Arts of the Americas. Ms. Lee Art History & Criticism

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1 Arts of the Americas Ms. Lee Art History & Criticism

2 Mesoamerica Beringia. - Sometime around 30,000 to 10,000 BCE, the first American possibly crossed what is now a submerged landmass.

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5 Geography & Climate The term Mesoamerica names the region that comprises part of present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and the Pacific coast of El Salvador. The principal regions are: Gulf Coast Region (Olmec) States of Jalisco, Colima, and Nayarit (West Mexico) Chiapas, Yucatan, QuintanaRoo, and Campeche in Mexico, and the Peten area of Guatamala (Maya) Southwestern Mexico and the state of Oaxaca (Zapotec and Mixtec cultures) The central plateau surrounding modern-day Mexico City (Teotihuacan, Toltec, and Aztec cultures).

6 Language and Chronology Numerous languages are distributed among no fewer than 14 linguistic families. Many still survive today. Various Mayan languages linger in Guatamala and Southern Mexico. The Nahuatl of the Aztecs endures in the Mexican highlands. The Zapotec and Mixtec languages persist in Oaxaca and its environs. While their languages were diverse, they shared maize cultivation, religious beliefs and rites, myths, social structures, customs, and arts.

7 Preclassic (ca BCE 300 CE) The Olmec Present day states of Veracruz and Tabasco It is often called the mother culture of Mesoamerica. They cultivated a terrain of rain forest and alluvial lowland washed by numerous rivers flowing into the gulf. Between 1,500 and 400 BCE, social organization assumed the form that later Mesoamerican cultures adapted and developed.

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9 Colossal Head La Venta, Mexico B.C.E. basalt 9 ft. 4 in. high.

10 Ceremonial ax in the form of a jaguar-human from La Venta, Mexico B.C.E. jadite 11 1/2 in. high.

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12 seated figure with raised arms from Colima, Mexico ca. 200 B.C.E C.E. clay with orange and red slip 1 ft. 1 in. high

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14 aerial view of Teotihuacán Pyramid of the Moon (foreground) Pyramid of the Sun (top left) Citadel (background) Valley of Mexico, Mexico structures ca

15 detail of the Temple of Quetzalcóatl The Ctadel, Teotihuacán Valley of Mexico, Mexico 3rd century

16 Goddess Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacán C.E. pigments over clay and plaster

17 The Maya The Classic (ca CE) Strong cultural influences stemming from the Olmec tradition and from Teotihuacan contributed to the development of the Classic Maya culture. The foundation of the Maya culture was laid in the Preclassic period. They occupied the lowland areas of Belize, southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. City-state style of Government. Huge building centers: Terraced temple-pyramids, palaces, plazas, ball courts, and residences No one site ever achieved total dominance. All meaning was fixed on symbolism and imagery of art.

18 Decoding Maya Script Similar to the decipherment of Egyptian writing early in the 19 th century. By the end of the 19 th century, numbers, dates, and some astronomical information could be read, but little else. They depicted their rulers (not gods or priests) in their art and noted their rulers achievements in their texts. Mayan writing is phonetic Hieroglyphs are made up of signs representing sounds in the Mayan language. Fortunately manly of those languages are spoken still today.

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21 Stele D portraying the ruler 18-Rabbit Great Plaza at Copán, Honduras 736 stone 11 ft. 9 in. high

22 Ball Court Middle Plaza at Copán, Honduras 738

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24 Ball Court Middle Plaza at Copán, Honduras 738

25 Ball Court Middle Plaza at Copán, Honduras 738

26 Ball Court Middle Plaza at Copán, Honduras 738

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29 Complex R Mound Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca. 790

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31 Complex Q Pyramid Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca. 731

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33 Temple IV Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca ft. high

34 Temple IV Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca ft. high

35 Temple IV Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca ft. high

36 View of Temples I & II from Temple IV Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca ft. high

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38 Temple I Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca ft. high

39 Temple I Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca ft. high

40 Temple I Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca ft. high

41 Temple I Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca ft. high

42 Temple I Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca ft. high

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44 Great Plaza Ballcourt (Structure 5D-74) Tikal, Petén, Guatemala ca. 732

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46 Ballplayer from Jaina Island, Mexico painted clay 6 1/4 in. high

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48 Presentation of captives to Lord Chan Muwan Room 2, Structure 1, Bonampak, Mexico ca. 790 mural approximately 17 x 15 ft.

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51 Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc from Lintel 24, Temple 23 Yaxchilán, Mexico ca. 725 limestone 3 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. 6 1/2 in.

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53 Enthroned Maya lord and courtiers, cylinder vase (rollout view) from Motul de San José region, Guatemala ceramic with pigment on cream slip approximately 8 in. high

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55 The Caracol (foreground) and the Castillo (background) Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico ca

56 The Castillo Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico ca

57 The Caracol Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico ca

58 Toltec Art

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60 Colossal atlantids Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico ca stone 16 ft. high

61 Aztec Art

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63 Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcóatl illuminated page from the Borgia Codex from Puebla/Tlaxcala, Mexico ca mineral and vegetable pigments on deerskin approximately 10 5/8 in. x 10 3/8 in.

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65 Great Temple Aztec (Reconstruction Drawing) Tenochtitlán, Mexico City ca

66 Coyolxauhqui from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlán Mexico City, Mexico ca stone approximately 10 ft. 10 in.

