SUBSAHARAN AFRICA I (Chapter 6, pages )

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SUBSAHARAN AFRICA I (Chapter 6, pages 190-209 ) Pretoria, South Africa There are not many important conditions in this region because of the extreme poverty, widespread political corruption across

1 SUBSAHARAN AFRICA I (Chapter 6, pages ) Pretoria, South Africa There are not many important conditions in this region because of the extreme poverty, widespread political corruption across the continent, and primitive methods of fragmented tribal leaders. Note however: How the country of Gambia has established its boundary solely along the river for it economic potential. Complete legal repression of women in west African. Drought and famine in Somalia Unique animal life in Madagascar resulting from isolation of the species.

6 The Legacy Several hundred tribal languages are spoken. Antagonism between native tribes (e.g., Rwanda) prevents significant advancement as an overall society. Low level of development resulting from colonization Transportation facilities Movement of goods is from the interior to coastal outlets. Communication within Africa is impeded by desert, dense forest, and lack of navigable rivers in certain regions. Dual economy remains intact; most states rely on a single crop or mineral and are vulnerable to world markets.

8 Language s of Africa

Independent Britain France Belgium Portugal Italy 1885 1910

9 Independent Britain France Belgium Portugal Italy Colonization & Decolonization since

10 Berlin Conference (1884) European states divided up Africa without consideration of indigenous cultures Results of superimposed boundaries African peoples were divided Unified regions were ripped apart Hostile societies were thrown together Hinterlands were disrupted Migration routes were closed off When independence returned to Africa after 1950, the realm had already acquired a legacy of political fragmentation.

12 Due to unprecedented brutality against women by the military, a million woman march was staged in protest. Hundreds of Egyptian women march in Cairo streets during a protest as they angered by the recent violence used against them in clashes between police and protesters in Cairo, Egypt Dec. 20, Photo: Associated Press, Amr Nabil / AP

13 A common practice imposed on young girls in some African countries is female genital mutilation (FGM). Its purpose is to destroy any pleasurable sensation of sex, so the woman remains loyal and subservient to the husband. The practice is sometimes continued in the US by immigrants from those countries.

In countries where there are laws to prevent FGM, it is driving the practice underground and across borders, says UNIFEM (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the

People deny that the practice continues and group excisions are no longer announced in the market.

14 In countries where there are laws to prevent FGM, it is driving the practice underground and across borders, says UNIFEM (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women). West African nationals don t need passports and visas to travel in the region, so the families can easily take the girls across the border. People deny that the practice continues and group excisions are no longer announced in the market. But it still happens, and it travels wherever people think it will not be punished or noted. "We think it is getting worse," said a specialist in sexual violence with UNIFEM in Burkina Faso. The ideal situation to excise their daughters in plain view says the study.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a dangerous and irreversible practice which has severe repercussions on the physical, mental and psychosocial health of the girls affected.

15 Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a dangerous and irreversible practice which has severe repercussions on the physical, mental and psychosocial health of the girls affected. Despite being recognized across the world as a form of violence against women, because the tradition is deeply rooted within certain cultures it is still a widespread practice. In Mali, where there are NO laws to protect women, an estimated 89-94% of girls still suffer genital mutilation.

16 Senegal & Gambia

17 Gambia Senegal

Gambia: a country whose geography and borders are defined by its river The country is less than 30 miles wide at its widest point, with a total area of 11,300 km².

18 Gambia: a country whose geography and borders are defined by its river The country is less than 30 miles wide at its widest point, with a total area of 11,300 km². Approximately 1,300 km² of The Gambia's area is covered by water. The Gambia is the smallest country on the continent of Africa. In comparative terms the Gambia has a total area which is slightly less than that of the island of Jamaica. The western side of the country borders the North Atlantic Ocean with 50 miles of coastline. Its present boundaries were defined in 1889 after an agreement between the United Kingdom and France. During the negotiations between the French and the British in Paris, the French initially gave the British approximately 200 miles of the Gambia River to control. Starting with the placement of boundary markers in 1891, it took nearly fifteen years after the Paris meetings to determine the final borders of The Gambia. The resulting series of straight lines and arcs gave the British control of areas that are approximately 10 miles (16 km) north and south of the Gambia River.

