Hidden Treasures of Ecuador

Transcription

1 UNIVERSIDAD DE ESPECIALIDADES TURÍSTICAS UNIDAD DE TITULACIÓN PERIODO 31 Hidden Treasures of Ecuador CHIMBORAZO AND TUNGURAHUA PROVINCE Autora: YAMILETH GÓMEZ B. Tutora: SYLVIA HERRERA Quito Ecuador 2014

2 DEDICATORIA La concepción de este trabajo de investigación, está dedicado principalmente a Dios, y a mi familia. A Dios por ser mi fuerza, por cuidarme en cada paso que di e iluminar mi camino. A mis padres por apoyarme y guiarme para poder llegar a cumplir este tan importante objetivo. A mi hermana por ser mi impulso para seguir adelante. Y a mi abuelita que ha sido mi ejemplo de mujer luchadora. Con amor y admiración Yamileth Gómez B.

3 AGRADECIMIENTO Los resultados de esta investigación merecen un profundo agradecimiento a todas las personas que me colaboraron con la realización de la misma, quienes con su ayuda me alentaron para llegar a la meta. Mi agradecimiento va dirigido a mis padres, quienes fueron mi apoyo desde el inicio de mi carrera. A mis profesores quienes con su experiencia y sabiduría me instruyeron y creyeron en mi capacidad para lograr mi objetivo. Así como también a las personas que fueron mis contactos en los lugares a los cuales visitamos alrededor del Ecuador. Con cariño, agradecimiento y respeto Yamileth Gómez B.

4 INDEX Contents OBJECTIVES... 1 OVERALL OBJECTIVE... 1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES... 1 ITINERARY... 2 ECUADOR... 4 EDUCATION IN ECUADOR... 7 HEALTH IN ECUADOR... 8 PICHINCHA PROVINCE... 8 QUITO... 9 GUAGUA PICHINCHA VOLCANO RUCU PICHINCHA VOLCANO ATACAZO VOLCANO PASOCHOA VOLCANO VOLCANOS PROTECTED AREAS (SNAP) CORAZÓN VOLCANO SIMON BOLIVAR AVENUE TREATMENT PLANT EL TROJE CIUDAD JARDÍN PARQUE METROPOLITANO DEL SUR TAMBILLO The Incas UNIDAD DE EQUITACIÓN Y REMONTA (NATIONAL POLICE) TRAINING SCHOOL FOR POLICE JOSE EMILIO CASTILLO SOLÍS ALOAG OIL IN ECUADOR TENARIS COMPANY CORDILLERA DE LOS ANDES FRENCH GEODESIC MISSION ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT EDWARD WHYMPER SINCHOLAGUA VOLCANO ANTISANA VOLCANO RUMIÑAHUI VOLCANO... 25

5 THE ILLINIZAS FABRICA ARCA COCA COLA MACHACHI ALOASÍ GREEN HOUSES JAMBELI BRIDGE COTOPAXI PROVINCE EUCALYPTUS PINE NATIONAL RECREATION AREA EL BOLICHE COTOPAXI NATIONAL PARK AND VOLCANO CLIRSEN PANAVIAL THE TRAIN LASSO NOVACERO COTOPAXI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LATACUNGA SALCEDO PANZALEO YAMBO LAGGON TUNGURAHUA PROVINCE TUNGURAHUA VOLCANO PILLARO AMBATO MOCHA LIDIA BULLS CHIMBORAZO PROVINCE URBINA CHIMBORAZO WILDLIFE RESERVE CARIHUAIRAZO VOLCANO CHIMBORAZO VOLCANO RIOBAMBA CALPI COLTA MUSIC INDIGENOUS MUSIC... 70

6 NATIVE MUSIC RHYTHMS NATIVE MUSIC INSTRUMENTS SAN JUAN GUANO MUSIC BANDS HARMONY BANDS TUNGURAHUA PROVINCE Indigenous communities in Tungurahua TISALEO PINLLO CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS ANNEXES ALTERNATIVE ROUTES NOT CHOSEN ITINERARY B NOT CHOSEN ITINERARY C MY COMPANY LOGO MY LETTER FOR TOURISTS BIBLIOGRAPHY INTERNET SOURCES... 93

7 OBJECTIVES OVERALL OBJECTIVE Perform a tourist route of the own music of the Ecuadorian Andes, contacting those responsible for promoting it in the provinces of Chimborazo and Tungurahua, to make this an intangible tourist attraction. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Create an alternate route within the cultural tourism of Ecuador. Help to promote Ecuadorian music around the country and internationally. Meet hidden places of the country, offering a range of culture and knowledge. 1