67 Coatlique from Tenochtitlán, Mexico City, Mexico andesite 11 ft. 6 in. high

68 South America

69 Geography The Central Andean region of South America lies between Ecuador and northern Chile, its western border the Pacific Ocean. It consists of three well-defined geographic zones: The narrow western costal plain is a hot desert crossed by rivers, creating habitable fertile valleys. The high peaks of the Cordillera of the Andes hem in plateaus of a temperate climate. The region s inland border, the eastern slopes of the Andes, is a hot and humid jungle.

70 Chronology Andean civilizations flourished both in the highlands and on the coast. Highland cave dwellers fashioned the first rudimentary art object by 8800 BCE. Sophisticated textiles started to be produced as early as 2500 BCE during the Preceramic Period. Firing of clay began around 1800 BCE during the so-called Initial Period.

71 Andean chronology alternates between periods known as horizons, when a single culture appears to have dominated a broad geographic area for a relatively long period. There are also intermediate periods characterized by more independent regional development. Early Horizon: Chavin culture (ca BCE). Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari cultures (ca CE). Late Horizon: Inka Empire. Early Intermediate period: Paracas and Nasca cultures of the south coast of Peru, and the Moche to the North (ca. 200 BCE-700 CE).

72 Tairona Art

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74 pendant in the form of a bat-faced man from northeastern Colombia after 1000 gold 5 1/4 in. high

75 Chavín Art

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77 reconstuction drawing of a sacred center Chavín de Huántar, Peru first millennium B.C.E

78 Raimondi Stele Chavín de Huántar, Peru first millennium B.C.E incised green diorite 6 ft. high

79 Paracas Art

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81 Embroidered funerary mantle from southern coast of Peru first century C.E. plain weave camelid fiber with stem-stitch embroidery with camelid wool 4 ft. 7 7/8 in. x 7 ft. 10 7/8 in.

82 Nasca Art

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84 Hummingbird Nasca Plain, Nasca, Peru ca. 500 dark layer of pebbles scraped aside to reveal lighted clay and calcite beneath 200 ft. wingspan, 459 ft. length

85 Moche Art

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87 Vessel in the shape of a portrait head from north coast, Peru 5th - 6th century painted clay 12 1/2 in. high

88 Ear Ornament from a tomb at Sípan, Peru ca. 300 gold and turquoise approximately 4 7/8 in. wide

89 Wari Art

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91 Lima Tapestry from Peru ca textile 3 ft. 3 3/8 in. x 2 ft. 11 3/8 in.

92 Inka Art

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94 Machu Pichu Peru 15th century

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96 Wall of the Golden Enclosure (surmounted by the church of Santo Domingo) Cuzco, Peru 15th century

97 North America

98 Mississippian Art

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100 Pipe from a mound in Ohio ca B.C.E. stone 8 in. high

101 Serpent Mound Adams County, Ohio ca ft. long, 20 ft. wide, 5 ft. high

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103 Incised shell gorget from Summer County, Tennessee ca in. wide

104 Mimbres Art

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106 bowl with two cranes and geometric forms from New Mexico ca ceramic, black on white diameter approximately 1 ft. 1/2 in.

107 Anasazi Art

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109 Cliff Dwelling Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado ca

110 Canyon Dwellings Hovenweep National Monument, Utah/Colorado border ca

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112 detail of Kiva painting from Kuaua Pueblo (Coranado State Monument) Anasazi, New Mexico late 15th to early 16th century

113 Hopi Art

114 Otto Pentewa Katsina Figurine before 1959 cottonwood root 1 ft. high

115 Pueblo Art

116 Maria Montoya Martínez Jar from San Ildefonso Pueblo New Mexico ca blackware 11 1/8 x 13 in.

117 Kwakiutl Art

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119 Eagle Transformation Mask from Alert Bay late 19th century wood, feathers and string approximately 1 ft. 10 in. x 11 in.

120 Tlingit Art

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122 Chilkat blanket with stylized animal motifs early 20th century mountain goat s wool and cedar bark 6 ft. x 2 ft. 11 in.

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124 War helmet collected wood 1 ft. high

125 Haida Art

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127 Reconstruction of a 19th century Haida village with totlem poles Queen Charlotte Island, Canada 1962

128 Eskimo Art

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130 Burial Mask from Point Hope, Alaska ca. 100 ivory 9 1/2 in. wide

131 Yupik Art

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133 Mask from Alaska early 20th century wood and feathers approximately 3 ft. 9 in. high

134 Plains Peoples Art

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136 Karl Bodmer Hidatsa Warrior Pehriska-Ruhpa (Two Ravens) 1833 watercolor 1 ft. 3 7/8 in. x 11 1/2 in.

137 Honoring Song at painted tipi 1880 pencil, ink and colored pencil 7 1/2 in. x 1 ft.

138 Jaune Quick-to-see Smith Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) 1992 oil and mixed media on canvas 5 ft. x 14 ft. 2 in.

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141 Tiwanaku Art

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143 Gateway of the Sun Tiwanaku, Bolivia ca stone 9 ft. 10 in. high

144 Bridge-spouted vessel with flying figures from Nasca River Valley, Peru ca painted ceramic approximately 5 1/2 in. high

AP Art History Name. c. Name 2 types of sculpture produced by these people:

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