Religious and Cultural Developments

Transcription

1 Religious ad Cultural Developmets C. 6 BCE - C. 6 CE The years c. 6 BCE to c. 6 CE are kow as the Classical Era. Political ad social treds from this era had great ifluece o later geeratios ad still ifluece societies today. May religios that developed i this era had log-term effects i places far from their poits of origi. Faith offered comfort i difficult times, created social stability ad structure, ad provided authority to political leaders. Other cultural foudatios of civilizatios were established durig this era as well, such as Greek theater, Cofuciaism, religious art ad literature, ad Mediterraea architecture. ' "." ' " Faiths Develop A. Belief systems cotiued to develop from earlier eras; others emerged ad spread. 1. The mootheistic Hebrew faith i southwest Asia was scattered (the Jewish diaspora) to the easter Mediterraea reg io ad ito cetral Asia by the Assyrias i approximately 6 BCE ad by the Romas aroud 7 CE. Jewish merchats carried the faith to small pockets of commuities i major trade cities i Europe ad i South ad East Asia. 2. I South Asia, Hiduism established a spiritual ad social caste system that created a log-term foudatio for civilizatios there. i. Hidu beliefs were iflueced by cocepts from the Vedic religios brought i by Ida-Europea groups ad from local traditios. For ceturies, beliefs were passed

2 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies o through oral traditios, but later they were recorded i sacred texts, icludig the Vedas ad the Upaishads. Hiduism teaches that there are may maifestatios of the Great Soul of the Uiverse; To westerers, Hiduism appears to be both polytheistic ad mootheistic. ~ Ulike Christiaity or Buddhism, there is o sigle fouder of Hiduism. It developed over may years i South Asia out of a bledig of various religious traditios, may of which were brought i from outside the regio. ~ The caste system was a importat part of the culture i Idia at this time. All livig thigs participated i the caste system. - Through cycles of birth, death, ad reicaratio, believers hoped to elevate their souls to the highest level of spirituality or moksah, whe they become oe with Brahma, the Great Soul. - The process could take may hudreds or thousads of lifetimes. - A soul may move up or dow the ladder toward uity with Brahma depedig o oe's deeds ad sicerity toward the faith durig a lifetime. ~ The law of karma taught that oe's social positio i this life was a sig of good or bad deeds performed i a previous life. ~ There were five major levels of huma castes; oe moved ito a higher caste because oe had demostrated good karma i a previous life; if a perso was bor ito a lower caste (the lowest beig the Utouchables), that soul had chaeled bad karma through selfish deeds. 3. Throughout the ceturies, the strogest social glue i South Asia was Hiduism. Empires came ad wet, ivaders swept through the regio, ad other religios had some ifluece

3 Chapter 4: Religious ad Cultural Developmets o the culture, but the caste system ad the elaborate Hidu traditios remaied firm. B. New belief systems arose out of Hiduism ad the Hebrew religio (also kow as Judaism) 1. Buddhism i. Bega i South Asia aroud 5 BCE Fouded by Price Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha or Elighteed Oe) i Maitaied Hiduism's belief i reicaratio but taught that, spiritually, there was o caste system: > Male ad female, rich ad poor shared the same ability to reach irvaa, the state of perfect oeess with the great spirit of the uiverse. > The closer oe was to irvaa, the less troubled oe would be by the cares of this world. Buddhism did support the existece of social castes as a temporary, worldly coditio. /"I. ' 1111 /"I ' /"I iv. The mai teachigs of the Buddha are foud i the Four Noble Truths ad the Eight-Fold Path. The Buddha maitaied that the poit to life ad to achievig irvaa was to brig about the ed of sufferig. > The Four Noble Truths taught: - I life, there is sufferig. - Sufferig comes from selfish desire. - Those seekig the path to irvaa should strive to ed sufferig. - This ca be doe by followig the Eight-Fold Path: Right View Right Itetio Right Speech Right Actio

4 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies., Right Uvellihood Ri1ght Effort Ri1ght Midfuless Right Cocetratio v.. The Buddha taught that questios about the exi.stece of God were immaterial. Those who truly followed the Eight-Fol:d Path would fid out whether there was a Supreme Beig whe they reached irvaa. 2. Christiaity i. Bega i southwest Asia durigi the first cetury CE. Christiaity was itroduced to the Hebrews i Romacotrolled Palestie by Jesus, who preached salvatio through faiith i him as the So of God. i Jesus's teachigs were recorded i the Gospels ad developed i1 other writigs, particularly by his disciple Paul. 3. A similarity betwee Buddhism aid Christiaity is that both faiths taught the spiriituall equality of a,ll, believers. 4. A sigificat differece betwee Buddhism ad Christiaity is that the Buddha himself did ot promise eteral life to his followers, while Jesus did. C. Both Buddhism ad Christiaity gaied more followers outside their places of origii. 1. Buddhi1sm spread east a,cross the Idia Ocea by missioaries ad merchats, ad via the Siilk Roads ito Ch iia. Its message of peace, regardless of curret circumstaces, had great appeal i. The Maurya Emperor Ashoka was a early supporter of Buddhist missioary acti,vity. As Buddhism sprea,d ito East ad Southeast Asia, it chaged over time ito a salvatioist faith that saw the BU,ddha as a deliverer of eteraj life.

5 Chapter 4: Religious ad Cultural Developmets i This form became ad remais the more popular versio of Buddhism: Mahayaa. iv. Theravada Buddhism is closer to the origial form developed by the Buddha ad is practiced today i Sri Laka ad parts of Southeast Asia. 2. Christiaity was iitially see by the Roma govermet as a religio disloyal to the emperor, ad Christias were persecuted. i. By the fourth cetury CE, however, Christiaity was officially accepted by Emperor Costatie. Like Buddhism, Christiaity spread by the work of missioaries ad merchats, ad carried west from its origis i moder-day Israel ito North Africa ad orthwest ito Turkey ad Europe. Amog Christiaity's appeals was its promise of eteral life through faith i Jesus. i As the Roma Empire bega to lose power i the West, Christiaity's focus o a ever-faithful God ad everedig heavely reward for its followers was comfortig to icreasig umbers of people. It remais the domiat religio i Europe.. ' Ill I"\. ' The writers of the AP World History exam love to ask questios about the importace of trade routes i the spread of religios. D. Cofucius 1. Begiig aroud 5 BCE, whe Chia was udergoig great political turmoil durig the Warrig States period, the teachigs of Cofucius became the bedrock of that society. i. The sayigs of Cofucius were writte after his death i The Aalects. Cofucius set out a clear set of rules for moral behavior ad for family ad political order. ~ Filial piety-utmost respect for parets-ad obediece to those i political cotrol were two of

