GEOGRAPHY. Dikes Polders. Glaciation Fjords Loess. Seas

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1 Topic GEOGRAPHY Dikes Polders Glaciation Fjords Loess Seas Peninsulas EUROPE Large banks of earth and stone hold back water Flooded lands drained and used for agriculture (Holland) Process of glaciers covering land Steep inlets carved out by glaciers. Fine, rich, windblown soil North: Norwegian, North & Baltic Seas West: Atlantic Ocean, English Channel South: Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean, and Black Seas. Northern Peninsulas: Scandinavian Peninsula: Norway, Sweden, Finland It is made up of three smaller peninsulas, which are also the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Denmark (Peninsula of Jutland), is also a Scandinavian country, but is attached to Europe in the North Sea. Because of glaciations, fjords have formed along the western coast of Norway. Southern Peninsulas: Iberian Peninsula: Spain & Portugal. It s separated from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains to the east. The southern tip creates the Strait of Gibraltar. This strait is 20 miles across, and connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. It also separates Europe from Africa. Apennine Peninsula: Italy. Surrounded between the Med., Adriatic, and Ionian Seas. The Apennine Mountain cut through the middle of Italy from N. to S. This mountain range is young, and still very volatile. Mount Vesuvius, close to present day Naples, destroyed Pompey during an unexpected eruption. Balkan Peninsula: Greece, Meced., Bulgaria, Albania Surrounded by Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean, Black Sea

2 Islands Mountains Rivers Natural Resources N.W. : Iceland West of Coast: British Isles..2 Islands Ireland & Northern Ireland, and England, Whales, and Scotland. Southern in the Med. West to East: Balearic Island (Spain), Sardinia, up to Corsica, down to Sicily, east to Crete, east to Cyprus. North: Scandinavian Mtn. British Isles: Ben Nevis Mtn. Central Europe: Alps Spain and Europe: Pyrenees Mtn. Italy: Apennines Mtn. West: Carpathian and Balkan Mtn. Many rivers enhanced by complex canal system. Main Rivers: Danube & Rhine North: petroleum, copper, lead, forests British Isles: coal, manufacturing Central Europe: coal, copper, petroleum, forest Mediterranean: lead, iron ore, petroleum, bauxite, copper CLIMATE & VEGETATION Timberline Foehns Mistral Siroccos Chaparral Tundra Subarctic Climate Highland Climate Humid Continental Cli. Elevation above which no trees can grow Dry winds blow down from mountains, into the valleys, causing avalanches Strong north winds from the Alps that send bitterly cold air into France. Dry warm winds from Africa, which bring high temperatures to southern Europe. Small shrubs and trees that grow in Mediterranean climates Vast treeless plains in the far north, and permafrost Bitterly cold winters and short cool summers. High Lat. Change in climates due to Elevation, not Latitude alone Short mild winters and nearly year-round rain Mid Lat Short mild winters nearly year-round rain Mid Lat. and usually in the middle of continents.

3 Humid Subtropical Cli. Marine West Coast Cli. Mediterranean Cli. Cools summers, damp winters. Mid Lat. and Low Lat. Mild rainy winters. West side of any continent. Mid Lat. Mild, rainy winters. Any coastal Mid Latitude area. Eastern & Northern Western Europe Southern Europe Tundra, Subarctic, Humid Continental, Marine West Coast. A mix of deciduous and coniferous forests. Grassland in the east. Scandinavian area deals with permafrost. Marine West Coast Climate brings warm air from the Gulf of Mexico to Europe. Because of highland the vegetation varies widely from deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests, especially on the Alps, where there are timberlines, mistrals and foehns. Mediterranean Climate. The Alps block moist Atlantic winds. Local winds cause changes in wind patterns, such as mistrals, foehns, and siroccos. The vegetation is mainly chaparral. CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY Ethnic Groups Ethnic Cleansing Refugees Ethnic Groups Ethnic Tensions Population Groups with shared ancestry, lang., customs To expel or kill other ethnic groups People who flee to another country for safety 160 different ethnic groups in Europe. After WWII, tension in the Balkans became worse. Battles between Serbs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, and Kosovar Albanians. Ethnic cleansing began in Bosnia Population Density of Europe averages 255 Per Square Mile, but is actually limited to large industrial urban areas. Most densely populated areas are along the coast and throughout central Europe. As you move north population density goes down.

4 1800 s-early 1900 s European population began to spread throughout the Americas. HISTORY & GOVERNMENT City-states Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Renaissance Reformation Enlightenment Industrialism Capitalism Communism Reparations Holocaust Cold War European Union (EU) Separate communities, started in ancient Greece time between ancient and modern times System where monarchs give lord and nobles land for loyalty. 1000s : A brutal series of religious wars to win back Palestine (the Holy land) 1300s: 300 years of discovery and learning. Great advances to Europe. Religious movement during Renaissance, which lessened the power of the Roman Catholic Church s time period of questioning long standing traditions and values. Was followed by political and economic revolutions. Economic system where business leaders use profits to expand their companies. Political philosophy that s based on economic equality of all people. A payment of damages. The mass killing of more than 6 million Jews and other by Germany s Nazis. A power struggle between communist world (Soviet Union) and non communists (USA) Not Military action. Build up weapons. Arms Race Organization that has united Europe, to strengthen them all, and later created one currency Euro.