8 ITINERARY DAY 1 5:00 am Quito output 7:15 am Breakfast in Latacunga 7:55 am Transfer to Urbina 9:30 am Arrive to Urbina. Visit the shelter of climbers and Ice Museum 11:00 am Tranfer to Colta 12:00 pm Arrive to Colta. Visit the music workshop with indigenous instruments and traditional dance of the area by Mr. Martin Malan 12:30 pm Transfer to San Juan 13:00 pm Arrive to San Juan. Typical indigenous lunch. Presentation of Musical Group Ensamble Andino 15:30 pm Transfer to Guano 16:15 pm Arrive to Guano. Visit the carpet workshops 16:45 pm Tranfer to Montecarlo Hotel in Riobamba 17:00 pm Arrive to the hotel 18:00 pm Transfer to the Center of the city 18:15 pm Meet with Coronado Bonilla Duo 19:30 pm Transfer to the hotel for dinner 20:00 pm Dinner 21:00 pm Briefing and rest DAY 2 8:00 am Breakfast 8:45 am Transfer to Quinchicoto 9:45 am Arrive to Quinchicoto. Tasting ice cream and explanation thereof 10:15 am Transfer to Tisaleo 2

9 10:30 am Arrive to Tisaleo. Visit the guitar workshop of Mr. Julio Ramirez. 10:45 am Transfer to Salasaca 11:15 pm Arrive to Salasaca. Visit Llikakama workshop 11:30 pm Transfer to Pinllo 12:00 pm Arrive to Pinllo. Lunch 3

10 ECUADOR The Republic of Ecuador is located in the northwestern part of Latin America at the equator. It is divided into continental and insular, or better known as Galapagos. Because the continental Ecuador is crossed by the Andes Mountains, has three natural regions: Coast, Andean, and Amazon; each of these regions have their own characteristics with respect to fauna, flora, climate and altitude, therefore customs and traditions as well as the typical food becomes different in these three parts of the country. Ecuador takes its name from the nineteenth century, as a French group belonging to the French Geodesic Mission arrived in Quito to measure the arc of the meridian and know for sure the shape of the earth. The group was formed by Charles Marie de la Condamine, Louis Godin, Pierre Bouguer, Joseph Jussieu, Seniergues Juan, Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa and Pedro Vicente Maldonado. The capital city is Quito. Ecuador has an area of 256,370 km2. It has a population of million. The Andes is split into two branches, the Western Range and the Eastern Range, which depart from the knot of Pasto in the north and Loja in the south; and a third branch that is the Suboriental Range. Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces, which are themselves divided into cantons and parishes, these in turn are divided into urban and rural parishes. The provinces in the Coast are: Esmeraldas Manabí 4

11 Los Ríos Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Guayas Santa Elena El Oro The Andean provinces are: Carchi Imbabura Pichincha Cotopaxi Tungurahua Chimborazo Bolívar Cañar Azuay Loja The provinces in the Amazon are: Sucumbíos Orellana Napo Pastaza Morona Santiago 5

12 Zamora Chinchipe In the Insular region the unique province is Galapagos. Ecuador's economic situation has changed since the dollar replaced the Sucre in 2000 being 25,000 sucres $ 1. This situation prompted some banks to fail and many people lost their money. It created confusion in the management of the money, so we created coins with our Ecuadorian characters. The current president is Rafael Correa, since Since that time the economy has changed because he decided to abolish the FTAs, as it affects agriculture and other work areas. Ecuador is a plurinational independent state with constitutional rights, democracy, sovereign, unitary, and intercultural. The functions of the Ecuadorian State are: Executive: who represents the President of the Republic Legislative: composes the National Assembly Judicial: represented by the National Court of Justice Election: represented by the National Electoral Council and the Electoral Tribunal Transparency and Social Control: represented by the Council of Citizen Participation and Social Control. 6

13 EDUCATION IN ECUADOR Education in Ecuador is regulated by the Ministry of Education. It is divided in: state education, fiscomisional, municipal, particular; secular or religious. Public education is secular at all levels, compulsory up to primary level and free through high school or its equivalent. Education has two regimes: Coast and Andean. The education consist in 10 years of obligatory assistance. The level of general basic education is divided into 4 sub-levels: Preparatory: corresponding to 1.er degree of EGB and preferably is offered to students from age 5. Basic Elementary: corresponding to 2nd. 3rd. and 4th. Degrees E.G.B. and preferably is offered to students 6-8 years old. Basic Media: corresponding to 5th. 6th. and 7th. Degrees E.G.B. and preferably is offered to students from 9-11 years old. Basic higher: corresponding to 8th. 9th. and 10th. Degrees E.G.B. and preferably is offered to students from years of age. The quimestral qualifying each area is the average, pre-examination quimestral partial evaluations. The annual rating, area is the average of the ratings quimestrales. The Bachelor is a specialization that takes place after 10 years of basic education and higher education before, these may include: physical-mathematical, chemical biologist, social sciences and art. The student is then graded by the name of Bachelor of specialization. From 2011 mentioned specializations are removed, creating the current Unified School General. Actually the education is free for state schools, the government gives books for the students and a healthy lunch. The particular schools are paid monthly until 10 months due the law. 7

