a multiomial type [25,26] usig k x p i i P xi, p1, p2,, pk!, x! i 1 where x i is the umber of times a i evet happes i samples, is the size of the sample, ad P i is the probability of each possible k evet. To estimate the model parameters, the previous equatio is trasformed ito a expressio of likelihood as i of legths of each period. The model parameters were estimated by miimizig the likelihood fuctio with the direct search algorithm of Newto. The estimatio of the biomass ad the umber of idividuals i the populatio for each fishig area were made to estimate the desities of the multiomial distributios. We estimated the biomass per hectare ad coloizatio. We assumed the total area ad the average weight for each area usig bootstrappig. Each was cosidered by the iverse of the ormal distributio ad the mea ad stadard error obtaied previously. I cases ot kow, for example the area, we assumed a 10% error. The model icorporates the idicators that ca be described by i 1 2 k i i. 1 1 Bt a ef w At exl l L x, p, p,, p x l p i 1 The assumptio for the estimatio of parameters is that the size distributio for each average or modal legth ca be estimated with a ormal distributio, determiig that each mode correspods to a differet populatio cohort [25]. Uder this coditio, estimates of the relative proportios of each category are expected to describe the desity fuctio as p LF 1 e 2 LF F 2 2 where F ad F are the average legth ad stadard deviatio of each cohort. To estimate the expected frequecies ad estimate the model parameters, the estimated values were tested ad observed by the logarithmmic fuctio of multiomial distributio [25,26] as whe B is the capturable biomass, is the umber, ef is the efficiecy of the trawl, w is the idividual s weight, A is the area, ex is the positive capture of the species, all with respect to t is time, a is the drag area by the trawl, L is the total umber of sets, i is the radom error. There are from B 1 to B t samplig ad resamplig. The result of these radom fractios geerated idicators of populatio size i umbers ad biomass [24,25]. Each idicator is varied i each ru as their average ad stadard error, i this case yieldig 30 rus whose mea ad stadard error are simulated agai a thousad times. Of these thousad rus there is formed a frequecy distributio ad histogram adjusted to ormal ad evaluated by the Aikaikae criterio (AIC) [25,27,28]. 3. Results k Lˆ i l L L, l ˆ F F Li pi Lil ˆ i 1 i 1 L. The umber of orgaisms aalyzed was 622 from 260 sets i at least three eviromets of the study area. The i average legth of the populatio was 210 mm. The ma- I this expressio the parameters F ad F are ave- ximum was 430 mm ad miimum was 50 mm. The morages ad stadard deviatios of the total legth corre- thly averages fluctuate aroud the average legth of 210 spodig to averages that are preset i the distributio mm (Figure 2). i Figure 2. Mothly average, maximum, ad miimum from legth records of Pomadasys paamesis caught i lagoos, shallow marie waters, ad the ope sea from March to November 2008, i the southeaster Gulf of Califoria.

4 4 The greatest differece i size was i August, from 50 mm to 430 mm total legth. The ext largest variace was i July with the rage from 92 mm to 225 mm. The smaller itervals were recorded i Jue ad September. The size structure i July 2008 cosists of five sizegroups (Figure 2). Two of these, group 3 ad 4, are the best represeted ad are i the mode of 150 mm ad 240 mm. Orgaisms are see of larger size ad probably the oldest are i the mode of 310 mm ad 340 mm. The best repre- seted group is the mode of 240 mm. The size structure i August 2008 ad the multiomial model i August 2008 cosists of seve size groups, with the groups best represeted are located i the 160 mm, 190 mm, ad 230 mm modes (Figure 3). The modal group of smallest size is 60 mm ad represets the juveiles caught with the adults ad may represet the biological recruitmet. The represetatio of multiomial distributios provides us with the idea that the desity i kg ha 1 was 0.19 ± 0.04 (Figure 4, Table 1), The area likely to be draw was 1,000,000 ha ± 120,000 ha, the probability of success observed i the set was 0.42 ± 0.04 or 42% ± 4% (Table 1), ad average body weight recorded was 137 g ± 14 g (Figure 3). The model outputs a iitial biomass that ca be captured i August 2008 for the grut (P. paamesis) ear 90 t, with a umber of orgaisms of about 650,000. The evaluatio by the Aikaikae criterio (AIC) was geerally 44 ad is cosidered adequate. The miimum value was 6, if there were o differece betwee the expected ad observed (Figure 4, Table 1). 4. Discussio The itesity ad samplig area are importat data about a ifluece area of 120,000 km 2, with the area of study is oe of the largest for the shrimp fleet of the America Pacific. The study icludes 260 sets ad is a effort of cosiderable laboratory ad field work, cosiderig the workig hours of the etwork, the catch area covered, ad the process i the laboratory to hadle about 260 samples that o average were 25 kg. The umber of orgaisms could be cosidered low, but is represetative of their presece i the sample ad are spatially refereced data. Kowig the variace requires resamplig or bootstrappig ad is quite a adequate tool. This will geerate a suitable estimator for the biomass variace that could be captured i August, before the start of the fishig seaso i this regio. Figure 3. Distributios of total legths ad multiomial solutio of Pomadasys paamesis caught i the ope ocea durig surveys i July ad August 2008 i the Gulf of Califoria. Bars: observed data. Lies show results of multiomial aalysis-thi lies: cohorts; thick lies: total.

