What the Americans knew Piero Scaruffi Copyright Bibliography: Alvin Josephy: 500 Nations (1
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1 What the Americans knew Piero Scaruffi Copyright Bibliography: Alvin Josephy: 500 Nations (1 1
2 Bibliography Alvin Josephy: 500 Nations (1994) 2
3 What the Americans knew 21,000 B.C.: First humans arrive in Alaska (Pedro Furada in Brazil and Monte Verde in Chile claim to be older) 11,000: Clovis culture spreads from Mexico to South America 7,000: Farming in Mesoamerica 2,000 B.C.: First towns in Mesoamerica 3
4 What the Americans knew 4
5 What the Americas knew Corn/ maize Asian societies built on rice European societies built on wheat American societies built on corn 5
6 What the Americas knew Characters shared by all American cultures Communal ownership of agricultural land within a tribe No purchase or trade of land No sale of crops for profit 6
7 LOST CITIES OF ANCIENT PERU MODERN NAME NEAREST AIRPORT AGE CULTURE WHATIS LEFT BATAN BRUJO CHAN CHAN CHAVIN CIUDAD ENCANTADA CONGONA CUPINISQUE CUZCO KAWACHI KUELAP MACHU PICCHU MOCHE NAZCA OLLANTAYTAMBO PACATNAMU PACHACAMAC PAJATEN (ABISEO) PARACAS PUEBLO ALTO PURUNLLACTA SACSAYHUAMAN SECHIN SILLUSTANI SIPAN TIWANAKU TUCUME VILAYA VILCABAMBA WARI YALAPE CHICLAYO TRUJILLO TRUJILLO HUARAZ PIURA CAJAMARCA TRUJILLO CUZCO NAZCA CHACHAPOYAS CUZCO TRUJILLO NAZCA CUZCO TRUJILLO LIMA MOYOBAMBA NAZCA CHACHAPOYAS CHACHAPOYAS CUZCO CHIMBOTE PUNO CHICLAYO LAPAZ CHICLAYO CHACHAPOYAS CUZCO AYACUCHO CHACHAPOYAS A.D.? A.D. 600 B.C. 1500? A.D B.C A.D. 100 B.C.-700 A.D A.D A.D A.D. 200 B.C.-600 A.D A.D. 100 A.D A.D A.D B.C A.D A.D A.D B.C A.D. 200A.D A.D A.D A.D A.D. 700 A.D A.D. LAMBAYEQUE MOCHE? CHIMU CHAVIN INKA? CHACHAPOYAS TRUJILLO INKA NAZCA CHACHAPOYAS INKA MOCHE NAZCA INKA MOCHE WARI CHACHAPOYAS PARACAS CHACHAPOYAS CHACHAPOYAS INKA SECHIN AYMARA MOCHE TIWANAKU LAMBAYEQUE CHACHAPOYAS INKA WARI CHACHAPOYAS PYRAMIDS? 28 KMQ FORTRESS CITY FORTRESS? TEMPLES PYRAMIDS FORTRESS CITY 2 PYRAMIDS LINES FORTRESS 57 PYRAMIDS CITY CITY NECROPOLIS CITY CITY FORTRESS TEMPLE TOWERS TOMBS TEMPLES 26 PYRAMIDS CITY FORTRESS TEMPLES 7 FORTRESS
8 (approximate location) The Cultures of Peru I SECHIN CHAVIN MOCHE LAMBAY. CHIMU CHACHAP. N WARI K P A R A C A S N A Z C A A T I W A N A K U AYMARA (approximate timescale) CHAN CHAN MAIN CITIES: TIWANAKU PUCATNAMU WARI KUELAP PAJATEN CUZCO LINES SIPAN TUCUME MACHU PICCHU 8
9 Ancient Peru Chinchorros: the first people in the world to practice mummification (5000 BC) Sechin (1500 BC) Chavin (600 BC) Nazca (600 AD) Tucume (1000 AD) Tiwanaku (1000 AD) Kuelap (1100 AD) Machu Picchu (1500 AD) 9
10 Ancient Peru Sechin (1500 BC) Nazca (600 AD) Chan Chan (1000 AD) Machu Picchu (1500 AD) 10
11 Ancient Peru Carpet: Paracas of Peru 1st AD (Boston Museum of Fine Arts) Tomb of Sipan (Moche, 3rd c AD) (Sipan Museum) Nazca culture (1st c BC - 6th c AD) (DeYoung Museum, San Francisco) 11
12 Ancient Peru Add monument/museums/larco 12
13 Ancient Peru 13
14 Ancient Peru 14
15 Ancient Peru Chimu civilization (near Chan Chan): 140 children sacrificed (15 th c), the largest child sacrifice in history. 15
