The Late Middle Ages (XIV and XV centuries)

Transcription

1 The Late Middle Ages (XIV and XV centuries) Name: School: I.E.S. Carmen Pantión. Level: 2ºESO Author: José María Tintoré Parra. 1

2 CONTENTS: 1-THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: A) Famine B) Plagues: The Black Death C) Wars and conflicts C.1) The Hundred Years War C.2) Peasants' risings C.3) The fall of Constantinople 2- LATE MIDDLE AGES IN SPAIN: A) Kingdom of Castile and Leon B) Kingdom of Aragon 3- THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS: A) Domestic policy: A.1) The Inquistion. A.2) The expulsion of the Jews B) Foreign policy: B.1) Fall of Granada B.2) The Canary Islands B.3) "El Gran Capitán" B.4) The Discovery of America B.5) Kingdom of Navarre 4- CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE: Sciences Art Literature Society. 5- EXERCISES: 6- GLOSSARY: 2

3 1-THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: The Late Middle Ages describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (c ). It was a dark period of famines, plagues and wars. Death everywhere. A) Famine Malnutrition was always present. But the cold and wet springs and summers of destroyed crops and all people suffered. Dogs and cats disappeared and there were rumors of cannibalism in some villages. Medieval stories like Hansel and Gretel, like most of Grimm's Fairy Tales, are inspired in reality and illustrated the fear of famine. Famine was a daily problem in Middle Ages. 3

4 B) Plagues: The Black Death In 1348, a terrible illness, called the "Black Death" killed a third of the European people. This sickness was the bubonic plague. Bacteria caused the plague. People got the illness because fleas bit them. Most of the ill people died, especially poor people without food.. Here, you can see the route of this plague: C) Wars and conflicts In the XIV and XV Century, there were a lot of wars and conflicts. We can emphasize some of them. For example: C.1) The Hundred Years War: It was a series of separate wars from 1337 to 1453 between England and France. It began with the invasion of France by the Englishmen. The English archers defeated the French Knights again and again. 4

5 Finally, Joan of Arc inspired the French soldiers. Despite her death, French army could defeat the English troops. C.2) Peasants' risings: Peasants fought against the lords. There were a lot of revolts, for example, the "Jacquerie" in France (1358), the Peasant's Revolt in England (1381), or the "Irmandiño War" in Galicia (1467). But finally, the peasants were always defeated and punished. C.3) The fall of Constantinople: (1453): Sultan Mehmed III conquered the Capital of the Byzantine Empire, after a hard and large siege. He could take the town because he had cannons and firearms. The fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Middle Ages. 5

6 2- LATE MIDDLE AGES IN SPAIN: In the XIIIth Century, the Emirate of Granada was the only Muslim kingdom in Spain. But there were a lot of problems. The Black Death affected Spain too, and there were years of famine and misery (Malos años). It was a difficult period, like in the rest of Europe. There were a lot of social conflicts, for example, the pogroms. A pogrom is an attack to the Jewish people. For example, the one in Seville in As in Europe, in Spain there were fights between peasants and lords. For example, the "Remensa Wars" in Catalonia. AGAINST PEASANTS 6 LORDS

7 A) Kingdom of Castile and Leon: Castile and Leon united in In the XIV and XV Century, a lot of wars occurred in this kingdom. For example, the Civil War between Pedro the Cruel and his half-brother Enrique of Trastámara, (the bastard). Enrique killed his brother Pedro and became king, in Enrique killed his brother, Pedro. He became King. B) Kingdom of Aragon: In the XIV and XV Centuries, this kingdom conquered a lot of places in the Mediterranean sea. You can see them in this map: But they had problems too, civil wars and conflicts. 7

8 3- THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS: They were: King Ferdinand, from Aragon Queen Isabella, from Castile They married in 1469, in the city of Valladolid; Isabella was eighteen years old and Ferdinand was seventeen. They united Aragón and Castile. A) Domestic Policy: A.1) They created the Inquisition (1478), a religious tribunal. The Inquisition pursued heretics. An heretic disagrees with the Roman Church, but he is Christian. For example witches, mages of hidden jews and moors. They also forbid and burnt "dangerous" books. The heretics had a lot of comdemnations and tortures, for example, the bonfire. The Inquistion in Spain ended in