14 About the university, only the states ones are free. Usually this part of the student life is the most expensive, depending on the career. HEALTH IN ECUADOR The Health System of Ecuador is characterized by segmentation into sectors, private and public. There are multiple funders and providers: Ministry of Health, Social Security, IESS. Other providers that cover insurance fees are small: the Ecuadorian Society against Cancer (SOLCA), the Guayaquil Welfare Board (JBG) and services of the Armed Forces and National Police. The main problem with health networks are staff shortages and limited resolution capability in primary and specialized care district and provincial level. PICHINCHA PROVINCE The city of Quito is Ecuador's capital and the province of Pichincha, plus it is the most populous city in its province. According to the geographical features of the province, is equatorial to be crossed by the equator, is being surrounded by the Pichincha Volcano and belonging to the Andean highlands of Ecuador. Here you can find valleys as Tumbaco, Los Chillos Cumbayá Guayllabamba Sangolquí, places that produce warm foods such as custard apple, avocado, potatoes. The cantons of Pichincha Province are: Quito Mejía Cayambe Pedro Moncayo 8

15 Pedro Vicente Maldonado Puerto Quito Rumiñahui San Miguel de los Bancos The economy of Pichincha focuses on Quito, because here live the most of the population, the city is the political center of the province, is home to major governmental, cultural and trade bodies of the country, along with Guayaquil. The rural economy is centered on agriculture. The rural area of Pichincha has large agricultural areas, and these products are mainly used for domestic consumption. The main upland crops are wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, oats, tomatoes and onions; while in the northwest it is grown: bananas, sugar cane, oil palm, coffee, cocoa, palm. After agriculture, livestock is one of the main activities of the rural sector, most cattle are: cattle, pigs, horses, sheep and goats. QUITO San Francisco de Quito is the capital city of Ecuador and of the province of Pichincha. It is located on the eastern slopes of the Pichincha volcano in the western part of the Andes. Its altitude is meters (9.186 feet) above sea level. It has of population. The city currently has a concentration of companies and business offices in three main locations: El Ejido, La Carolina and 12 de Octubre. That would become the three financial centers of the city. These 3 are all in the north. Quito is the political center of the country, in the city are located the main governmental, cultural, financial, administrative and commercial organizations. It is the first declared, along with Krakow, as Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, in September , as the city has the largest historic center in Latin and preserved. 9

16 Its name comes from the ancient culture called Quitus. The name was not changed despite the arrival of the Incas, but with the arrival of the conquistadores replaced the letter "u" with "o". The city had several foundations: the first was the August 15, as Santiago de Quito near the Colta Lagoon in the province of Chimborazo the second was thirty leagues away in the same place on August 28, and the third was on December 6, by the Spanish Sebastian de Benalcázar in where is today the city of San Francisco de Quito. The climate of the city is usually cold, but during the day it has some temperature variations. The city is divided into three parts that are clearly marked. These are: the north, where the modern Quito is governed with large urban and commercial structures the center, which is marked colonial Quito, from where the city began to emerge and south, where you can locate embedded cores youthful expression to new cultures. GUAGUA PICHINCHA VOLCANO The altitude of this volcano is 4,794 m.s.n.m (15728 feet). It is located in the Western Range, in the Guayllabamba Hoya, and Pichincha province. The last eruption of the volcano was in It is a stratovolcano with caldera, it is formed after several composite layers of lava and eruptions have left. Although Ecuador is on the equator, the climate is varied because of the topography and the influence of the cold Humboldt Current and Warm Current. 10