16 Meso-America Olmec (San Lorenzo) 1400BC BC Zapotec (Monte Alban) 600 BC AD Teotihuacan (Teotihuacan) 150 BC AD Nayarit 100 BC AD Maya (Yaxchilan) AD Maya (Tikal) AD Totonac (El Tajin) Maya (Palenque) 550 AD Toltec (Tula) 950 AD Maya (Chichen Itza) Maya (Uxmal) Aztec (Tenochtitlan)
17 Meso-America Map 17
18 Tlatilco Tlatilco Terracotta figurine of a contorsionist ( BC) (Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico City) Pottery mask of life and death ( BC) (Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico City)
19 Olmec San Lorenzo (1,400-1,300 BC) La Venta (1,100 BC) Farming No cows, pigs, sheep No beasts of burden (horse, donkey, oxen, llamas) No wheeled vehicles Cult of the jaguar (same as Chavin in Peru ) Peak: 1, BC 19
20 Olmec Colossal heads Olmec ( BC) (DeYoung Museum, San Francisco) 20
21 Olmec Sculptures (Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico City) ( BC) 21
22 Olmec Jade figurines Jade figurines ( BC) (Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico City) 22
23 Olmec Earliest writing in the Americas One of the three inventors of writing with Mesopotamia and China No Olmec writing found before 2006 Cascajal, Veracruz, Mexico (950 BC) (discovered in 2006) 23
24 Olmec Successors of the Olmecs in the Mexican Gulf Coast: Maya Teotihuacan (Mexico City, pyramids of 100) Totonac (El Tajin, ) Toltecs (Tula, 950) Zapotec 24
25 Zapotec Pre-Zapotec ceremonial center at San Jose Mogote (1,350 BC) Monte Alban (500 BC) first known city of Mesoamerica, with a population of 5,000 in 200 BC and 30,000 at the peak (San Lorenzo was just a 1,000 people village) Writing by 600 BC (earliest writing found in the Americas before 2006) Peak: 200BC - 200AD 25
26 Zapotec Monte Alban 26
27 Zapotec 600 BC AD Art Deity or ruler (200 BC AD) (Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico) Jalisco, Mexico (0-300 AD) (DeYoung Museum, San Francisco) 27
28 Nayarit Art Nayarit (300BC AD) (DeYoung Museum, San Francisco Nayarit miniature ritual (200 AD) (Art Institute of Chicago) Nayarit house (200 AD) (Art Institute of Chicago) Nayarit chief (500 AD) (Art Institute of Chicago) 28
29 Meso-America Teotihuacan (150 BC AD) one of the largest cities in the world in 550 AD (125,000 people) Pyramid of the Sun (150 AD) Trade Warfare Quetzalcoatl (plumed serpent god) 29
30 Meso-America Teotihuacan 30
31 Meso-America Teotihuacan 31
32 Meso-America Teotihuacan Jade figurines (Zapotec, BC) (Oaxaca)
33 Maya First major cerimonial center: Nakbe (400 BC) First metropolis: Tikal (300 BC) Earliest writing: 292 AD Concept of zero, and a base 20 numbering system Farming City states Constant warfare Sophisticated calendar Pyramids Cenotes (water a scarce resource) Peak: 250 AD AD 33
34 Maya Writing Similar to the principles of Sumerian writing (combination of non-phonetic logograms and phonetic signs) Derived from Olmec writing 400 characters Zero Earliest dated artifact: 31 BC 34
35 Maya Earliest writing 1st C BC? Ruins at San Bartolo, Guatemala BC, oldest know Maya writing
36 Maya Tikal 36
37 Maya Tikal Only public buildings survive No homes or shops ever discovered 37
38 Maya Tikal Wood carving arved lintels of 741 from Tikal useum der Kulturen Basel, Switzerland 38