9 A.2) The expulsion of the Jews: In April 1492, (after the conquering of Granada), the Catholic Monarchs expulsed all the Jews from Spain. They had to become Christians or leave. BECOME CHRISTIAN JEWS OR LEAVE B) Foreign Policy: B.1) Fall of Granada: With the unification of Castile and Aragon under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Granada had an united enemy. Christians planned the extinction of Al-Andalus once for all. 9

10 The Christian army had a lot of artillery and many handgunners. Gunpowder weapons made castle more vulnerable. Cannon was the key. Cannons destroyed castles. In the War for Granada, Spanish Muslims and Christians used handguns. Handgun Handgunners The campaign was long and bitter. When the Muslim burned the Christian camp, the Christians built a permanent town called Santa Fe. But the defenders resisted. Finally, Boabdil negotiated a private surrender against the wishes of his people. Christians entered secretly into the Alhambra Palace on 2th January This was the end of Al-Andalus. 10

11 B.2) The Canary Islands: In 1402, the Castilian conquest of the islands began.the Castilians fought hard, but the native Guanches resisted. The conquest was completed in B.3) "El Gran Capitán": Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (from Montilla) was a Spanish general. They called him "El Gran Capitán". He was one of the best generals in history. In 1495 went to Naples to fight the French. He defeated them at the battles of Ceriñola and Garellano. He created the modern Spanish army, the "Tercio" B.4) The Discovery of America: In 1492, Christopher Columbus, with the money of Queen Isabella, reached America in

12 B.5) Kingdom of Navarre: After the death of Isabella (1504), Ferdinand conquered the kingdom of Navarre in Navarre was under French domination, so, the conquering was easy. 12

13 4- CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE: The Late Middle Ages weren't always terrible. There were a lot of discoveries and explorations. The XIV and XV centuries was a good time for the arts and sciences. Wise men took interest in Greek and Latin texts. This was the beginning of the Renaissance. Sciences: They discovered the compass, very useful for navigation. They invented the eyeglasses and the clock. 13

14 The most important invention was the printing press. They could do a lot of books very quickly. The appearance of gunpodwer changed the war. Handguns and cannons appeared. 14

15 Art: There were a lot of excellent painters, like Giotto, Jan Van Eyck or Rapahello Sanzio. Giotto Raphaello Sanzio Jan Van Eyck There were great sculptors too. For example, Donatello. That was the age of the great gothic cathedrals, for example, Reims, Toledo or Santa María del Mar in Barcelona. 15

16 Literature Vernacular languages appeared, for example: Italian, Spanish, French... There were very important writers, like Dante (Divine Comedy) or Don Juan Manuel (Conde Lucanor). Vernacular means: Non Latin languages. Society: Kings became more and more powerful. It was the birth of the modern states. 16

17 5- EXERCISES: 1- Fill the gaps: In , there was a great in Europe. There were rumors of. The fear of famine inspired Medieval like &. The was an illness and killed a of the European population. People got the illness because the bit them. The lasted 117 years. The English defeated the French knights again and again. There were a lot of peasants, but finally, the lords always. Mehmed III conquered because he had and firearms. 2- Link with arrows: Joan of Arc A peasants rising in Galicia. English archers Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Black Death A French hero. She inspired the French in the Hundred Years War. It fell in 1453 A terrible illness. It killed a third of the European population Irmandiño Wars A period of the European History, of XIV and XV centuries. A daily problem in Middle Ages Famine. Late Middle Ages Defeated the French knights a lot of times. 3-True or false? SENTENCE The Hundred Years War didn't last one hundred years. "Black Death" was an illness, the bubonic plague. Joan of Arc was a French young woman. She inspired the French soldiers. There were peasants risings in England, France and Spain. Peasants won the wars against the lords English archers conquered Constantinople. Famine was a problem during all the Middle Ages. 4-Answer the questions: What countries fought in the Hundred Years War? 17 TRUE FALSE

