Skill-Builders. Grades 5 6. Social Studies. Writer Kate O Halloran. Editorial Director Susan A. Blair. Cover Designer Roman Laszok

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1 Daily Skill-Builders Social Studies Grades 5 6 Writer Kate O Halloran Editorial Director Susan A. Blair Cover Designer Roman Laszok Interior Designer Mark Sayer Production Editor Maggie Jones WALCH PUBLISHING

2 Table of Contents Social Studies Skills Addressed iv PART ONE: GEOGRAPHY AND MAPS PART TWO: U.S. HISTORY Daily Skill-Builders Social Studies Grades 5 6 PART THREE: WORLD HISTORY

3 Social Studies Skills Addressed Analyzing visual information Analysis Classifying information Comparing and contrasting Developing vocabulary Drawing inferences and conclusions... Finding the main idea Identifying bias Identifying cause and effect Identifying frame of reference and point of view Making valid generalizations Map skills Problem solving Reading charts and graphs Sequencing Summarizing Synthesizing information Transferring information from one medium to another Understanding geographic concepts... Using primary sources Using special-purpose maps , 112, 114, 115, 141, 156, 159, , 25 3, 14, 70, 71, 78, 79, 103, 104, 109, 110, 114, 115, 129, 137, 139, 151, , , 6 8, 12, 27, 51, 54, 66, 71, 81, 85, 113, 127, 130, 133, 135, 140, 147, 150, 157, 158, 162, 166, 178 9, 22 25, 65, 69, 73, 74, 82, 84 86, 91, 97, 118, 119, 121, 123, 126, 132, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 157, 160, 161, 165, 166, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176 3, 4, 65, 69, 78, 82, 86, 94, 98, 102, 103, 117, 118, , 129, 132, 134, 137, 139, 142, 144, 145, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 159, 161, 163, 165, , , , 69, 78, 79, 96, 99, 104, , , 143, 144, , 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 52, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 71, 75, 77, 87, 91, 95, 105, 106, 108, 120, 121, 128, 136, 163 5, 9, 24, 76, 104, 116, 160 5, 22, 23, 25, 84, , 80, 83, 88, 92, 96, 107, 122, 131, 138, 154, 155, 164, 172, 177 3, 98, 117, 124, , 73, 85, 87, 94, 95 3, 5, 75, 87, 95, 101, 105, 111, 112, , 121, 167, 175 3, 5, 22, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 53, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64 10, 74, 82, 89, 98, 114, 115, 117, 124, 125, 134, 149, 153, 165, 168, , 68, 77, 87, 93, 97, 100 iv

4 Glaciers A glacier is a huge river of ice. Its own weight makes it move very, very slowly. As it moves, it scrapes and shapes the land it passes over. Once a glacier has passed, the landforms it leaves behind show that it was there. One glacial landform is called a cirque. This is a bowl-shaped hollow on the side of a mountain. Cirques often fill with water and form small lakes. Glaciers also form steep, pyramid-shaped peaks on mountains. These are called horns. When a glacier passes through a valley, it makes the valley wider and deeper. The bottom of the glacier carves a U-shaped trough in the valley. The sides of the valley are steep. Where valleys connect, often the smaller valley is at a higher elevation than the larger valley. This is called a hanging valley. Where a glacial valley meets the sea, it often fills with water. These water-filled valleys are called fjords. This diagram shows an area where a glacier once flowed. Find these features: cirque, horn, U-shaped trough, hanging valley, and fjord. Write the name of each feature on the numbered lines Part One: Geography and Maps 1

5 Landforms Landforms are made in different ways. One is erosion, or wearing away. Wind and water can both cause erosion. The wind can throw rock and sand at a surface, wearing it away. Running water can carve away rock. Glaciers cause erosion, too. As a glacier moves over the land, it scrapes up soil and rocks. Glaciers can carve a path through a landscape. Here are the names of some landforms shaped by erosion. Draw a picture for each landform. canyon cirque a deep, narrow valley with steep sides a bowl-shaped hollow at the upper end of a mountain valley, formed by a glacier mesa fjord a high, steep-sided tableland formed by water runoff a long, narrow, steep-sided inlet of the sea, carved by glaciers 2 Part One: Geography and Maps