6 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies " ' fest tip his most importat teachigs: "Let the ruler rule as he should ad the miister be a miister as he should. Let the father act as the father should ad the so act as the so should." > This kid of strict moral clarity shaped family ad geder relatios, political goverace, ad attitudes toward other civilizatios for ceturies ad is still strog today. > Patriarchy, the superior place of me over wome i society, was firmly established i East Asia cultures by Cofucius's teachigs. 2. Though dyasties rose ad fell over the ceturies, Cofucius's teachigs remaied strog ad held society together. Note that Cofucius did ot promise a eteral reward for followig his istructios. His teachigs were a philosophy for this life, ot a religio. However, by the year 12 CE, i may areas of East ad Southeast Asia, Cofuciaism developed ito a religio kow as Neo-Cofuciaism. E. Daoism 1. Developed i East Asia about the same time as Cofuciaism ad was aother major ifluece o Chiese culture. i. Daoism taught that there were close coectios betwee humas ad ature, a balace ad harmoy i all thigs; it also stressed deep respect for acestors. Whereas Cofucius emphasized order i huma relatios, Daoism ecouraged people to look away from huma creatios ad istead fid peace ad balace i ature's examples. i _ This attetio to attaiig a proper balace i life iflueced Chiese medical practices, such as acupucture. iv. Daoist-iflueced architecture sought to bled the buildig style ito the local ladscape. Examples of this

7 Chapter 4: Religious ad Cultural Developmets " ' fest tip bledig are the famous slopig roofs that top may temples i East Asia. 2. Laozi was the best-kow Daoist philosopher. The best-kow symbol of Daoism is the Yi-Yag. Neo Cofuciaism, which icorporated some of the ideas from Buddhism ad Daoism, will be discussed i Chapter 8. Expect questios o the AP World History exam that compare ad cotrast the teets of major world belief systems. F. Aimism ad Shamaism 1. The faiths discussed above had writte guidelies to shape their followers' beliefs, but outside the core classical civilizatios, aimism ad shamaism remaied popular belief systems. i. Aimism is the belief that the atural world itself has spiritual powers. Shamaism is the belief that huma spirit guides (shamas) are cotacts betwee this world ad the spirit world. Shamas are also believed to have the power to heal physical ad spiritual illesses. 2. Both systems held great reverece for deceased acestors, who were thought to cotiue to guide the lives of the livig. Areas where aimism ad shamaism cotiued to be popular i this era were Africa, the Adea regio, ad some parts of East Asia.. ' Ill I. ' G. Belief systems ad geder roles 1. Belief systems also played a major part i geder roles. i. While me domiated the leadership of all major religios, wome ofte served i similar capacities as priestesses, prophets, ad missioaries. Both Buddhism ad Christiaity offered religious commuity to wome by allowig them serve as us.

8 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies Classical Cultures A. Classical civilizatios ad the arts 1. Classical civilizatios developed may log-lastig forms of the arts, icludig architecture, literature, paitigs, ad sculptures. i. Greek plays ad histories iflueced literature aroud the Mediterraea regio ad evetually throughout Wester civilizatio. >- The Greeks iveted theatrical actig-iitially dramas with moral themes ad later comedies that reflected the huma coditio. >- Greek histories of their wars with the Persias ad amog themselves became the template for Wester historical writig. >- The poit of history, accordig to the Greeks, was to teach life lessos about the cosequeces of good ad bad behavior ad decisio-makig. I this way, people lear to become good citizes. Idia epic poems (amog the most importat are the Ramayaa ad the Bhagavad Gita) cotiue to ifluece literature i South Asia today with their stories of selfsacrifice ad devotio to duty ad to the Hidu faith. i Architecture that developed i Chia, Idia, Mesoamerica, ad the Mediterraea regio i the classical era had a log-lastig ifluece o buildig styles. > I all these regios, moumetal buildig projects supported both the govermet ad religious faith. > Mesoamerica temples looked very similar to Mesopotamia ziggurats from a much earlier age. >- Greek ad Idia architectural styles bleded as a result of Helleism after Alexader the Great's empire reached ito South Asia.

9 Chapter 4: Religious ad Cultural Developmets iv. I art ad sculpture, religious themes prevailed i all regios. > As with architecture, Greek forms of sculpture bleded with North Africa, South Asia, ad East Asia themes to be kow as Helleistic i style. > May sculptures throughout South ad East Asia veerated Hidu, Buddhist, or Cofucia beliefs. > Daoist artists paited beautiful scees of ature as part of their expressio of faith.. ' ID.... '...

10 Chart of World Faiths* Hiduism Buddhism Daoism Place ad Time of Origi South Asia, C. 2 BCE South Asia, C. 5 BCE East Asia, C. 5 BCE Global Reach Primarily South Asia East ad Southeast Asia East Asia Fouder No sigle fouder Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha) Laozi Pricipal Deity/ Dieties Brahma, Vishu, Shiva Not applicable Dao, "the way of ature" Sacred Writigs Vedas, Upaishads, Puraas Pali Cao, Mahayaa Sutra Daodejig Pricipal Beliefs Oeess with uiverse attaied through reicaratio. Four Noble Truths, Eight Fold Path. Reicaratio. Harmoy foud i the way of ature. Symbol *You will lear about Neo-Cofuciaism ad Islam i later chapters.

11 .. Neo- Cofuciaism Judaism Christiaity Islam East Asia, Southwest Asia, Southwest Asia, Southwest Asia, C. 11 CE C. 16 BCE C. 35 CE C. 63 CE East Asia Southwest Asia, Americas, North Africa Europe, the Europe, ad ad South ad!' Uited States Oceaia Southeast Asia O't Ha Yu, Zhu Xi 1:11 Abraham Jesus Muhammad I'\!' Cofucius God (Yahweh) God God (Allah) O't I'\ Four Books Hebrew New Testamet Qur'a Scriptures, icludig the Torah Respect for Oe Salvatio Muhammad authority ad all-powerful through faith is Allah's last family structure God. History i God's so prophet. leads to ufolds as Jesus Judgmet for salvatio. God's pla. ubelievers.

12 I - - Developmet of City-States ad Empires C. 6 BCE-C. 6 CE I The Classical Era I the Classical Era (c. 6 BCE-c. 6 CE), empires ad city-states developed ad expaded throughout Afro-Eurasia ad the Americas. I the list below, pay attetio to the empires ad city-states i Afro-Eurasia that existed at the same time. They kew about each other ad idirectly exchaged goods, techology, ad ideas, ad if they were ear eough to each other, they ofte wet to war. I geeral, a empire had oe kig with political cotrol over a large amout of territory, usually icludig people with a variety of cultures. Leadership did ot have to be from the same family over time. Dyasties, such as those i Chia, are empires whose leadership flows through oe family lie. Sometimes dyasties i Chia lasted hudreds of years. City-states were powerful cities that expaded their ifluece over pockets of coloies. The Phoeicia ad Greek city-states coloized areas both ear ad far from their homes. Below is a list of civilizatios from the Classical Era. Use it to keep i mid those civilizatios that existed at the same time. l"i. \ C) C) l"i. l"i \ C) C) l"i A. Must-Kow Empires ad City-States i the Classical Era: 1. Southwest Asia i. Persia (Achaemeid) Empire (c. 55 BCE-C. 33 BCE) Parthia Empire (c. 25 BCE-c. 22 CE) 2. East Asia I. Qi Dyasty (c. 22 BCE-C. 26 BCE) Ha Dyasty (c. 26 BCE-C. 22 CE)

