TRANSPORT PROBLEMS 2012 PROBLEMY TRANSPORTU Volume 7 Issue 1

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1 TRANSPORT PROBLEMS 2012 PROBLEMY TRANSPORTU Volume 7 Issue 1 Ase ASENOV*, Velizara PENCHEVA, Emil SAVEV Uiversity of Ruse "Agel Kachev" 8 Studetska str, Ruse, 7017, Bulgaria *Correspodig author. asaseov@ui-ruse.bg road trasport, distributio, electric goods, city TRANSPORT SERVICING OF THE DISTRIBUTION IN CITY Summary. This work gives a overview of the state of trasport services for distributio i a city with the size of to The attetio is directed to the coditios i Ruse - oe of the 10 largest cities i Bulgaria. Based o a survey of the values of the performace i replacig covetioal vehicles powered by iteral combustio egies with electric, it was cocluded o the effectiveess of usig electric vehicles for distributio i the city. ТРАНСПОРТНЫЕ УСЛУГИ ПО ДОСТАВКЕ В ГОРОДЕ Аннотация. Данная работа дает краткий обзор состояния транспортных услуг по доставке в городе с населением от до жителей. Внимание уделено состоянию в городе Русе - одном из 10 крупнейших городов Болгарии. Опираясь на обзор преимуществ замены обычных транспортных средств, приводимых в действие двигателями внутреннего сгорания на электрические, был сделан вывод об эффективности использования электромобилей для осуществления доставок в городе. 1. INTRODUCTION The ifluece of urbaizatio i the last few decades has led to a icreasig umber of urba populatio ad desity of the residetial buildigs, shops ad other commuity buildigs. This ad the icreasig umber of private vehicles travelig i the city road etwork whose throughput remais uchaged, leads to queues ad traffic jam o mai roads ad cross-roads. For the last 10 years, from 1998 to 2008 i Bulgaria the umber of tractors with semitrailers, cars ad trucks has icreased from to , which is a icrease of 29,9%. The rate of icrease of trucks is 23,5%, cars 30,7%, [3]. Alog with private vehicles ad public trasport - buses, trolleybuses, taxis; the supply of goods to the commercial ad idustrial sites, courier ad postal services are carried out o the road etwork. Due to heavy use of urba roads with vehicles causig traffic jams, which temporary blocks the traffic ad frustrates the travelers, restrictive measures have bee take slightly reducig the impact of vehicles egaged i distributio i the city. These decisios iclude: routes for traffic of trucks with weight exceedig 10 toes; maily usig vehicles with payload of 0,8 t ad 1,8 toes for larger loads; trasportig maily at ight, whe the load of the road etwork is lighter, or i strictly defie hours durig the day, [1]. Aother problem for the cities is the pollutats released by the cars. This is due to the use of vehicles with iteral combustio egies, workig maily with liquid fuels: petrol ad diesel, rare gases: LPG ad methae, because most of the cars used by the trasport compaies have bee created

2 96 A. Aseov, V. Pecheva, E. Savev from the factory producer to work with liquid fuels. This i tur, draws attetio to the use of vehicles meetig the evirometal stadards Euro 3, Euro 4 ad Euro 5 or a alterative evirometally friedly trasport, [2]. 2. EXPOSITION 2.1. Geeral characteristics of the trasport services for the city Freight is a essetial part of the trasport of a moder city. They have a direct impact o the ecoomy ad meetig the eeds of the residets of the city ad are a major factor i supplyig the maufacturig ad trade ceters with the ecessary raw materials ad goods, ad also have a direct impact o the courier, postal ad other services. The movemet of icomig ad outgoig cargo flows i oe of the biggest cities i Bulgaria, Rousse with about ihabitats betwee 2004 ad 2007, is about 2,3 millio tos of cargo per year (Fig. 1). The aalysis of these flows shows that there are relatively equal volumes of iboud ad outboud cargo flows, the outflows durig the period were about 15% greater tha iflows Fig. 1. Icomig ad outgoig quatities of goods trasported for domestic road trasport for the period i the tow of Rousse [4] Рис. 1. Входящие и выходящие потоки товаров, перевозимых внутренним транспортом в городе Русе за период с 2004 по 2007 год. [4]