6 Tundra Read the description that follows. Then use it to fill in the web below. The world can be divided into biomes. These are areas with similar climate, plants, and animals. Tundra is the coldest biome. Tundra found in the far north are called arctic tundra. Tundra found high on mountains is called alpine tundra. Both types of tundra are cold and dry. In arctic tundra, the winter temperature is about 30 F. (Remember, freezing is 32 F.) In summer, it is about 40 F. The summer is short. The arctic growing season lasts about 50 days. During the winter, the days are very short. In some areas, the sun does not rise at all for several days. About 6 10 inches of rain falls in the tundra each year. The soil never thaws all the way. Under the top few feet of earth is a layer that is always frozen. This layer is called permafrost. Some plants and animals live in the tundra. Plants here, including low shrubs, grasses, and moss, are short and grow in groups. This helps protect them from winds and cold. Some animals, such as caribou and arctic hares, live by eating these plants. Other animals are carnivorous. They eat meat. They include arctic foxes, wolves, and polar bears. Some birds spend the summer in the tundra. They fly to warmer areas in winter. They include ravens, loons, falcons, and gulls. And, of course, the tundra has lots of insect life, including mosquitoes, blackflies, moths, grasshoppers, and arctic bumblebees. Climate Location Plants Arctic Tundra Meat-eating animals Birds Insects Plant-eating animals Part One: Geography and Maps 3

7 Rain Forests Read the passage about rain forests. Then answer the questions that follow. There are two types of rain forests: tropical rain forests and temperate rain forests. They are similar in many ways. Both types have tall, dense plant growth. They are both very wet. They have many kinds of plants and animals. The biggest difference between them is temperature. Tropical rain forests are warm, while temperate rain forests are cool. The tropics are the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. (These are two imaginary lines 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator.) This is where tropical rain forests are found. More than half the world s rain forests are found in Latin America. Other tropical rain forests are in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and West Africa. Temperate rain forests are found along some coasts in temperate zones. These are areas where temperatures are neither very hot nor very cold. The largest temperate rain forests are found on the Pacific coast of North America. Smaller temperate rain forests are located on the southeast coast of Chile, in South America. They are also found along the coasts of Norway, Japan, New Zealand, and southern Australia. 1. What are the different types of rain forests? 2. Name three similarities between the different types of rain forests. 3. Name one difference between the different types of rain forests. 4. Name the region where most of the world s tropical rain forests are found. 4 Part One: Geography and Maps

8 Countries of Southeast Asia The countries of Southeast Asia are listed in the box. Find and label these countries on the map below. Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Burma) Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam 1. N W S E Part One: Geography and Maps 63

9 Capitals of Southeast Asia The countries of Southeast Asia are listed in the left column. Their capitals are listed on the right. Draw a line from each country to its capital. 1. Brunei 2. Cambodia 3. East Timor 4. Indonesia 5. Laos 6. Malaysia 7. Myanmar (Burma) 8. Philippines 9. Singapore 10. Thailand 11. Vietnam a. Bandar Seri b. Bangkok c. Dili d. Hanoi e. Jakarta f. Kuala Lumpur g. Manila h. Phnom Penh i. Singapore City j. Vientiane k. Yangon (Rangoon) 64 Part One: Geography and Maps

10 Explorers Puzzle Choose the correct name from the box for each clue below. Then complete the crossword puzzle Cabot Champlain Columbus DaGama Dias Drake Hudson Magellan Vespucci 9 Across 3. In 1492, he became the first European to reach the Americas. 7. This French explorer founded the first permanent European settlement in Canada; today, it is the city of Quebec. 8. He sailed up the Pacific coast of South and North America, claiming land for England. 9. Sailing for Portugal, he was the first European to sail around Africa s Cape of Good Hope. Down 1. This explorer claimed the east coast of North America for England. 2. This explorer claimed what is now New York for the Netherlands. 4. This explorer did not find the Americas; his (first) name was given to them. 5. In 1519, this Spanish explorer tried to reach Asia by sailing around South America. 6. In 1497, this Portuguese explorer reached Asia by sailing around Africa. 66 Part Two: U.S. History