5 5 Figure 4. Parameter distributios for 1000 radom rus of the biomass, coloizatio, the area, ad the idividual weights, ad the idicators produced from biomass ad umber of Pomadasys paamesis i August The ormal settig is scaled ad evaluated by the Aikaikae criterio (AIC). Table 1. Output values of the model, cotaiig the distributios for 1000 radom rus of the biomass, coloizatio, the area, ad the idividual weights ad idicators produced from biomass ad umber of Pomadasys paamesis i August The ormal settig is scaled ad evaluated by the Aikaikae criterio (AIC), stadard deviatio (SD). Parameter Mea SD (Stadard Deviatio) AIC Desity (kg ha 1 ) Coloizatio Area (ha) 1,140, , Biomass (t) Number 654,500 31, Weight (g) The port cities, such as Mazatla (i the ceter of the study area), had ladig levels of faua reachig 10,000 t. Much of the faua captured is used by fisherme, costitutig a sigificat fractio of the geerated icome of the regio. A simple fractio of 150 kg per fisherma, per 500 boats with 6 crews produced early 500 t. This may seem a simple exercise, but it represets 500,000 servigs of fish of various species. A fractio of 5% could be represeted by the species studied. However, about 100,000 t are discarded ad are ot exploited. A simple example of busiesses to process this additioal fractio, two additioal sailors per boat geerated oe thousad jobs i the port of Mazatla ad has icreased their ladigs, quality, smell, ad price. Amog the species eeded to be rescued are at least 51 fish icludig the grut (icludes Pomadasys paamesis), croaker, sea bass, yellowfi sook, jacks, rays, ad 4 species of crustaceas such as crabs ad crayfish. A example of the use of the bycatch is i the study by Castelo-Báez ad Balside-Ruao [29] alog the coast of Costa Rica. Of the sets made they collected 278 kg of bycatch, of which 80% was discarded. The most represetative families i the catch were Caragidae, Sciaidae, Ophicthidae, Paralichthyidae, Soleidae, Lutjaidae, Haemulidae, ad Clupeidae. They had as a first step the classificatio of species accordig to the orgaoleptic attributes (physical, chemical, sesory) ad, depedig o the classificatio, was its use for huma cosumptio (steak or pulp).

6 6 Moreover, Fot-Chávez ad García-Rodríguez [30] off Costa Rica processed the iformatio from 64 sets made i the samplig cruises that were made by the Departmet of Research ad Developmet INCOPESCA for 2001, i which close to 6400 kg of bycatch was caught, with about 4400 kg retured to the sea for a 32% use. They also oted the depths below 25 m were more productive. They estimated that process could take a level betwee 1250 t/year ad 1880 t/year uder the actual coditios of exploitatio. They wrote that the most abudat species i the catch that are discarded are those belogig to the families Gerreidae, Haemulidae, Syodotidae, Sciaidae, Bothidae, Serraidae, Muraeesocidae, Sphyraeidae, Lutjaidae, ad Clupeidae. Other authors [31-34] have reported results of usig the flesh of fish from the material i the preparatio of surimi-based products like shrimp, crab, shrimp meat, sausage, ad other froze products. The prospect of a proper ad sustaiable maagemet of faua ad fisheries eeds the geeratio of idicators of biomass ad size, as those geerated i this work. This would allow a better uderstadig of the abudace ad structure of the populatios ad would demostrate the potetial magitude of ladigs to help make clear the curret maagemet of these resources. 5. Coclusios Exploratio, evaluatio, ad maagemet of marie ad estuarie species captured as bycatch i the shrimp fishery durig 2008, such as Pomadasys paamesis, allowed a aalysis of their size distributio ad desity of biomass i catch from March to November 2008 i the coastal waters of orther Sialoa ad Nayarit, Mexico, i the southeaster Gulf of Califoria. Pomadasys paamesis is likely to cotribute sigificatly to the abudace of the bycatch. I the ed of August there was a average 90 t of iitial biomass, with a iitial 650,000 orgaisms, ad with a average weight of 137 g. 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