3 Trasport servicig of the distributio i city 97 The flows i Figure 1 are maily trasported i the ew city routes for movemet of vehicles with load capacity exceedig 10 toes. For Ruse the routes are as follows (Figure 2): - Bulgaria Blvd - Third March Blvd - Wester Idustrial Zoe; - Third March Blvd - Erma Str. - M. Stoykov Str. - Rousse Shipyard; - Bulgaria Blvd - Tutraka Blvd - East Idustrial Zoe; - Bulgaria Blvd - Lipik Blvd - Mototehika - Iva Veder Str. - Potsdam Str or Lipik Blvd crossroad Olympus N. Petkov Str. the storage area; - Tutraka Blvd - Dorostol/Str. Pliska Str. Tulcha Str N. Petkov Str. A large part of the cargo is achieved to the residetial buildigs ad the mai attractio ceters, shops, schools, postal ad courier statios o the mai etwork of the city. The streams, which rus o the city etwork, are primarily divided betwee: - Cars (persoal, busiess ad taxi trasport); - Public trasport (bus, trolleybus); - Freight cars. Accordig to the authorizatio of the city, freight cars are divided ito: heavy over 10 toes, which rus o special routes, vehicles load to 10 toes, which are divided ito cars with limited licesig ad capacity over 1,8 tos ad light trucks with ulimited licesig, which are prevalet - over 60% of the park, coductig operatios i the city, with a payload of 0,8 tos. The advatages of orgaizatio that allows the city to be offloaded from the big trucks that are prerequisites for obstructig urba traffic ad provide higher average speeds ad safer movemet. Fig. 2. Routes i Ruse o the movemet of vehicles with load capacity exceedig 10 toes [1] Рис. 2. Маршруты движения транспортных средств с грузоподъемностью превышающей 10 тонн в городе Русе [1]

4 98 A. Aseov, V. Pecheva, E. Savev O the other had there are idicated the followig disadvatages of the trasport [5]: - It does ot build a positive value o the product ad is the oly additioal cost that is added to the price of the product ad makes it ucompetitive; - Raises the cost of resources ad eergy; - Icreases the pollutio ad urba air with the waste from combustio exhaust gases, oise (76-80dB), waste materials - fuel, oil, atifreeze, rubber products, etc.; - Adversely affect huma health by leadig to health problems, stress, ijuries, icreased risk of illess ad death; - Reductio of gree areas - parks with grass ad wooded areas, reduce the water areas ad others due to the ifrastructure costructio Road trace ad models for trasport optimizatio The majorities of routes for trasport services of the city are pickig up, drop off ad pick up-drop off, [3]. Such paths are typical models of the type show o Fig.3. I the presece of m cosigors formig plurality {M}, which trasported cargo to recipiets, forms plurality {N}, (Fig. 3). Uificatio of the two sets (MN) forms the set of all correspodig poits. 1 2 j m Cosigors.... Recipiets i Fig. 3. Scheme of positios ad coectios betwee correspodig poits Рис. 3. Схема расположений и связей между соответствующими (обменивающимися) пунктами Each j-th (j=1,2,...,m) seder for a specified period of time seds Q j (Q j 0) uiform cargo uits, ad each i-th (i=1,2,...,) the recipiet receives G i (G i 0) uit load for the same period. For trasportatio of goods is used a car park from l vehicles, where each k-th (k=1,2,...,l), from them loadig q k (q k 0) uits. Let m=1 и >1, or oe cosigor (sedig Q uits of goods) provide more tha oe recipiet, receivig G i (i=1,2,...,) uits of goods. I this case the umber of correspodig poits is +1. Assume that there is a balace betwee set ad received cargo quatity as i iflows ad outflows of Figure 1. The: Q G i (1)

5 Trasport servicig of the distributio i city 99 I: i the cosigor has more uits ( Q Q G i G i to (1), the uits remai i ivetories at the seder. I: Q )load from the required amout. This case (2) is coverted G i load required for beeficiaries is more (с G i Q uits) from available to the cosigors. I this case establishes priority of supply. Multiple requests N raged as subsets N 1, N 2,...,N, raged i order of priority as N 1 N 2... N =N и N 1 N 2... N =0. N 1 - the set of requests with the highest priority; N N - the set of requests with the lowest priority. If Gi Gi Q, the exclude from cosideratio requests with the lowest priority (ie, requests in from the subset N ). The if G i in1 N2... N 1 Q, the task is coverted i case (1) or (2), otherwise cotiue with exclusio orders from the ext priority i subsets ad agai re-alig formally task (3) to (1) or (2). Let {G 1,G 2,...,G } is a tidy set (i.e. G i G i+1, for i=1,2,..,-1). If you have a car with a omial load q Whe q>g i for i=1,2,... A problem arises o goods i small batches i delivery routes. Whe q G i for ii k, i=1,2,..i k,.., We reduce the set {G} i the form (4) where: { G}: G1, G2,..., Gi, G i,..., Gi... G k 1 k. (4) Gi G G sq 0 sz ; s [ ] (i.е. s is the itegral part of divisio of G i ad q, or q i i, comparable with the module) ad G i q. The cargo sq is trasported i s liear reversible routes {0i0}. For set (4) agai arises the task of cargo i small batches. Let l be the umber of vehicles with load respectively q 1,q 2,...,q l uits ad {q 1,q 2,...,q l } is a tidy set (q k q k-1, за к=1,2,...,l-1). If q 1 >G i, i=1,2,..., agai arises the task of cargo i small batches. If q k G i за k>k p we reduce the set G i the form (4). It follows that the set G ca always provide i type (4), where it arises the task of plaig for freight i small batches. Whe G maxq, ( k 1,2,..., l), all cargo ca be delivered to the recipiets of a car for oe route. i k k (2) (3)