13 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies " ',.d- tiii 3. South Asia i. Maurya Empire (c. 321 BCE-C. 185 BCE) Gupta Empire (c. 32 ce-c. 55 ce) 4. Mediterraea i. Phoeicia city-states ad their coloies aroud the Mediterraea ( c.1 -c. 2 BCE) Greek city-states ad their coloies aroud the Mediterraea (c. 6 BCE-c. 33 BCE) i Alexader's Helleistic empires (c. 33 BCE-c. 3 BCE) iv. Roma Republic ( c. 5 BCE-c. 3 BCE) V. Roma Empire (c. 3 BCE-476 CE) vi. Byzatie Empire (476 ce-1453 ce) 5. Mesoamerica i. Teotihuaca city-state ( c.1 ce-7 ce) Maya city-states (c. 25 ce-c. 9 ce) 6. Adea South America i. Moche Empire (c. 1-c. 8 CE) Some "must-kow" empires are more "must-kow" tha others. Those i East Asia, the Mediterraea, ad South Asia get the most attetio o the exam. Political Cotrol ad Cotributios A. Classical Era Empires Classical Era empires created complex forms of govermets ad elaborate bureaucracies. 1. Kigs had a great deal of admiistrative support: vice-kigs ruled large portios of the empire; goverors oversaw

14 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires smaller territories withi the empire; ad city leaders reported to the goverors. 2. Empires also had govermet record-keepers, post office officials, tax collectors, soldiers, cesus takers, ad judges. 3. May govermets i later eras modeled their systems o these from the Classical Era. B. The Persia Empires The Persia empires of the Classical Era-the Achaemeid ad the Parthia-are oteworthy because of their size ad orgaizatio ad their cotacts with eighborig civilizatios like the Hebrews, Phoeicias, Greeks, ad Romas. 1. The first great Persia Empire (also referred to as the Achaemeid Empire) was cetered i moder Ira ad was the larger of the two discussed here. It stretched from Wester Idia across moder Turkey almost to Greece. 2. The Persia Empire was so large that the kig used regioal leaders kow as satraps to watch over portios of the empire ad report back to him. 3. The Persias had oe of the world's first highway systems. It was used by the empire's armies to move rapidly from place to place ad by the kig's messegers. i. These messegers delivered his dispatches so efficietly that admirig Greek historias marveled that "either sow, or rai, or gloom of ight" could keep these messegers from the swift completio of their appoited tasks. 4. I a patter that was repeated over may ceturies ad i may regios aroud the world, the Persia Empire overexteded itself ad became vulerable to attack from the outside. i. I the early 3s BCE, the Greek ruler Alexader the Great spet eleve years i a quest to coquer the Achaemeid Empire. He achieved his goal ad this Persia Empire rapidly declied, but Alexader himself. ' Ill. '

15 --1 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies died soo afterward. His short-lived empire was divided amog his geerals. 5. After about a cetury, a ew Persia-based empire arosethe Parthia Empire-ad it defeated what still remaied of Alexader's divided kigdom. The Parthias' biggest rival to the West was a ew Mediterraea power based i Rome, with whom they had may clashes. C. Chiese Dyasties The Chiese dyasties-the Qi ad the Ha-are oteworthy for their religious toleratio, techological achievemets, ad govermetal system, the latter of which lasted for over 2 years. 1. After of the chaos of the Warrig States period (c. 5 BCEc. 22 BCE), the Qi Dyasty arose i East Asia. i. The Chiese believed that the heaves would provide them with a ruler who would establish a family lie, a dyasty that would rule util its leaders displeased the powers i heave. This madate of heave, like Cofuciaism, was a itegral part of Chiese culture for ceturies. Emperor Qi Shihuagdi ("Chi Shehwugdee") retured Chia to dyastic rule with both diplomatic skill ad military ruthlessess. i Qi Shihuagdi used a Chiese political philosophy called legalism, which established a clear chai of commad ad eve clearer rules of bureaucratic etiquette. It icluded severe puishmet for those who purposefully-or accidetally-broke those rules. iv. Although the Qi Dyasty did't last very log (c BCE), it created a solid foudatio for dyastic rule i Chia that edured ito the early twetieth cetury. Other empires aroud the globe durig the Classical Era had large, orgaized govermetal bureaucracies-the Roma Empire, for example-but oe matched the complexity of those established by the dyasties i East Asia at this time.

16 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires 2. The Ha Dyasty (26 BCE-22 CE) lasted much loger tha the Qi Dyasty. i. The Ha Dyasty existed at about the same time as the Roma Empire ad exchaged trade ad diplomatic ties with them alog the Silk Roads. i iv. The empire was roughly as large as Rome's, at least as wealthy, ad certaily more techologically developed. Its capital was Chag'a (moder-day Xi'a). Like all Classical empires, the Ha Dyasty exteded its power through a mix of diplomacy, trade, ad military power. The Ha bega buildig the Great Wall of Chia, a project that cotiued o ad off for over 1 years. The Great Wall was built to keep orther ivaders out of the empire. v. The Ha also bega caal-diggig projects that liked orther ad souther Chia. These govermet-sposored caal projects were desiged to help trade. The caals allowed grai from the orth to be trasported to the south, ad rice from the south was brought to the orth. The caals also helped the movemet of people. The Chiese govermet moved may people om orther areas ito the south largely to promote uificatio uder a commo culture.. Ill ṇ I D. South Asia I South Asia, the usual political situatio was ot havig a empire. Istead, local ad regioal goverace was the orm. Two importat exceptios are the Maurya ad Gupta Empires. 1. The Maurya Empire arose first ( c. 321-c. 185 BCE) ad stretched from moder Pakista almost to the souther ed of moder Idia. i. The most famous ruler of the Maurya Empire was Ashoka, who coverted to a peaceful life uder Buddhism after years of empire-buildig through bloody

17 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies coquest. After his coversio, he promoted the spread of Buddhism by sedig Buddhist missioaries ito East ad Southeast Asia. Ashoka ruled i a maer that was cosidered almost kidly by the day's stadards. Despite his efforts, however, Hiduism remaied (ad remais) the domiat religio i most of Sout Asia. 2. The Gupta Empire (c. 32 CE-c. 55 ce) covered roughly the orther half of today's Idia ad is most otable for its cultural cotributios that later foud their way ito Wester culture. i. The Gupta cotributed the cocept of zero; a efficiet umberig system (later itroduced to the West as "Arabic umerals"); chess; ad medical advaces. The AP World History exam questios usually combie the Maurya ad Gupta Empires ad refer to them as "Classical Idia Empires." E. The Mediterraea I the Mediterraea, the Phoeicia city-states' cotributios icluded a alphabet ad readig from left to right. Both of these cotributios evetually foud their way to much of the world. 1. The Phoeicias bega spreadig their ifluece from their origial base o the easter shores of the Mediterraea, i moder-day Lebao. i. Usig their great seafarig skills, they established coloies across the Mediterraea i Greece, Italy, North Africa, ad Spai. The Phoeicias did ot ofte use military coquest to gai power. Istead, they were iterested i trade-they foud out what a potetial trader wated ad, more importat, they kew how to get it for him or her.

