Airport Design: Its Restrictions other than Economic Consideration

Transcription

1 Airport Design: Its Restrictions other than Economic Consideration Professor Alan K. T. Lau FRAeS FHKIE FIMechE FIMMM FIEAust FIED Associate Dean of Faculty of Engineering Alex Wong/Gigi Wong Professor in Product Engineering Design International Vice President of The Institution of Mechanical Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

2 Market Forecast Drivers and Considerations

3 Market Forecast Drivers and Considerations

4 Market Forecast Drivers and Considerations

5 Market Forecast Drivers and Considerations

6 Market Forecast Drivers and Considerations

7 Market Forecast Drivers and Considerations 20-Year World Annual Traffic Growth by 4.6% Aircraft Demand by Region. Aircraft aircraft orders (split by size) shows that aviation growth is centered in Asia Pacific & the Middle East (Courtesy Airbus Global Market Forecast )

8 Airports Worldwide (expanding aggressively to meet growing demand) Los Angeles New satellite concourse (2020) Dallas/ Fort Worth Terminal expansions (2017) London Heathrow Terminal 2 (2014) Istanbul New airport (2019) Doha New airport (2014) Frankfurt 4 th Runway (2015) Abu Dhabi New terminal (2017) According to ACI, there are currently ~200 planned airport expansion projects around the world (with each investing >US$500 million) Dubai New airport (2014) Guangzhou 3 rd Runway (2015) Terminal 2 (2018) Guangzhou (new airports) 2 nd airport New airport for business aviation Chengdu New airport (2017) Kuala Lumpur Terminal 2 (2014) Shenzhen 3 rd Runway (2018) Terminal 4 (2020) New airport construction Existing airport construction Singapore Terminal 4 (2017) 3 rd Runway (2020) Terminal 5 ( ) Beijing (Daxing) New airport (2019) Seoul Incheon Terminal 2 (2017) Osaka Kansai Terminal 3 (2016) Taipei Taoyuan Terminal 3 (2021) Shanghai Pudong 4 th Runway (2014) 5 th Runway (2017) New satellite concourse (2018) Sydney New airport (2025) Note: Only key expansion projects are indicated Source: CAPA (as of Dec 2014); ACI (as of Nov 2013)

9 Aviation Business at Hong Kong and Asia Pacific Region Can we endure the usage capacity goes to 100%?

10 Aviation Business at Hong Kong and Asia Pacific Region The aviation industry is an assembly of subsidiary industries embracing aircraft manufacturers, aircraft parts suppliers, aviation services providers, aircraft fuel providers, regulatory authorities, airports, airlines, training organizations, aircraft maintenance organizations and financial institutions. Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) is one of the busiest airports in the world. As an international and regional hub airport, it handled 56.5 million passengers, 4.03 million tonnes of cargo, 353,000 flight movements (about 1,000 flights per day; 60 flights per hour) in There are more than 110 airlines operating at HKIA covering 170 destinations worldwide. The aviation industry employed over 65,000 people in 2012 With the new development of the threerunway system, the direct employment figure will reach to 141,000 (data extracted from the Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030).

11 Function of the Airports Airports provide a service to people so they can get from 1 destination to another (same as for cargo) with SAFE. Airports also provide a lot of jobs to the people of the city and bring in revenue to the city as airlines have to pay to lease gate space as well as pay for take-off and landing rights. Long haul aircraft Short haul aircraft Private jets Low cost carriers

12 Function of the Airports

13 Airport Design The following factors should be consideration in locating and orienting a runway: Wind Airspace availability Environmental factors (noise, air and water quality) Obstructions to navigation Air traffic control visibility Wildlife Hazard

14 What is the Atmospheric Condition at High Attitude? 14,000 ft 9,000 ft 1,000 ft Human Limitation? --- 8,000 feet

15 What is the Atmospheric Condition at High Attitude? Location of the airport? 15

16 Engineering Problems Runway Maintenance High speed (take-off and landing) Wake Turbulence Separation Wind tip Vortex Foreign Object Impacts Bird strikes Runway debris Reasons of Delays Bad weather at the next destination Traffic regulation at different countries Increase the Demand of LCC Take-off and Landing Distances at Wet/Dry Conditions Location of the airport Public transportation Clear space (obstacles, like mountains) Clearance Time for Passengers (like A380) 24-hour operation mode Noise issue Surrounding support

17 Airport Night Maintenance Only few hours to complete the task Getting Rubber Off The Road

18 What Do You Feel?

19 Engineering Problems Induced Drag 19

20 Engineering Problems Lift and Drag Richard T. Whitcomb Inspired by birds A properly cambered and angled surface could reduce the strength of trailing vortex winglets emphasize design process similar to wings Reduce wingtip vortices Cut back on drag up to %20 * Higher cruise speed Increased fuel economy Possibly double wings lift to drag ratio * Good when wing extension is not possible Winglet

21 Engineering Problems Avoiding Wake Turbulence To minimize the chances of flying through an aircraft's wake turbulence (induced by wingtip vortices):

22 Engineering Problems Approach the runway above a preceding aircraft s path when landing behind another aircraft, and touch down after the point at which the other aircraft wheels contacted the runway.

23 Engineering Problems

24 Toward a Common Transition Altitude (Handover Point) 15,000ft Cost (fuel use) consideration Time consideration Safety consideration 空牆

25 Aircraft Accidents

26 Aircraft Accidents Fatal Accidents and Onboard Fatalities by Phase of Flight World Commercial Jet Fleet 2005 through2014) related in the airport design and operation 26

27 Aircraft Accidents Gust wind caused the airplane tilting Tail touch down Emergency landing without wheels Engine failure 27

28 Aircraft Accidents 單引擎飛行 外物撞擊 機油滲漏 機油溫度過熱 機油壓力過低 緊急著陸 引擎故障 升降故障 液壓制動器損壞 金屬腐蝕 硬著陸 ( 前胎先著陸 ) 維修問題 硬物撞擊?( 輪胎爆破 ) 28

29 Aircraft Accidents 飛機故障 緊急降落 釋放剩餘的燃料, 水及行李 減少重量 燃料 ( 火水 ) Jet fuel is a clear to strawcolored fuel, made by unleaded kerosene (Jet A-1) 29

30 Aircraft Accidents 一般飛機墜毀時的現象

31 New Runway Design Suggestions proposed by the general public Using bigger airplanes Sending passengers to other neighboring airports by boats Increasing the Air Traffic Movements (ATMs) per hour Increasing the number of transition points Directing the flights to other neighboring airport Operating an existing 2 runway airport for 24 hours

32 Location of the Airport

33 Design of an Airport has to be

34 Kai Tak Airport (Our memory of evolution)