500 B.C.E C.E.

Transcription

1 Maya Teotihuaca n Zapotec Moche Chavin Wari Dates when group was dominant 250~900 A.D. around 500 B.C. 500 B.C.E C.E. 100 AD to 800 AD Between B.C.E A.D Political structure had many individual political states that united by trading, tribute obligations, political alliances each of se city states used to be governed by simple chiefdoms, but powerful centralize d leaders took over in Classic period The establishm ent of capital city of Monte Albán suggests chiefdoms of Oaxaca Valley had created a union or alliance. dictatorshi p former people in Moche had unfair life compare to Moche lord. They also had unfair life compare to Mcohe soldiers, worrior Class distinction increased in Chavin era verses Olmec era Local chiefs more powerful chief/king dominated politics A military was also developed during this time. And conquerin g or ls becoming more powerful also aspects of this society. The political structure of Wari state including ruling elite, minor officials artisans. The central parts of cities had major complexes with plazas. These center areas surroundin g by residential blocks in walled compound s, separated by streets. Core beliefs polyis m believed in Itzamna, Like most of or They had Polyisti c religion Chavn culture had a polyisti Wari adapted added as well to

2 Kukulcan, Bolon Tzacab, Chac y practiced astronomy, divination, human sacrifices, elaborate burial for royalty, worship in stone pyramid te mples empires Zapotec empire s religion was also polyisti c, but especially Cocijo, god of rain Coquihani, god of light. was most core gods in Zapotec empire. means y believed in many gods c religion, believing mainly in feline gods great complex of Pachacama c. - The shrine was dedicated to god Pachacama c, " Creator of World". Pachacama c was most important place for pilgrims in coastal region at time attracted worshipper s from all over Peru. Main agricultural practices Mayans cleared large portion of rain forest built big storage of rainwater for farming shifting cultivation agriculture provided most of ir food but permanent raised fields, The majority of Zapotec in all regions are peasant farmers, practicing a mixture of subsistenc e cash agriculture with some animal husbry. Moche society included large monumen tal pyramid s haped architectu re called huacas, apparentl y partly temples, palaces, administra tive centers, Chavin s earliest highly developed culture in pre Colu mbian Peru, flourished between about BC. During this time Chavín artistic influence spread throughou The Wari built roads exped militarily, spreading ir kind of terrace agricultur e, as often happens with military conquest, bringing conversio n.

3 terracing, forest gardens, managed fallows, wild harvesting also crucial used slah b urn technique ritual meeting places. t norrn central parts of what is now Peru. Trade networks The Maya had extensive trade networks traded for prestige items such as obsidian, gold, jade, fears more. They also traded for food, salt mundane items like tools pottery. The Maya also fought bitterly with one anor. Rival city states would skirmish frequently. Zapotec have maintaine d trade through Oaxaca, ir products carried by tumpline. Moche maintained fairy elaborate trading network ir trading connection led across Andes into rainforest on or side. They inherited cultural economic characteris tics from Caral. These characteris tics included pyramids, elevated platforms mounds, extensive irrigation networks. There two outliers at Beringa, se "non local" individuals may have derived from or parts of South Central Andes. This is consistent with our understan ding of expansive trade networks population movement in Andean Middle Horizo.

4 During se raids, prisoners would be taken to be used as slaves or sacrificed to gods, led to slavery trading. Major strength Powerful city states vied for supremac y, militarily culturally. Close ties with gr city of Teoithuac án, far to north, helped Maya civilization reach its peak around A.D. The Maya keen astronome rs, plotting every aspect of sky accurately Lord worriors of Moche was one of Moche s strength, Also y masters of goldsmithi ng good weavers, magnificie nt pottery makers. They also knew how to survive in harsh climate wear. trade linked coastal economy with different products including quinoa, potatoes, llamas in mountain valleys. Their agricultur e made ir dense population possible was strength behind city's expansion against or peoples along Andes

5 predicting eclipses or phenomen a. They had a series of overlappin g calendars quite accurate. They had a well devel oped religion divine panon, some of is described in Popol Vuh. In cities, stonemas ons created stelae, statues recorded greatness of ir leaders. Trade, particularl y for prestige items like obsidian jade, flourished.

6 Main weakness es(cause of decline) decline of Mayan civilization remains one of greatest mysteries in world because a flourishing civlization declined in such a short time experts guess that Mayan civlization ended with combinati on of : natural disaster, warfare, famine, outbreak of disease, climate change, lack of food supply around 8th century C.E., city began to decline for unknown reason y did not have formal system of communication. Because of this y could not make detailed history of mselve s.