18 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires i The Phoeicias specialized i luxury goods. I fact, words such as diamod, ciamo, ad rose ca all trace their origis to the Phoeicias. 2. The Phoeicias coloies i Greece greatly iflueced the developmet of Greek civilizatio. i. The Phoeicia alphabet ad coiage were adopted by the Greeks. The Greeks later iflueced the developmet of the Romas. i Brigig it full circle, i the third ad secod ceturies BCE, the Romas fought oe of the last great Phoeicia coloies-carthage-for ecoomic ad political cotrol of the wester Mediterraea. Rome's victory led to the rise of the Roma Republic's power i the Mediterraea regio. F. Greek City-States The Greek city-states (c. 6 BCE-c. 33 BCE) cotributed to our idea of citize ad democracy. Greek democracy, i its time, was remarkable. Eve though oly free adult me could be citizes ad vote o govermet policies, the idea that govermet could be iflueced by the peaceful voice of its people was quite uique. 1. The Greek city-states shared a commo laguage ad religio, but democracy was ot the oly form of govermet i all Greek city-states. i. For example, the city-state of Athes allowed participatio by its male citizery, but Sparta was a totalitaria oligarchy, meaig that a few me made all the govermetal decisios ad o disset was permitted. Political forms i other city-states i Greece usually existed somewhere betwee Athes ad Sparta, ad there were may kigdoms as well. 2. Alexader the Great uited the multiple Greek city-states for the first time i their history. He the promptly led a. \ C 1:11 I!' \ C

19 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies army to the east to coquer the rival Persia (Achaemeid) Empire i the 3s BCE. i. After a log campaig, he coquered the Persias ad expaded its borders to iclude Egypt ad the Idus River regio. Soo afterward he died. His empire was the divided up amog his top geerals ito roughly Egypt, Southwest Asia, ad Greece. The greatest legacy from Alexader the Great's coquest was Helleism, also kow as the Helleistic culture. This was a bledig of Greek math, sciece, philosophy, literature, goverace, architecture, ad art with existig forms i Egypt, which at the time icluded Southwest, Cetral, ad South Asia. The bledig of the Greek ad Egyptia cultures (Helleism) brigs up a importat AP World History term-<ultural sycretism. Examples iclude: statues of the Buddha foud i South Asia with distictive Greek styles that portray the huma figure realistically; cois mited throughout the regio that had Alexader's face o them; ad Egyptia scietists, educated i Greek schools i Alexadria, who accurately estimated the circumferece of the Earth i the secod cetury BCE. Be sure you're familiar with this term for the AP World History exam. G. Roma Civilizatio The Roma civilizatio pattered much of it politics ad culture after the Greeks. Over time, the Romas passed those patters to civilizatios i Europe, Southwest Asia, ad North Africa. 1. It has bee said that "Rome captured Greece, but Greece captivated Rome." i. This quote meas that the Roma army coquered Greece a cetury or so after Alexader's death, but the the Romas adopted may aspects of Greek culture, icludig architecture, philosophy, ad literature. The Romas traded i may of their gods i favor of Greek gods, but the gave them Roma ames. Oe

20 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires exceptio was Apollo, the god of light ad poetry, whom the Romas greatly admired. 2. The Roma Classical Era icludes both the Republic (c. 5 BCE-C. 3 BCE) ad the Empire (c. 3 BCE-476 CE). The death of Julius Caesar ad the rise of emperor Augustus marked the switch from the Roma Republic to the Roma Empire. Remember: If the questio o the essay portio of the AP World History exam asks for methods used for political cotrol by the Roma Empire, you wo't get credit for writig about the Republic or Julius Caesar. 3. Roma civilizatio was dedicated to buildig. i. The Romas built moumets as well as aqueducts that carried water over log distaces ito major cities. They also built roads that crossed the empire ad led travelers all aroud the Mediterraea, ito Easter ad Wester Europe, ad ito much of Britai. Roma roads were used by the military to move soldiers quickly ito trouble spots aroud the empire, by merchats ad travelers, ad also by missioaries after the arrival of Christiaity. 4. The Roma govermet used its military, both lad ad sea forces, to protect trade routes withi its borders. i. The Romas built military fortresses throughout their empire to protect their political ad ecoomic iterests. The military fought rivals aroud its borders over the course of hudreds of years. The Roma military also fought people withi the empire who did't ecessarily like beig uder Roma rule. Uprisigs i Britai, Gaul (Frace), Germaia (Germay), ad Palestie (by Jewish atioalists) kept the Roma legios busy. 5. The Romas also exteded their ifluece by usig diplomats ad merchats who traveled far beyod Rome's borders to broker treaties ad exchage trade goods. For. ' CII. '

21 I - - Developmet of City-States ad Empires C. 6 BCE-C. 6 CE I The Classical Era I the Classical Era (c. 6 BCE-c. 6 CE), empires ad city-states developed ad expaded throughout Afro-Eurasia ad the Americas. I the list below, pay attetio to the empires ad city-states i Afro-Eurasia that existed at the same time. They kew about each other ad idirectly exchaged goods, techology, ad ideas, ad if they were ear eough to each other, they ofte wet to war. I geeral, a empire had oe kig with political cotrol over a large amout of territory, usually icludig people with a variety of cultures. Leadership did ot have to be from the same family over time. Dyasties, such as those i Chia, are empires whose leadership flows through oe family lie. Sometimes dyasties i Chia lasted hudreds of years. City-states were powerful cities that expaded their ifluece over pockets of coloies. The Phoeicia ad Greek city-states coloized areas both ear ad far from their homes. Below is a list of civilizatios from the Classical Era. Use it to keep i mid those civilizatios that existed at the same time. l"i. \ C) C) l"i. l"i \ C) C) l"i A. Must-Kow Empires ad City-States i the Classical Era: 1. Southwest Asia i. Persia (Achaemeid) Empire (c. 55 BCE-C. 33 BCE) Parthia Empire (c. 25 BCE-c. 22 CE) 2. East Asia I. Qi Dyasty (c. 22 BCE-C. 26 BCE) Ha Dyasty (c. 26 BCE-C. 22 CE)

22 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies " ',.d- tiii 3. South Asia i. Maurya Empire (c. 321 BCE-C. 185 BCE) Gupta Empire (c. 32 ce-c. 55 ce) 4. Mediterraea i. Phoeicia city-states ad their coloies aroud the Mediterraea ( c.1 -c. 2 BCE) Greek city-states ad their coloies aroud the Mediterraea (c. 6 BCE-c. 33 BCE) i Alexader's Helleistic empires (c. 33 BCE-c. 3 BCE) iv. Roma Republic ( c. 5 BCE-c. 3 BCE) V. Roma Empire (c. 3 BCE-476 CE) vi. Byzatie Empire (476 ce-1453 ce) 5. Mesoamerica i. Teotihuaca city-state ( c.1 ce-7 ce) Maya city-states (c. 25 ce-c. 9 ce) 6. Adea South America i. Moche Empire (c. 1-c. 8 CE) Some "must-kow" empires are more "must-kow" tha others. Those i East Asia, the Mediterraea, ad South Asia get the most attetio o the exam. Political Cotrol ad Cotributios A. Classical Era Empires Classical Era empires created complex forms of govermets ad elaborate bureaucracies. 1. Kigs had a great deal of admiistrative support: vice-kigs ruled large portios of the empire; goverors oversaw