5 Early People Ancient Greece & Rome Million years ago-nomads-farming spread from SW Asia to Europe-Europe became settled. Western Civilization: Greece: Peaked in 400 to 300 s BC. Because mountains separated Greece, it formed into city-states (separate, but linked by culture, and language) The culture spread because of merchants and sailors looking to trade. Greeks were the foundation for western laws and culture. Athens introduced the idea of Democracy (women and slaves couldn t vote). Developed art, literature, drama, philosophy, mathematics, teaching, and medicine. Italy: 500 BC. Started the first Republic (Senate=Representatives). Rome was the capitol, from there, they spread their influence by conquest. Through Europe, SW Asia, and North Africa. All Roads Lead To Rome They imitated Greek art and literature, and built upon Greek Science and architecture. The Romans developed government, laws, and engineering (bridges, roads, aqueducts (canals for water)). Christian Europe The Middle Ages Late 300 s AD Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Empire split into two Eastern and Western. The Western Empire was influenced by the Germanic groups in the north, and Christianity developed into Roman Catholicism. The Eastern Empire was ruled from Constantinople (Byzantium) and became the Byzantine Empire. Christianity became the Eastern Orthodoxy Church. After fall of Rome Middle Ages began. 500 to 1500 AD Feudalism began, and replaced a central government. Most feudal lords wanted the people uneducated, so they could be easily ruled. Because of the Catholic Religion, cathedrals and monasteries became the major centers for learning. Christianity was the major religion in Europe, but others influenced. The Jewish religion was spread through small communities, but they were persecuted against by

6 Christians. The Islamic religion spread through SW Asia, North Africa, and Spain by the 700 s AD. Those Muslims in Spain developed science, mathematics, and medicine, which were passed on to the rest of Europe. EXPANSION of EUROPE The Renaissance European Exploration CHANGING EUROPE 1000 s European armies fought the Crusades to win Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity. They failed to win permanent control, but trade with the rest of the world was expanded s The Renaissance began, and created a 300 year period of discovery and learning. They looked back at the Greeks and Romans. There were new developments in literature, art, sculpture, architecture, science, and inventions. Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael, Leonardo Renaissance men or Mutant Turtles. Moveable type was created, which made it easier to print books, and therefore spread knowledge. The Reformation: Because of the increased production of books, a religious movement began. The Reformation began, and because people began to question the church, the Roman Catholic church was weakened. A new split from the Roman Catholic church began. By the 1500 s, Protestantism became the dominant religion in Northern Europe, while the Catholic Church still kept control of the south. Religious war began, and Monarchs were able to gain more power from the churches. Europe became the dominant area for world trade. They were lead by Portugal, whom developed new trade routes to Africa and Asia s Spain financed Italian born Columbus, who would find the new world. All these new voyages and trade routes lead to European countries conquest, colonization, and expansion of power, throughout the world s-1700 s The Age of Enlightenment. Educated people began to question long standing

7 tradition and customs. Political and economic revolutions began. Revolutions Conflict & Division Cold War in Europe A New Era in Europe Representative Democracies began to spread from France to England. After the French revolution, so many uprising began throughout Europe, that monarchs and nobles were threatened. By 1900 most European countries limited ruler s powers, and guaranteed the rights of the people. During these revolutions, the Industrial Revolution began. It created power-driven machinery, new methods of production, and the rise of industrial capitalism. The Middle Class was created, and in some places, social problems lead to the birth of Communism s WWI (Great War) and WWII WWI lead to the collapse of most Monarchies. After the Versailles treaty ending WWI Germany was forced to pay reparations for starting the war. WWII: Little was resolved from WWI, both politically and socially, thus leading to WWII Germany, lead by Hitler, began a war with its neighboring countries. It became allied with Italy and Japan the United States was attacked by Japan, bringing us into the war (Pearl Harbor, HI). By the time it was over 6 million Jews and others had been killed by the Nazis (Holocaust). After WWII: During the war, we were allied with England and Russia. After the war, Russia and the US emerged as world powers, but because of political differences (US Democracy & Russia Communist) the Cold War began. The non-conflict struggle between the two became an arms race. From the 1950 s to 1980 s there were revolts against communism throughout Europe The EU European Union was created. It united Europe, and created the Euro as the currency for all 15 countries in the EU. England is not part of the EU. CULTURES & LIFESTYLES Dialects Local forms of languages.