6 100 A. Aseov, V. Pecheva, E. Savev Whe G maxq, ( k 1,2,..., l), should build more tha oe route startig ad edig at the i k k seder. Whe m>1 ad =1, each of the seders, set to oe recipiet Q j (j=1,2,...,m) uits of goods. Arises the task of drawig up the so-called collectio routes. Let m>1 ad >1 (m<<), i.е. seders are more tha oe, but recipiets are much more seders. The multitude of these tasks ca be divided ito two subsets. Oe subset is the oe i which may of the recipiets are broke betwee the seder so that each recipiet is supplied by a sigle cosigor, i.e. each seder has its ow service area ad provide supply oly ow recipiets. If {M i } e set of seders supplyig the i-th receiver, the M i =1, i=1,2,...,, where M i is theumber of elemets i the set M i. Aother subset is the opposite of orgaizatio form, where each recipiet ca receive cargo from each seder M i =m, i=1,2,...,. Betwee these extreme cases, is possible itermediate form, where some recipiets may receive a load of some (but ot ecessarily all) seders. The: 1 M i m, i=1,2,...,. I the latest two cases, the task ca be broke dow ito simpler, tacklig the task of fixig the recipiets to cosigers Usig the alterative vehicles powered by fuel, differetly tha liquid fuels I all routes for trasportatio of goods used vehicles with iteral combustio egies operatig o liquid ad gaseous fuels (gasolie, diesel, LPG, CNG). Exhaust from these vehicles separated ad remai etirely i urba areas where they are ad livig areas. Basic daily mileage, which is take from the vehicles, examied routes i the city raged from 80 to 150 km. Also cosiderig that the cars are ot movig oly o oe route, but few are usually i the rage betwee 5 ad 30 km. This makes it possible to seek a variat which istead of cars with iteral combustio egies with capacity up to 0,8 ad 1,8 tos, usig alterative vehicles - EVs. I the project Gree Post, [5] was carried out research i Bulgaria Posts EAD, Ruse uder the existig pick up ad drop off routes. Fig. 4 shows oe of the surveyed collectio routes. Oe of the cars - VAZ 2104, was replaced by electrical car Free DUCK, productio of Ducati Eergy, especially for mail trasport, (Fig. 5). Post office Fig. 4. Outlie of the collectio of the letters i the city of Ruse, icludig post office ad 22 post boxes Рис. 4. Схема потоков писем в городе Русе, включая почтовое отделение и 22 почтовых ящика 15 The survey results shows that: the legth of the circular assembly route is 17,77 km; techical speed 20,35 km / h; operatig speed 17 km / h; traffic time 2885 sec; total time o route 3761 sec (63 mi); average time of stay i a mailbox to collect letters 40 sec. For that route, it appears that electric car replaced successfully the traditioal car. The results showed a good practice to replace the traditioal park with a alterative [6]

7 Trasport servicig of the distributio i city 101 Usig the less pollutig trasport is facilitated by the lower mileage vehicles that travel, as well as lower speed i cities, which for Bulgaria is limited to 50 km/h. For future implemetatio of alterative vehicles i the cities is eeded ifrastructure developmet with power plats ad selectio of appropriate for trasportatio of goods electrical car. I such orgaizatio of work is possible reductio of discharges i the city exhaust emissios from cars, courier ad postal services, trasport of freights to ad from the ceter of gravity, such as shops, markets, warehouses, factories ad firms. Fig. 5. Usig electrical car Free Duck Рис. 5. Используемый электромобиль Free Duck 3. CONCLUSION The results of the survey shows that it is possible to trasport activities related to trasport of goods ad mail letters ad parcels i cities, successfully to be carried out by electrical car with omial load up to 0,8 tos ad rage per oe charge up to 150 km. To be a successful itroductio of electric vehicles i a city, like Ruse, is ecessary to build a ifrastructure with chargig statios ad a selectio of electrical cars with techical idicators that provide alterative replacemet of traditioal vehicles for trasport i cities. The Support from the govermet ad muicipal authorities with tax ad fiacial icetives ad promotioal campaigs, as a first step i startig a campaig to update fleet with cleaer vehicles, is oe of the ecessary coditios for successful implemetatio of such activities. Bibliography 1. Андонова И.: Проектно решение за трасетата за движение на товарни автомобили над 10 тона. Община Русе, Бързев К.; Станков K.: Екологични проблеми на транспорта. Русе, Симеонов Д., Пенчева B.: Взаимодействие на видовете транспорт. Русе, Национален статистически годишник. НСИ. София Pecheva V., Aseov A., Savev E.: Noise Reducig i urba eviromets, usig alterative vehicles. Beograd, Serbia, Gree Post.

8 102 A. Aseov, V. Pecheva, E. Savev Received ; accepted i revised form The authors thak for the support ad cooperatio of Ducati Eergy supported the research. The project "GREEN POST" is supported by fudig from the Itelliget Eergy to Europe, which is a official parter i the compay for reewable eergy i Europe. The study was supported by cotract BG051PO /28, "Support for the Scietific Staff Developmet i the Field of Egieerig Research ad Iovatio. The project is fuded with support from the Operatioal Program "Huma Resources Developmet" , fiaced by the Europea Social Fud of the Europea Uio.