11 Christopher Columbus, Persuader Before Christopher Columbus set sail in 1492, he had to find a sponsor. He needed someone to cover the costs of the journey he had in mind. Columbus believed he would find a direct route to the riches of Asia, but not everyone agreed with him. Imagine that Columbus has asked you for advice in getting a sponsor. He has already tried to persuade the kings of Portugal, France, Spain, and England to help him. They turned him down. He is going to Spain again to meet with Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. Your job is to help him convince the king and queen to sponsor him. Here are some possible arguments in Columbus s favor. Use as many of them as you like to write a speech Columbus can give to the king and queen. Do not forget to use your own knowledge and powers of persuasion. Write your speech on the lines below. Possible arguments In 1492, other countries have overseas possessions, but Spain only has the Canary Islands. Spain s possessions in Europe are safe, so Spain has plenty of resources to conquer overseas territory. Overseas possessions would help Spain compete with Portugal for new sources of wealth. Overseas conquests would let Spain s monarchs spread Christianity to other regions. Part Two: U.S. History 67

12 Columbus s Route Christopher Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain, on August 3, His three ships carried ninety men. Their first stop was in the Canary Islands, 660 miles to the southwest. The first two ships arrived in these islands off the coast of Africa on August 12. The third ship had trouble at sea and arrived two weeks later. At last, on September 6, the three ships headed west into the unknown ocean. From September 8 to September 20, Columbus s course was due west from the Canary Islands. His ships were at a latitude of about 28 N. In mid-ocean he jogged north, then south again. From September 26 to October 9, he sailed to the west at about 25 N. This map shows the start, middle, and end of Columbus s journey. Use the information above to complete the line showing his route Spain 40 Aug Sept. 23 Sept Oct. 12 Canary Islands 25 AFRICA Part Two: U.S. History

13 Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León sailed toward America in In April, he saw a long shoreline. He named the land La Florida and claimed it for Spain. To find out how large this new land was, Ponce de León and his ships sailed south. They traveled along the east coat of Florida. Suddenly, the water grew very blue. The ships stopped moving forward. The sails were full, but the ships made little headway. Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico Florida Bahamas Ponce de León s Route 1513 Cuba Hispaniola Puerto Rico Jamaica What do you know about the Atlantic Ocean that might explain Ponce de León s problem? (Hint: If his ships had been 20 miles east or west, they would have moved much more quickly.) Write your explanation here. Part Two: U.S. History 69

14 European Explorers Many countries in Europe wanted to claim parts of the Americas. Kings and queens paid explorers to claim land for them. Here are some of these explorers and the dates of their trips. Complete the chart by saying what nation paid for, or sponsored, each trip. Choose from England, France, Portugal, or Spain. Explorer Date Sponsoring Nation Christopher Columbus 1492 John Cabot 1497 Pedro Alvares Cabral 1500 Juan Ponce de León 1513 Ferdinand Magellan 1519 Hernán Cortés 1519 Giovanni da Verrazzano 1524 Francisco Pizarro 1532 Jacques Cartier Part Two: U.S. History

15 Who Sailed for What Country? Christopher Columbus s first voyage made Europe aware of the Americas. Several countries sent explorers west to claim new land or to find new routes to Asia. Some explorers sailed for different countries on different trips. Read the names of the explorers listed in the box. Decide which country or countries each explorer worked for. Then find the country on the map below. Write the explorer s name on the line. John Cabot Jacques Cartier Samuel de Champlain Christopher Columbus Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Henry Hudson Louis Joliet Robert de La Salle Juan Ponce de León Ferdinand Magellan Jacques Marquette Hernando de Soto Giovanni da Verrazzano Amerigo Vespucci 1. England France 3. Spain 4. Netherlands Part Two: U.S. History 71

16 Steps Toward Civilization Read the passage about early civilizations. Then use the information to fill in the graphic organizer below. The earliest humans lived in small groups that moved from place to place. They found their food by hunting and gathering wild plants. Then about 10,000 years ago, this way of life started to change. Instead of just gathering plants for food, people started to grow the plants themselves. This meant that they stopped moving from place to place; they stayed in one place to cultivate their crops. In some places, where the land was rich and there was plenty of water, these crops grew very well. People in these places soon grew more food than they needed. They were able to trade food for other things. They also started to divide the work. Some people now spent all their time farming. Some focused on trading or other tasks. Towns soon formed. With a lot of people living in one place and doing different jobs, people found they needed rules. They started to develop systems of laws. They also needed ways to keep track of who owned what and what the laws were. They developed systems of writing. The first civilizations were born. 1. nomadic hunter-gatherers early civilizations Part Three: World History 103