8 Good Friday Peace Agreement Romanticism Realism Impressionists Welfare States Languages Religion The Arts 1998 allowed Protestants and Roman Catholic churches to share power in Great Britain. Focusing the arts on emotions, stirring historical events, and the exotic. Art that accurately depicts the details of daily life. Artists moved outside to immediately capture their experiences and impressions. What the artist sees. Tax supported programs for higher education, health care, and social security. Helping the less fortunate. About 50 different languages and 100 dialects. Language families include Indo-European. In the East: Slavic Languages: Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Slovak, Ukrainian, Belorussian, and Serbo-Croatian. In the North and NW: Germanic Languages: German, Dutch, English, Danish, Swedish, And Norwegian. In the South and SW: Romance Languages Latin: Italian, Spanish Portuguese, French, and Romanian. Other Indo-European: Greek, Albanian and the Celtic languages. Not Indo-European: Uralic (Finnish, Estonia, and Hungarian), and Basque (Not Related to any other Language in the world) Primarily Christianity. Include Protestant 15%, Eastern Orthodox 23%, and Roman Catholic 49%, and other Christian Groups 4.5%. Muslims 3% and Nonreligious 4.6% There are problems between the various Christian religions, especially Protestants and Catholics. They tried to resolve these differences with the 1998 Good Friday Peace Agreement. Religious and ethnic problems still exist throughout Europe. Most influence in the arts between 1800 s and 1900 s : Renaissance men (Turtles), Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes (Don Quixote) : Romanticism Style: Eugene Delacroix

9 (French painter), Sir Walter Scott (British Writer), Ludwig van Beethoven (German composer) then Realism Style 1850 s, end of 1800 s Impressionists style s Abstract: Picasso (Spanish Painter) Education Home Life Sports Recreation Celebrations Literacy rate of 90%, due to the economic performance of Europe. Extended families share homes. Family traditions are important Rugby, soccer & tennis (Wimbledon) are big in Europe. As you head north it is skiing and Ice-skating. Revolutions, religious holidays, Independence, change of seasons, and cultural heritage. EUROPE TODAY Maastricht Treaty Heavy Industry Light Industry Mixed Farming Farm Cooperatives Collective Farming State Farms Set up the EU European Union. Manufacturing machinery and industrial equipment. Making textiles (clothes), processing foods. Raising different kinds of crops and/or livestock on the same farm. A group of farmers share in the growing and selling of crops, which reduces cost and increases profit. Government-owned farming. You get wages and a share in the products and profits. Communism Government-owned farming. You get wages, but don t share in profits or products. Communism Genetically Modified Foods Organic Farming Food with altered genes to make it grow bigger and faster. Using natural substances instead of fertilizers and chemicals.

10 CHANGING ECONOMIES The European Union Eastern Europe Manufacturing Service &Technology Farming Techniques Agricultural Issues Railways & Highways 1992 European nations met, and signed the Maastricht Treaty, which created the EU. This created a single economy, free trade, and a common currency (Euro). 40 years after WWII, Eastern Europe was controlled by the communists with the fall of communism, many of the Eastern European countries have moved toward Free Market and no longer use Command Economies. Linked to raw materials (resources). Heavy Industries (coal, iron, and other minerals). Light Industries (textile or food processing). 60% of people work in service industries (tourism, hotels, and restaurants). Technology is the fastest growing industry, like most of the world. New farming techniques to better use the land: mixed farming and farm cooperatives. The types of farming used under communism were collective farms, and state farms. These types failed because people did not have ownership, and had no incentives to work hard. Europeans have some problems with modern agriculture including genetically modified foods. Most prefer organic farming. Huge railway system throughout Europe, which is the main mode of transportation. They also have a well developed highway system that links major cities. Germany has the Autobahnen (no speed limit) PEOPLE & ENVIRONMENT Dry Farming Acid Rain Farming dry area, without using irrigation. You use methods to conserve soil moisture. Pollution containing acids combines with moisture in the air and comes down as acid rain.

11 Meltwater Acid Deposition Environmentalist Biologists HUMAN ENVIRONMENT Delta Project POLLUTION Global Warming Environmental Concerns Mountain snow that contains acids, which melts and pollutes rivers and springs. Wet and dry acid pollution that falls to the ground. Messes up environment as well as historical buildings. People concerned with the environment. People who study plant and animal life. Farming techniques vary depending on location. Southern Europe gets less rainfall, and must rely on dry farming. Designed to prevent the Netherlands from flooding, like New Orleans. Remember Netherlands are below sea level. It is a series of dams and dikes to protect the land. Europe s main industries are in the central part. This created the Black Triangle which is now heavily polluted. This has lead to serious issues with acid rain, meltwater, acid deposition. Environmentalists believe that carbon dioxide is leading to global warming, by increasing the greenhouse effect. Europe as well as the rest of the world is trying to clean up the environment, while preserving their individual countries economic strength.