23 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires smaller territories withi the empire; ad city leaders reported to the goverors. 2. Empires also had govermet record-keepers, post office officials, tax collectors, soldiers, cesus takers, ad judges. 3. May govermets i later eras modeled their systems o these from the Classical Era. B. The Persia Empires The Persia empires of the Classical Era-the Achaemeid ad the Parthia-are oteworthy because of their size ad orgaizatio ad their cotacts with eighborig civilizatios like the Hebrews, Phoeicias, Greeks, ad Romas. 1. The first great Persia Empire (also referred to as the Achaemeid Empire) was cetered i moder Ira ad was the larger of the two discussed here. It stretched from Wester Idia across moder Turkey almost to Greece. 2. The Persia Empire was so large that the kig used regioal leaders kow as satraps to watch over portios of the empire ad report back to him. 3. The Persias had oe of the world's first highway systems. It was used by the empire's armies to move rapidly from place to place ad by the kig's messegers. i. These messegers delivered his dispatches so efficietly that admirig Greek historias marveled that "either sow, or rai, or gloom of ight" could keep these messegers from the swift completio of their appoited tasks. 4. I a patter that was repeated over may ceturies ad i may regios aroud the world, the Persia Empire overexteded itself ad became vulerable to attack from the outside. i. I the early 3s BCE, the Greek ruler Alexader the Great spet eleve years i a quest to coquer the Achaemeid Empire. He achieved his goal ad this Persia Empire rapidly declied, but Alexader himself. ' Ill. '

24 --1 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies died soo afterward. His short-lived empire was divided amog his geerals. 5. After about a cetury, a ew Persia-based empire arosethe Parthia Empire-ad it defeated what still remaied of Alexader's divided kigdom. The Parthias' biggest rival to the West was a ew Mediterraea power based i Rome, with whom they had may clashes. C. Chiese Dyasties The Chiese dyasties-the Qi ad the Ha-are oteworthy for their religious toleratio, techological achievemets, ad govermetal system, the latter of which lasted for over 2 years. 1. After of the chaos of the Warrig States period (c. 5 BCEc. 22 BCE), the Qi Dyasty arose i East Asia. i. The Chiese believed that the heaves would provide them with a ruler who would establish a family lie, a dyasty that would rule util its leaders displeased the powers i heave. This madate of heave, like Cofuciaism, was a itegral part of Chiese culture for ceturies. Emperor Qi Shihuagdi ("Chi Shehwugdee") retured Chia to dyastic rule with both diplomatic skill ad military ruthlessess. i Qi Shihuagdi used a Chiese political philosophy called legalism, which established a clear chai of commad ad eve clearer rules of bureaucratic etiquette. It icluded severe puishmet for those who purposefully-or accidetally-broke those rules. iv. Although the Qi Dyasty did't last very log (c BCE), it created a solid foudatio for dyastic rule i Chia that edured ito the early twetieth cetury. Other empires aroud the globe durig the Classical Era had large, orgaized govermetal bureaucracies-the Roma Empire, for example-but oe matched the complexity of those established by the dyasties i East Asia at this time.

25 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires 2. The Ha Dyasty (26 BCE-22 CE) lasted much loger tha the Qi Dyasty. i. The Ha Dyasty existed at about the same time as the Roma Empire ad exchaged trade ad diplomatic ties with them alog the Silk Roads. i iv. The empire was roughly as large as Rome's, at least as wealthy, ad certaily more techologically developed. Its capital was Chag'a (moder-day Xi'a). Like all Classical empires, the Ha Dyasty exteded its power through a mix of diplomacy, trade, ad military power. The Ha bega buildig the Great Wall of Chia, a project that cotiued o ad off for over 1 years. The Great Wall was built to keep orther ivaders out of the empire. v. The Ha also bega caal-diggig projects that liked orther ad souther Chia. These govermet-sposored caal projects were desiged to help trade. The caals allowed grai from the orth to be trasported to the south, ad rice from the south was brought to the orth. The caals also helped the movemet of people. The Chiese govermet moved may people om orther areas ito the south largely to promote uificatio uder a commo culture.. Ill ṇ I D. South Asia I South Asia, the usual political situatio was ot havig a empire. Istead, local ad regioal goverace was the orm. Two importat exceptios are the Maurya ad Gupta Empires. 1. The Maurya Empire arose first ( c. 321-c. 185 BCE) ad stretched from moder Pakista almost to the souther ed of moder Idia. i. The most famous ruler of the Maurya Empire was Ashoka, who coverted to a peaceful life uder Buddhism after years of empire-buildig through bloody

26 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies coquest. After his coversio, he promoted the spread of Buddhism by sedig Buddhist missioaries ito East ad Southeast Asia. Ashoka ruled i a maer that was cosidered almost kidly by the day's stadards. Despite his efforts, however, Hiduism remaied (ad remais) the domiat religio i most of Sout Asia. 2. The Gupta Empire (c. 32 CE-c. 55 ce) covered roughly the orther half of today's Idia ad is most otable for its cultural cotributios that later foud their way ito Wester culture. i. The Gupta cotributed the cocept of zero; a efficiet umberig system (later itroduced to the West as "Arabic umerals"); chess; ad medical advaces. The AP World History exam questios usually combie the Maurya ad Gupta Empires ad refer to them as "Classical Idia Empires." E. The Mediterraea I the Mediterraea, the Phoeicia city-states' cotributios icluded a alphabet ad readig from left to right. Both of these cotributios evetually foud their way to much of the world. 1. The Phoeicias bega spreadig their ifluece from their origial base o the easter shores of the Mediterraea, i moder-day Lebao. i. Usig their great seafarig skills, they established coloies across the Mediterraea i Greece, Italy, North Africa, ad Spai. The Phoeicias did ot ofte use military coquest to gai power. Istead, they were iterested i trade-they foud out what a potetial trader wated ad, more importat, they kew how to get it for him or her.

27 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires i The Phoeicias specialized i luxury goods. I fact, words such as diamod, ciamo, ad rose ca all trace their origis to the Phoeicias. 2. The Phoeicias coloies i Greece greatly iflueced the developmet of Greek civilizatio. i. The Phoeicia alphabet ad coiage were adopted by the Greeks. The Greeks later iflueced the developmet of the Romas. i Brigig it full circle, i the third ad secod ceturies BCE, the Romas fought oe of the last great Phoeicia coloies-carthage-for ecoomic ad political cotrol of the wester Mediterraea. Rome's victory led to the rise of the Roma Republic's power i the Mediterraea regio. F. Greek City-States The Greek city-states (c. 6 BCE-c. 33 BCE) cotributed to our idea of citize ad democracy. Greek democracy, i its time, was remarkable. Eve though oly free adult me could be citizes ad vote o govermet policies, the idea that govermet could be iflueced by the peaceful voice of its people was quite uique. 1. The Greek city-states shared a commo laguage ad religio, but democracy was ot the oly form of govermet i all Greek city-states. i. For example, the city-state of Athes allowed participatio by its male citizery, but Sparta was a totalitaria oligarchy, meaig that a few me made all the govermetal decisios ad o disset was permitted. Political forms i other city-states i Greece usually existed somewhere betwee Athes ad Sparta, ad there were may kigdoms as well. 2. Alexader the Great uited the multiple Greek city-states for the first time i their history. He the promptly led a. \ C 1:11 I!' \ C