18 What is a pogrom? Who fought in the "Remensa Wars"? What happened to Pedro and Enrique? What did the kingdom of Aragon do at the Mediterranean sea? 5-Draw here a map of the Iberian Peninsula during the XIV and XV centuries: 6- Order these facts: FACT The great famine in Europe Castile and Leon unite. The fall of Constantinople. Black Death appears in Europe. Enrique the Bastard killed his brother, Pedro "the Cruel" The pogrom of Seville. The "Irmandiño War" The beginning of the Hundred Years War. 18 YEAR ORDER

19 7-Solve the wordsearch: 8-Go to this link and explain how the Black Death was transmitted. Draw the picture here. 19

20 9-Look for the biography of one scientist condemned by the Inquisition. The most famous were: * Galileo Galilei. * Giordano Bruno. * Miguel Servet. * Nicolas Copérnico. Write the biography here: 10- True or false? SENTENCE Ferdinand was king of Aragon. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba was a bad general. The conquering of the Canary Islands was short and easy. Jews loved the Catholic Monarchs. Cannons were the key to conquer Granada The Inquisition persecuted Muslims. 20 TRUE FALSE

21 11- Identify in this picture: Boabdil.(The last king of Granada) Ferdinand. Isabelle. The Alhambra. The town keys. The Christian Army. The Muslim Army. The winners. The losers. 21

22 12-The Spanish tercio: Wikipedia reads: "The 3000 men of a tercio were armed with an assortment of weapons to deal with any enemy they faced on the battlefield of them were equipped with pikes, 1000 kept the ancient short sword and javelin armament, and the remaining 500 were armed with arquebuses of the best and most portable type." Look for a picture of the soldiers in the tercio and draw it here. You can use this link: Look for the meaning of these words: * Piques: * Javelin: * Arquebus: 13-Order: SENTENCE Ferdinand Conquers Navarre. The Catholic Monarchs marry. The fall of Granada. Canary Islands are completely conquered Queen Isabella dies The Catholic Monarchs create the Inquistion. 22 ORDER

23 14- Choose one of these painters: Giotto, Fra Angelico, Raphaello Sanzio, Jan Van Eyck, El Bosco A) Look for his biography and write it down here: B) Look for three paintings of your painter, and stick them down there. (You can use your own drawings or photocopies) 23

24 15-Solve the wordsearch: 16- Look for gothic cathedrals. Five for each country: FRANCE BRITAIN ITALY SPAIN 17- Ask your language teacher for six late medieval (XIV and XV centuries) writers or poets: LATE MIDDLE AGE WRITERS 24

25 6- GLOSSARY: Against: Contra, en contra. Archer: Arquero. Army: Ejército. Bitter: Amargo/a. Bonfire: Hoguera. Condemnation: Condena. Conquest: Conquista. Crop: Cultivo. Despite: A pesar de. Domination: Dominio. Fall: Caída. Famine: Hambre. Flea: Pulga. Handgun: Arma de fuego. (Manual, es decir, que la puede usar una persona sola, como el fusil) Heretic: Hereje. Illness: Enfermedad. Inspired: Inspirado/a/os/as. Jew/Jewish: Judío. "Jew" no se considera demasiado correcto. Para tratar con judíos actuales, se recomienda "Jewish". Kingdom: Reino. Knight: Caballero. Moor: Moro. Most: La mayoría. Once for all: De una vez por todas. Plague: Plaga, enfermedad. Policy: Política. Domestic policy: Política interior. Foreign policy: Política exterior. Revolt: Revuelta. Rising: Alzamiento, revuelta. Route: Ruta. Sickness: Enfermedad. Siege: Asedio. Troop: Tropa. Wet: Mojado. Wish: Deseo. Witch: Bruja. Verbs: To defeat: Derrotar. To disagree: Estar en desacuerdo. To dissapear: Desaparecer. To emphasize: Destacar, enfatizar. To forbid, forbade, forbidden: Prohibir. To ilustrate: Ilustrar. To occur: Ocurrir, suceder, darse, producirse... To pursue: Perseguir. To reach: Alcanzar. To suffer: Sufrir, padecer. To unite: Unir. 25