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1 italy in the middle ages: overview -nationality -ruler -structure -politics -religious leader (pope) -territory -empire -east/west/central -north/south -culture -dress -language -rank -literacy -population -health -trade -agriculture -structure -machinery -transportation the dark ages the communes renaissance italy stagnation and reform

2 the dark ages ( ) - municipia, semi-independant cities -Odoacer emperor of Roman mpire, marks fall of estern Roman mpire -invasion by Ostrogoths, Gothic ars -Lombards converted to Christianity -Pope sought aid from Franks -clearance of ancient forests -urban population decreasing -wide-spread famine -Lombards adapting indigenous customs -high literacy rate among higher ranks -mainly Greek culture 410. visigoths sack rome 476. fall of western roman empire 493. ostragoths take control of italy -slavery declines, rise in labour mobility -wheat-growing estates latifundia -selling rye and other cereals 527. justinian becomes eastern roman emperor 552. justinian restores roman rule in italy 568. lombard conquest of northern italy 639. muslim armies conquer southern territories of byzantine empire 726. byzantine emperor leo III order all icons in byzantine empire destroyed 800. charlemagne, king of franks, crowned emperor of the west by pope leo III in rome -basic network of roads -resevoirs, water towers, mills -silver, lead and sulphur manufactured 962. otto the great crowned emperor, marking beginning of holy roman empire the dark ages the communes

3 the communes ( ) -autonomous cities communes -pushing towards autonomy -church losing power to communes -papacy controlled by local noble families -breakdown of centralized political control -creation of independant communes -land cleared with new urgency -cities expanded, constant enlargement of town walls -Florence population: 1000 increased to 100,000 -increased population -allies between milites (military family) and popolo (social groups) -consortie: allied families -merchants, artisans, money-lenders bulgaria becomes part of byzantine empire -extensive trade -trade in spices extremely profitable -Venice trades salt, lacks agricultural resources -southern ports declining, taxes battle between muslim seljuk turks under alp arslan and byzantine army under romanus IV diogenes; seljuks win and take most of asia minor from byzantines alexius I comnenus becomes emperor -temples and civic buildings abandoned or used as quarries -grid patterns in streets -art/architecture used as propoganda constantinople is recaptured by byzantine emperor michael palaeologus the communes renaissance italy

4 renaissance italy ( ) -temporary dictator, podesta appointed -signoris rule communes -Medici holds control over -decline in authority of papacy -pope arrested regarding taxation -plague and insecurities results in reestablishment of papacy as major political force -peninsula continually fragmented -few unskilled workers -huge merchant and artisinal class -civic life full of rituals and processions -Medici prominent family in Florence nadir came when pope boniface VIII was arrested on order of french king after quarrel over taxation of clergy black death plagues italy -small artisan workshops -black death, slows -practical education, letter writing, accounting election of nicolas V as pope turks capture constantinople; fall of byzantine empire renaissance italy stagnation and reform

5 stagnation and reform ( ) -leading families of city states had superiority in late 15th century -French and panish domesticated nobility and acquired new lands -sacking of rome gave rise to militant era of catholic reform -sequence of wars rocked peninsula -art and culture spread north -increase in population -increase in tourism -return of plague; fall in population louis XII attacks sforza duchy -increase in industry and agrictulture -nobility increased agricultural output by founnding new towns -textile industry flourished -growth in banking -improvement in land and sea communcations florence fell to imperial forces; increase in population following black death charles V took imperial title rome swacked by imperial troops plague returned, drop in population -invention of new water-powered mill -began silk manufacturing constantinople is recaptured by byzantine emperor michael palaeologus stagnation and reform

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