28 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies army to the east to coquer the rival Persia (Achaemeid) Empire i the 3s BCE. i. After a log campaig, he coquered the Persias ad expaded its borders to iclude Egypt ad the Idus River regio. Soo afterward he died. His empire was the divided up amog his top geerals ito roughly Egypt, Southwest Asia, ad Greece. The greatest legacy from Alexader the Great's coquest was Helleism, also kow as the Helleistic culture. This was a bledig of Greek math, sciece, philosophy, literature, goverace, architecture, ad art with existig forms i Egypt, which at the time icluded Southwest, Cetral, ad South Asia. The bledig of the Greek ad Egyptia cultures (Helleism) brigs up a importat AP World History term-<ultural sycretism. Examples iclude: statues of the Buddha foud i South Asia with distictive Greek styles that portray the huma figure realistically; cois mited throughout the regio that had Alexader's face o them; ad Egyptia scietists, educated i Greek schools i Alexadria, who accurately estimated the circumferece of the Earth i the secod cetury BCE. Be sure you're familiar with this term for the AP World History exam. G. Roma Civilizatio The Roma civilizatio pattered much of it politics ad culture after the Greeks. Over time, the Romas passed those patters to civilizatios i Europe, Southwest Asia, ad North Africa. 1. It has bee said that "Rome captured Greece, but Greece captivated Rome." i. This quote meas that the Roma army coquered Greece a cetury or so after Alexader's death, but the the Romas adopted may aspects of Greek culture, icludig architecture, philosophy, ad literature. The Romas traded i may of their gods i favor of Greek gods, but the gave them Roma ames. Oe

29 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires exceptio was Apollo, the god of light ad poetry, whom the Romas greatly admired. 2. The Roma Classical Era icludes both the Republic (c. 5 BCE-C. 3 BCE) ad the Empire (c. 3 BCE-476 CE). The death of Julius Caesar ad the rise of emperor Augustus marked the switch from the Roma Republic to the Roma Empire. Remember: If the questio o the essay portio of the AP World History exam asks for methods used for political cotrol by the Roma Empire, you wo't get credit for writig about the Republic or Julius Caesar. 3. Roma civilizatio was dedicated to buildig. i. The Romas built moumets as well as aqueducts that carried water over log distaces ito major cities. They also built roads that crossed the empire ad led travelers all aroud the Mediterraea, ito Easter ad Wester Europe, ad ito much of Britai. Roma roads were used by the military to move soldiers quickly ito trouble spots aroud the empire, by merchats ad travelers, ad also by missioaries after the arrival of Christiaity. 4. The Roma govermet used its military, both lad ad sea forces, to protect trade routes withi its borders. i. The Romas built military fortresses throughout their empire to protect their political ad ecoomic iterests. The military fought rivals aroud its borders over the course of hudreds of years. The Roma military also fought people withi the empire who did't ecessarily like beig uder Roma rule. Uprisigs i Britai, Gaul (Frace), Germaia (Germay), ad Palestie (by Jewish atioalists) kept the Roma legios busy. 5. The Romas also exteded their ifluece by usig diplomats ad merchats who traveled far beyod Rome's borders to broker treaties ad exchage trade goods. For. ' CII. '

30 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies example, silk trasported via the famous Silk Roads from Chia could be purchased by wealthy people i the city of Rome. 6. Similar to a policy eacted by the Ha rulers, the Roma Republic ad Empire promoted migratio of may people ito its coloies to ecourage the spread of the "Roma way." This policy was so successful that may people from wester Europe all the way ito Southwest Asia were kow as Roma citizes, eve though they ever set foot i Italy or the city of Rome. 7. Eve though the wester half of the Roma Empire fell i 476 CE ad the city of Rome spiraled ito decay, the easter half of the empire cotiued o for aother thousad years. i. Headquartered i Costatiople (Istabul i today's Turkey), the Byzatie Empire maitaied the "glory of Rome" over the easter Mediterraea util the mid fifteeth cetury ce. The Byzatie Empire iflueced the social, political, ad ecoomic developmet of Russia, Easter Europe, ad moder-day Turkey. i The Byzatie Empire's greatest legal cotributio was its legal system, ko"y as the Code of Justiia. The writers of the AP World History exam love to compare the political methods ad social features of the Ha ad Roma empires, so pay attetio to those coectios. H. Mesoamerica ad Adea Civilizatios The Mesoamerica ( c. 1 ce-c. 9 ce) ad Adea civilizatios (c. 1 ce-c. 8 ce) of the Classical Era developed, of course, away from those i Afro-Eurasia. I Mesoamericamoder souther Mexico ad Cetral America-the city-states of the Maya civilizatio ad of Teotihuaca flourished ear each other. The Adea people lived i orthwest moder South America i the Ades Moutais.

31 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires 1. The Maya made complex mathematical calculatios, studied the stars, ad developed a writig system. Havig a writig system was oe of the features of the Maya that made them stad out i the Americas. They carved words i stoe ad o deer hides ad recorded astroomical observatios, history, ad religious beliefs. 2. The Maya built tall religious temples that looked like Mesopotamia's ziggurats. 3. The biggest Maya city was Tikal, with about 5, people i the city ad aother 5, livig earby. Like the Egyptias, the Maya built large pyramids ad temples. i. The Maya also built a astroomical observatory ad palaces for their royalty. 4. The Maya agricultural system featured irrigatio ad terracig of hillsides ad was very successful, supportig a populatio of about 5 millio people withi the empire. 5. Like all other classical civilizatios, the Maya maitaied power through military coercio, a tribute system of goods ad people from those who were coquered, ad coectig to ad ifluecig regioal trade etworks. i. As i other classical civilizatios, there was also a close relatioship betwee political ad spiritual leaders. Huma sacrifice was a importat aspect of Maya religio. 6. Teotihuaca was a city-state located to the orth of the Maya. It had a populatio of perhaps 2, peoplemakig it oe of the biggest cities i the world i the Classical Era. i. Teotihuaca was a separate civilizatio from the Maya ad had a complex govermet bureaucracy, reservoirs, apartmet complexes made of stoe, ad (like the Maya) pyramids dedicated to their gods. The Maya ad Teotihuaca civilizatios traded with each other ad, at times, waged war agaist each other.. ' /'I I /'I. '