39 Maya Tikal Carved lintels of 741 from Tikal Museum der Kulturen Basel, Switzerland Drawing by Wm R. Coe, University of Pennsylania,
40 Maya El Mirador 40
41 Meso-America Palenque Uxmal Palenque Uxmal 41
42 Meso-America Maya-Toltec Era ( ) Toltec influence on Mayan society, e.g. Quetzalcoatl Chichen Itza Chichen Itza 42
43 Meso-America Totonac (300AD AD) El Tajin 43
44 Maya burial urn Maya vase Maya Yoke for Maya ballgame (Boston Museum of Fine Arts) 44
45 Princeton Vase (9th c AD) Maya (Princeton Museum) 45
46 Maya Goddess O ( AD, Princeton Museum) 46
47 Maya Art Maya woman ( AD) (Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico City) 47
48 Maya Stelae Stela of Queen (761 AD) (DeYoung Museum, San Francisco) Stela (864 AD) (DeYoung Museum, San Francisco) 48
49 Maya Mayan flood myth (flood of blood) Piedra Nigra, Stela XI Palenque Temple XIX, South Side 49
50 Maya Bird deity Itzemye Palenque Temple XIX, South Side 50
51 Maya Books Dresden Codex Madrid Codex 51
52 Creation Myth Maya There are multiple universes Ours is the fourth There is an upper world and an underworld 52
53 Maya Creation Myth Vessel K1226 Boston Museum of Fine Arts 53
54 Apocalypse Maya The world will end on the 22nd of december
55 Maya? Palenque Tablet from the Temple of the Cross 55
56 Toltec Tula (900 AD) Warriors Violent culture Quetzalcoatl (plumed serpent god) Tula 56
57 Toltec Tula (900 AD) Tula 57
58 Colombia Ciudad Perdida (Tayronas, 500 AD) Tierradentro (1st to 8th c. AD) 58
59 Colombia Tierradentro 59
60 USA/ Anasazi Mesa Verde (600 AD AD) 60
61 USA/ Anasazi Chaco Canyon ( ) 61
62 Aztec Brutal society hated by subjects Human sacrifices on a vast scale Ritual murder and interment of 42 children at Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan Very primitive pictorial writing Never discovered iron 62
63 Aztec Calendar similar to Maya s: 18 months of 20 days, four weeks of five days (starts in 1091) 63
64 Aztec Arts Jade regarded as more precious than gold Mosaics Aztec map of the world (Codex Fejérváry-Mayer) 64
65 Aztec Sculpture 65
66 Aztec Sculpture The goddess Tlazolteotl giving birth ( Dumbarton Oaks Museum, Washington, USA) 66
67 Incas Never invented writing Adopted Tiwanaku s building techniques Greatest engineers of pre-columbian America (terraced hills, fortified cities, aqueducts) 67
68 Decline and Fall The population of Mexico falls from 25 million (1490) to 1 million (1605), mostly due to diseases 68
69 Decline and Fall America s lag At their peak ( ) the civilizations of the Americas were as developed as the civilization of Egypt of 2,000 BC, a 3,000 lag Much lower knowledge of the world (science, medicine, engineering) than contemporary China, India, Europe, Middle East Much less sophisticated art (still hieroglyphic writing or no writing at all) 69
70 The Legacy Corn Potato Several kinds of beans Squash/ pumpkin Tomato Pineapple Avocado 60% of the world s food in the 20th century Cotton Tobacco Cocaine comes from plants originally domesticated in the Americas 70
71 What the Americans Knew Piero Scaruffi Copyright
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