19 Gambia is twice the size of Delaware. The Gambia River flows for 200 mi (322 km) through Gambia on its way to the Atlantic. The country, the smallest on the continent, averages only 20 mi (32 km) in width. Political states of Gambia

20 Land area: 3,861 sq mi (10,000 sq km); total area: 4,363 sq mi (11,300 sq km) Population (2010 est.): 1,824,158

22 Atlantic Slave Trade,

23 Atlantic Slave Trade Routes,

Cape Coast, Ghana, on July 11. The president was moved by the tour.

24 Jul Haraz N. Ghanbari/ AP The president and his family tour Cape Coast Castle, a notorious slave port, in Cape Coast, Ghana, on July 11. The president was moved by the tour. Trip to Ghana, home of the slave trade Jul :49PM Haraz N. Ghanbari / AP President Barack Obama meets with Ghana President John Atta Mills at the Presidential Palace in Accra, Ghana, July 11.

25 Jul REBECCA BLACKWELL /Assoc. Press A sign welcomes Obama and the first lady in Accra.

26 East Africa Lies astride the equator Mainly highlands Cooler and generally drier conditions Ethnic diversity

East Africa Tanzania Largest in population and area in East Africa Dispersed clusters of population Ethnic diversity Uganda Home of precolonial Ganda kingdom Landlocked, dependent on Kenya for

27 East Africa Tanzania Largest in population and area in East Africa Dispersed clusters of population Ethnic diversity Uganda Home of precolonial Ganda kingdom Landlocked, dependent on Kenya for access to the sea Rwanda and Burundi Former German colonies, given to Belgium in 1918 Most densely populated African countries Ethiopia Highlands keep it somewhat isolated Part of African Transition Zone

29 A black rhino is transported by helicopter in South Africa. The seventh black rhino population established by the WWF Black Rhino Range Expansion Project was released after an epic trip across the country. Nineteen of the critically endangered animals were moved from the Eastern Cape to a new location in Limpopo province. Photo: Associated Press / Green Renaissance/WWF

31 Equatorial Africa Astride the equator Mainly lowlands, dominated by Congo Basin Vast areas of rain forest

32 KAREL PRINSLOO: AP Thousands of refugees are fleeing fighting in eastern Congo while fighting continue between government forces and rebels of renegade Gen. Laurent Nkunda. 10/29/2008

33 KAREL PRINSLOO: AP Congolese tanks and thousands of displaced people stream into Goma in eastern Congo. Refugees started streaming into the eastern provincial capital of Goma in the afternoon, impeded by army tanks, trucks and jeeps pulling back from the battle

34 KAREL PRINSLOO: AP People stone United Nations peacekeepers in an APC as they pass through the village of Kibati some 12 kilometers north of Goma in eastern Congo as people to vent their outrage at the failure of the U.N. to halt the rebellion.

35 KAREL PRINSLOO: AP Children wait for food to be ready in an abandoned school at a makeshift camp for displaced people near the village of Kibati in eastern Congo.

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42 Madagascar Settled from Southeast Asia Malagasy language related to Malay African settlers French colonial rule Not part of either Southern or East Africa; Southeast Asian imprint still visible Unique animals from all others of the world because of the island location

43 The Horn of Africa: Part of Transition Zone

44 Horn of Africa Ethiopia: Home of ancient Coptic Christian empire Isolation from highlands Today two-thirds Muslim, mostly in the east Eritrea: boundary disputes with Ethiopia Djibouti: Location on Bab el Mandeb Strait choke point Somali: Multiple ethnic groups Failed state

45 2011 Drought & Famine in Somalia

47 Fashion model Iman is from Somalia and is a spokesman for the embattled country and its malnourished people, many of whom have migrated to Kenya to avoid Al-Qaida operatives who have commandeered the Somalian government.

48 Southern Africa 10 countries, 6 of them landlocked Congo Basin marks northern limit Plateau country Rich in natural resources Agricultural diversity

50 South Africa: Peaceful Change from Apartheid Old flag New flag

7/27/2010. Regions of Subsaharan Africa. SUBSAHARAN AFRICA II (Chapter 6, pages ) Southern Africa. South Africa: Peaceful Change from Apartheid

7/27/2010. Regions of Subsaharan Africa. SUBSAHARAN AFRICA II (Chapter 6, pages ) Southern Africa. South Africa: Peaceful Change from Apartheid SUBSAHARAN AFRICA II (Chapter 6, pages 209-227) Regions of Subsaharan Africa Southern Africa 10 countries, 6 of them landlocked Congo Basin marks northern limit Plateau country Rich in natural resources