32 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies 7. The Moche was the classical civilizatio of the Adea regio (c. 1-c. 8 ce). 1. The Moche ihabited territory that stretched about 25 miles alog the moutais of the wester coast of moder Peru. The Moche govermet was cotrolled by a class of warrior-priests. i Much like the Maya, the Moche built pyramids ad other moumetal buildigs, such as palaces. They traded with eighbors, created complex irrigatio systems, terraced moutaisides to grow crops, ad practiced huma sacrifice. iv. Moche craftspeople created some of the world's most beautiful works of art i gold, jewels, ad pottery.. fest Tip." The Mesoamerica ad Adea civilizatios receive little attetio o the AP World History exam compared to those i Eurasia because most Global History classes i colleges do't sped much time o them. Note, however, that the AP World History curriculum calls the Maya, the Teotihuaca, ad the Moche "must-kow" civilizatios, so be prepared. Commo Features of Classical Empires ad City-States I this chapter, similarities betwee the classical civilizatios i the Americas ad i Afro-Eurasia have bee oted. Below is a summary of those similarities. A. Cities were importat parts of all empires ad, of course, amog city-states. They were ceters of trade, art, ad religious ad govermetal buildigs. 1. The Mediterraea civilizatios 1. Alexadria ad the city-state of Carthage i North Africa Rome i Italy

33 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires " f rest Tip i Costatiople betwee the Black Sea ad the Mediterraea i Asia Mior iv. The city-state of Athes i Greece 2. East Asia i. Chag'a, capital of the Ha Dyasty i Chia 3. Mesoamerica i. The city-state of Teotihuaca For the AP World History exam, be sure you kow some importat cities of the Classical Era ad be able to locate them o a map. 8. Social structures were quite similar amog all classical empires, with political ad religious elites at the top, followed by (i varyig order of status depedig o the civilizatio) merchats, warriors, craftspeople, laborers, ad slaves. 1. Slaves were at the bottom of all societies. The Mayas ad Romas were much more depedet o slave labor tha the Ha i East Asia. 2. The East Asia dyasties were the oly oes to cosider merchats to be ear the bottom of the social ladder. Merchats were thought to be of little value because they exchaged goods, but produced othig by their ow hads. 3. I the Maurya ad Gupta Empires of South Asia, oe's social status was predetermied by the caste oe was bor ito, ad there was othig i this life that could chage that.. ' CD I. ' C. Agricultural ad other iabor was provided by free people, idetured servats, ad slaves i the classical societies. 1. Ofte, the agricultural workig classes were forced to provide free labor to the govermet i road-buildig ad other projects.

34 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies 2. Two examples of govermet-required labor were the hudreds of thousads of peasats who were madated to participate i the costructio of the Great Wall ad the Grad Caal i Chia. D. A cotiuity through time was certaily evidet durig the Classical Era. Patriarchy-male domiatio of political, social, ad ecoomic life-was commo to all the classical empires. The Declie ad Fall of the Classical Empires A. All of the classical empires evetually overexteded themselves, declied i political, social, ad ecoomic areas, ad evetually fell. This happeed at differet times but usually alog the same patter: iteral disruptios ad outside ivasios led to the demise of each. 1. I Afro-Eurasia, the Maurya, Ha, Wester Roma, ad Gupta Empires collapsed, i that order. The usual chai of evets icluded a log but serious declie i political, social, ad ecoomic iflue.ce over its ow people ad the those outside the empire's borders. 2. Iteral pressures icluded: i. Diseases spread by war ad by trasferece alog trade routes Peasat revolts agaist overbearig ladlords i Resistace to high taxatio iv. A breakdow of imperial authority v. Failig ecoomies 3. Oe example of a iteral rebellio came withi the Ha Dyasty with the Yellow Turba revolt, which promised a ew society with o rich ladlords ad o oppressive govermet officials to bully the peasats ito labor projects.

35 Chapter 5: Developmet of City-States ad Empires 4. Exteral pressures came from rival empires, local rebels, ad omadic groups who took advatage of thiig umbers of the hated empire's military as it bega to declie. i. Nomadic ivaders (barbarias) swept through farms ad cities of all the classical empires, lootig ad takig food, ad leavig destructio ad death behid. The most famous barbaria ivaders of Rome were the Hus, Goths, ad Vadals, who attacked the Wester Roma Empire ad the capital of Rome itself i the mid fifth cetury CE. B. Not every classical empire fell i the same maer. 1. The Ha Dyasty's demise, for example, fell largely because of iteral causes, icludig struggles for power amog the dyastic family members ad top geerals, as well as the Yellow Turba revolt. 2. The causes of declie ad fall of the classical empires i the Americas remai a mystery ad a source of debate amog historias. i. Curret theories poit to ecological collapse, perhaps brought o by overuse of the lad or perhaps by atural chages i the climate. Either theory would have lead to lower levels of food productio. Without abudat ad depedable sources of food, residets of cities such as Teotihuaca, Tikal, ad those i the Moche Empire perished.. l'i \ 1111 l'i I l'i. \ l'i

36 Developmet of Commuicatio ad Trade Networks C. 6 BCE - C. 6 CE " ' feq, tlp The developmet of the classical empires led to icreased coectios betwee people, eve for those separated by thousads of miles. The majority of these coectios occurred because of trade: luxury items or raw materials were exchaged for moey or other goods. Other coectios that developed ivolved the trasfer of techologies ad religios betwee regios. Oe importat uiteded cosequece of these exchages alog trade routes was the spread of diseases, which killed millios of people. Techology ad faith usually piggybacked the goods that merchats carried across Afro-Eurasia by lad ad by sea. I cotrast, i the Americas durig the Classical Era, the amout ad complexity of trade ad the distaces covered by merchats were ot early as well developed. Trade is oe of the most importat ad recurrig themes i AP World History. You'll defiitely see questios (ad possibly essays) that ask about trade.. \ \ The Lad Networks of Africa, Europe, ad Asia A. Geography Geography determied what was exchaged, where it was exchaged, ad by whom it was exchaged. 1. Climate ad topography (moutais, plais, deserts, rivers, ~~.

37 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies i. Climate ad topography determie where valuable mierals are foud, the types of plats that ca be grow, ad where seaports, moutai passes, ad oases exist so that raw materials may be processed ad sold; Merchats eeded to trasport these goods with relative safety across regios. 2. Trade happes because people wat goods. i. For example, salt has always bee a importat trade good, used ot so much to flavor food as it is used today, but to preserve food i the milleia before refrigeratio. People wet to great legths (literally) to get it-some traveled from Southwest Asia or Cetral Africa across the Sahara Desert to Northwest Africa to get it. Merchats were willig to make difficult treks i hopes of receivig a ice payoff for their efforts. i Visualize the Afro-Eurasia trade etwork as a webwhich allowed wealthy Romas to buy silk clothig that was made i Chia; merchats trasported silk ad other goods for a couple of hudred miles ad haded the goods off to the ext merchat carava, got moey for their part of the trip, ad headed back home for more. iv. The silk (or tea, or spices, or salt) was relayed from tow to tow util it reached its fial destiatio. B. The Silk Roads 1. The most extesive of the lad-based trade routes i the world at this time were the Silk Roads, amed because of the highly valued silk that was traded. i. For ceturies, oly Chia kew how to make silk-a light, soft, ad durable fabric. These qualities made silk highly desirable ad expesive, so oly wealthy elites could afford it. 2. Other items traded alog the Silk Roads:

38 Chapter 6: Developmet of Commuicatio ad Trade Networks i. From East Asia to poits west: horses, spices, furs, ivory, perfumes, lacquered boxes ad furiture, rice, wool, tea, ad porcelai (you kow, "chia") From South Asia to poits east ad west: cotto, spices, sadalwood, rice i From Cetral Asia to poits east, west, ad south: dates, almods, fruit, camels, horses iv. From poits west (the Black Sea ad Mediterraea regios) to the east ad south: glass, gold, furs, amber, cattle, olive oil, perfumes 3. The exchage of grais ad fabrics across Eurasia chaged farmig techiques ad allowed crops to grow i ew regios. i. The qaat system, a form of irrigatio, trasports water from below groud to the surface i arid regios. Kowledge ad use of the qaat system from Cetral Asia spread ito other regios, particularly Southwest Asia. 4. Merchats ad missioaries from South Asia itroduced Buddhism alog the Silk Roads, which had log-lastig effects o East ad Southeast Asia. i. Whe the Ha Empire bega to declie, may people i Chia coverted to Buddhism. 5. Disease was also trasported alog the Silk Roads. i. Pademic (widespread) diseases such as the buboic plague (the Black Death) frequetly crossed Afro-Eurasia alog trade routes. The devastatig effects of these diseases are thought to be oe of the reasos for the fall of the Ha Dyasty. 6. Tea ad horse carava roads exteded from souther Chia to South Asia. i. Though ot as well kow as the Silk Roads, they were vital exchage routes. ' a,. '

39 "ll'a I Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies / The effects of trade ad the items traded alog the Silk Roods ore importat topics o tpe AP World History exam. C. Sahara Carava Routes 1. Commerce across North Africa ' i. Alog the Mediterraea coast were coastal cities ad ports, rich i vegetatio ad resources. Commodities like dates, cotto, dyes, cloth, leather goods, ad glass were supplied from these cities ad ports. i South of the "rim" of Mediterraea Africa is the Sahara Desert. Merchats who vetured ito it exchaged those items ad carried out gold, salt, ivory, aimal hides, ad slaves, coectig ito the Silk Road etwork. 2. Itroductio of the camel i. I North Africa aroud the tur of the caledar from BCE to ce the camel was itroduced as a meas of trasportig goods. This led to a major icrease i the amout of trade that occurred betwee West Africa ad Southwest.Asia. I the ext era, c. 6-c. 145, Islam was carried ito the Tras-Sahara regio alog trade routes, just as Buddhism had spread ito East Asia earlier. D. North-South Eurasia Routes 1. The Silk Roads ra roughly east to west. Directly coected to the Silk Roads were more etworks of trade routes that ru orth ad south, ad liked Cetral Asia to South ad Southwest Asia. i. Alog these trade routes merchats carried merchadise such as cotto, spices, ad rice from South Asia; spices from Southeast Asia; ad horses ad textiles (cloth) to ad from Cetral Asia.

40 - Chapter 6: Developmet of Commuicatio ad Trade Networks These routes also coected to the edges of the Baltic Sea i Europe, ivolvig Russia ad the Black Sea trade coectios. i Costatiople, the capital of the Byzatie Empire, was a key ceter that liked these exchage routes together. The Sea Networks of Africa, Europe, ad Asia Developed Extesive Trade Networks by Sea A. The Idia Ocea Tradig Network 1. The Idia Ocea tradig etwork was the largest sea tradig area i the world util Europeas bega crossig the Atlatic i the late 14s. i. The Idia Ocea coected Southeast Asia ad Chia to Africa, the Middle East, ad South Asia. It was a major coveyor of Buddhism from South Asia ito East ad Southeast Asia, ad i the ext era, c. 6-c. 145, Muslim merchats ad missioaries carried their faith from the Middle East across the Idia Ocea ito the same regios. i May of the items that were carried alog the Silk Roads ad the other Eurasia lad routes were also exchaged across the Idia Ocea: silk, cotto, rice, spices, horses, ivory, gold, porcelai, ad people. 2. All sea trade depeded o ocea currets ad wid, ad this is true of the Idia Ocea. i. The mosoo wids blow alog the East Africa coast toward South Asia i the summer ad dow the East Africa coast i the witer. This atural "clock" helped merchats pla the timig ad cotet of their shipmets. Small but seaworthy tradig ships used by Arab merchats, called dhows, used a triagular latee sail to follow these wids.. ' Ill ffl. ' ffl

41 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies i Arab shipbuildig ad avigatio skills spread quickly alog the sea trade routes. 3. People iteracted via the Idia Ocea trade routes: East Asias, South Asias, East Africa Swahilis, Arabs from Southwest Asia, Malays from Southeast Asia, Turks, Greeks, ad Russias participated. I post AP World History exams, questios o the effects of trade ad the items traded across the Idia Ocea hove frequetly bee icluded. B. The Mediterraea ad Black Sea Tradig Areas 1. Begiig with the Egyptias ad Phoeicias, ad cotiued by the Greeks, Romas, ad Byzaties, the Mediterraea Sea etwork of trade was vast ad loglastig. i. Olives, pottery, glass, woodwork, leather, ad wool textiles were exchaged across all parts of the Mediterraea world. Out of Africa, merchats traded gold, ivory, salt, copper, ad slaves across ad aroud the Mediterraea. i Durig the first cetury CE ad cotiuig for may ceturies, Christiaity was carried ito easter ad wester Europe ad Africa o foot by missioaries ad merchats, but especially by boats that carried cargo ad people across the Mediterraea. 2. The Black Sea, with Asia o its easter shore ad Europe o its wester coastlie, was aother importat tradig area before, durig, ad after the Classical Era. i. Costatiople (kow as Byzatium i aciet times) was oe of the world's great poits of exchage. Through the Black Sea, merchats carried goods from the Silk Roads, the Mediterraea, ad Russia.

42 Chapter 6: Developmet of Commuicatio ad Trade Networks i I the ext era, c. 6-c.145, merchats uwittigly carried the buboic plague-the Black Death-ito wester Europe. Exchagig Goods i the Americas A. The Americas Exchaged Goods but o a Much Smaller Scale tha i Afro-Eurasia 1. Several factors explai the cotrast i the amout of goods traded i the Americas to that of Afro-Eurasia: i. There were far fewer people i the Americas. Historias estimate that of the roughly 25 millio people o Earth i the first cetury CE, oly about 12 millio lived i all of North ad South America. Because there were fewer types of large domesticated aimals i the Americas, the wheel was ever developed for trasportatio util the Europeas arrived i the early fifteeth cetury CE. i The llama ad the alpaca were used as pack aimals i the Ades; i other parts of the Americas, dogs pulled sleds loaded with materials. i The arrow ad jugle-covered terrai of the Isthmus of Paama made trade from South America ito Cetral ad North America very difficult. 2. Despite these demographic ad geographic limitatios, there is idicatio of exchages of plats, icludig tobacco ad cor, ad maufactured goods, such as pottery, jewelry (made with gold, turquoise or turtle shells), ad clothig made from aimal skis. i. These exchages were probably made i relay fashio, from oe village ad city to aother, ad ot by merchats o log-distace trade missios. America cor (maize) was developed first i Mesoamerica ad the spread to regios orth ad south alog trade coectios.. \ Ill I. \

43 Period 2: Orgaizatio ad Reorgaizatio of Huma Societies The areas i the Americas with the most trade activity were amog the Maya ad Teotihuaca i Mesoamerica ad withi the Moche civilizatio of the Ades.