17 Civilization Pluses and Minuses About 10,000 years ago, people started to settle down. They had learned how to grow their own food and relied less on what they could find in the wild. People began to form villages, towns, and cities. They developed governments, religions, and laws. In a lot of ways, living in communities made life better for people. But there were negative aspects, too. Think of all the ways people s lives would change, both good and bad. Write your ideas in the chart below. There is an example of each aspect in each column to get you started. List as many aspects as you can think of. Positive Aspects protection from danger Negative Aspects less independence 104 Part Three: World History

18 Peoples of the Rivers The world s earliest civilizations developed along rivers. In northern Africa, the kingdom of Egypt developed along the banks of the Nile River. In southwestern Asia, Mesopotamia lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The first Chinese culture developed along the Huang He, or Yellow River. In southern Asia, the Indus River was the site of the Indus Valley civilization. It centered on the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. The map below shows the areas of these early civilizations. Color ancient Egypt orange. Color Mesopotamia blue. Color the Indus Valley red. Color the Huang He region yellow. Do not forget to fill in the key and give the map a descriptive title. Title: KEY Egypt Huang He (Yellow River) Indus Valley Mesopotamia Part Three: World History 105

19 Japanese Culture The culture of Japan is unique. It borrowed some ideas from China, such as its writing system. But most aspects of Japanese culture were not influenced by other cultures. Think about Japan s location in relation to other places. Why do you think Japanese culture might have developed without outside influence? Write your answer here. What are the positives and negatives of being in a culture that receives little outside influence? Fill in the chart below with your answers. Positives Negatives 176 Part Three: World History

20 Time Line of Japan Here are some important events in the history of Japan. Unfortunately, they are all out of order. Decide when each event took place. Then label the events from 1 (for the earliest event) to 10 (for the most recent event). a. Military rule begins as samurai (warriors) replace emperors as actual rulers of Japan. b. The Meiji Restoration begins. It marks the end of the shogunate and the beginning of a period of intense modernization. c. Isolationism begins as Japan shuts its doors to the West. d. The Heian period sees a flowering of culture in Japan. e. Kublai Khan makes two attempts to invade Japan, but is driven back by typhoons. The Japanese call the storms kamikaze, or divine wind. f. U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Japan with military backing, forcing the shoguns to open the country to the West. g. The country is divided by years of civil war. h. The Tale of Genji, the world s first novel, is written by court lady Murasaki Shikibu. i. Japan is united under the military Tokugawa government, which maintains 250 years of peace. The shogunate focuses on tradition and is antagonistic toward the West. j. Japan s first permanent capital is set up at Nara. Part Three: World History 177

21 Japanese Terms On the left are some terms related to Japanese history. On the right are their definitions. Draw a line from each term to its definition. 1. bushido 2. daimyo 3. isolation 4. kamikaze 5. Meiji Restoration 6. samurai 7. shogun a. the period of modernization as Japan opened up to the outside world after years of isolation b. a state of being cut off from outside influences c. a Japanese warrior d. a military leader who ran the country instead of an emperor e. the way of the warrior, or code of behavior for Japan s samurai warriors f. a local warrior lord g. the divine wind, typhoons that blew invading forces away from Japan 178 Part Three: World History

22 Japanese Proverbs Proverbs they are short sayings people use all the time. They are a way to pass on information about a culture. Often the same ideas are found in proverbs from different cultures. Here are some Japanese proverbs. Read them carefully. Then explain what you think each one is saying. Can you think of any other proverbs that express the same idea? 1. A fool is only cured by dying. 2. Seven falls, eight getting up. 3. It s like giving a coin to a cat. 4. Poke a bush, a snake comes out. Part Three: World History 179

23 Family Crest In medieval Japan, some families had family crests called mon. The crests stood for the family name. They were printed on most things family members used: clothes, furniture, weapons. They told other people to whom the things belonged. What kind of symbol would you use as a family crest? Draw a simple symbol in the space below. 180 Part Three: World History

Unit 11 Lesson 9 Great Voyages of Discovery

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