17 The flora of the volcano corresponds to montane wet forest with grasses, straw, and the famous chilcas, the pads are characterized because they absorb water. In the fauna are foxes, different types of rodents, wild rabbits, skunks, condors, gulls, curiquingues, vultures, hawks, deer, hummingbirds, and others. The two American continents are the exclusive home to one of the most fascinating winged creatures in the animal kingdom. Scientists say that they belong to the family of Trochiliformes, while others simply know them as hummingbirds. Ecuador is home to 130 species of the nearly 300 species that have been recorded on the continent. Ecuador is the site of extraordinary varieties, such as the swordbill hummingbird, which is the bird with the longest bill on the planet in proportion to its body; the ruby-topaz hummingbird, which literally looks like its body is covered in flames; or, the sylph, with its extremely long violet tail. The coloration of the hummingbird is not because their feathers, but due to prismatic cells that decompose in different wavelengths when they are exposed to light, causing variations in color and intensity, depending on the angle of the observer. Additionally, hummingbirds have the largest brain in relation to their size; they have two ultra-fast metabolisms; the wings of the smallest species (5.5 cm) can flap up to 200 timers per second, for which their hearts beat up to 1,200 beats per minute. This characteristic allows for an extraordinary feat, permitting hummingbirds to hover or move in all directions. RUCU PICHINCHA VOLCANO The altitude of this volcano is 4,698 m.s.n.m (15413 feet). It belongs to the Western Range, to Guayllabamba Hoya and the province of Pichincha. "Rucu" means "old", and is known as volcanic activity ended in the Pleistocene leaving only pointed peaks and traces of this volcano. It is part of the Pichincha volcano complex near the Guagua Pichincha and Ungui, which is a smaller and tourist, the attraction here is the Cinto church. 11

18 It can be easily recognized because there is located one of the largest entertainment attractions in the city, El Teleférico. The cable car is located in an area called Cruz Loma. The characteristic flora of the area is the ragwort, pumamaqui, grass, straw, pillows, among others. In the fauna can be named curiquingues, moorland deer, wolves, foxes, rodents of different species, quilicos, gulls, vultures, hawks, owls, hummingbirds, among others. At the base of this volcano took place the Battle of Pichincha, on May 24, This battle gave the end of the Spanish colonialism in the Presidency of Quito; who was in command of the troops was the Gral. Venezuelan Antonio José de Sucre, who defeated the Spanish forces. ATACAZO VOLCANO It has an altitude of 4,463 m.s.n.m (14642 feet). Located in the Western Range, in the Guayllabamba Hoya, in the province of Pichincha. It is a volcano that is now off and no activity. To the south east of this rise is the Viudita and the Ninahuilca southwest. Its summit was used by the wise Pedro Vicente Maldonado as one of the benchmarks for plotting trigonometric lines that served to lift his famous geographical map of Ecuador, in the eighteenth century. It can be recognized as the top antennas that provide television signals, cable and phone lines to the city can be seen. PASOCHOA VOLCANO It has an altitude of 4,199 m.s.n.m (13,776 feet) It is an inner mountain is located in the Guayllabamba Hoya in the province of Pichincha. It has an area of 500 hectares. It is known as a haven for endemic wildlife; since it is the only thing keeping the characteristic Andean forest of the Sierra. The existence of bromeliads, or known as "palm branches" for use at Easter; romerillo, the only conifer native of Ecuador and coveted for its fine wood; and Polylepis, which can reach great heights in the wilderness, has its flowers in clusters, small leaves, and reddish twisted trunk. 12

19 When they reached the Spanish introduced flora and fauna and brought that replaced the native as pines and eucalyptus. Pasochoa consists of layers of volcanic ash and lava flows cooled solidified andesite compounds (volcanic igneous rock intermediate composition). In Pasochoa you can find three living areas, these are: Lower montane rain forest: is found at 3000 meters high, with a temperature of 12 degrees Celsius, and can be found hulls, cedar, myrtle, laurel. Its soil is suitable for growing corn, potatoes, wheat, vegetables and grasses. Very humid montane forest: is between 3000 and 3800 meters. It is characterized by the amount of moisture and the presence of excessive haze. Its soil is good for pasture, wheat and potatoes. Subalpine rain moor: between 3800 and 4200 meters high. The soils are of volcanic origin. It is characterized by a very fine sand. The soil is good for growing grass and wheat. In terms of fauna can be named condor, vulture, fox, skunks, wolves, cervicabras, cougars, small snakes, lizards; these among the most recognized. VOLCANOS A volcano is a geological unit permanent, temporary or communicating between the mantle and the earth's surface. It is also a geological structure which emerges magma and gases from inside the planet. The rise usually occurs in episodes of violent activity called flares. The fireplace is the conduit through which magma comes out, it ends at the top of the volcano which is topped by a crater. 13

20 Some volcanoes after suffering major eruptions, collapse depressions forming on top of over a kilometer in diameter, this is known as a caldera. Parts of a volcano are: Magma: a bag that is in the interior of the earth consists of minerals and rocks in the liquid state, due to the high temperatures and those found. Chimney: is the conduit through which lava rises to the outside. Crater: is the opening at the bottom of the chimney where the lava comes out. Volcanic Cone: is composed of solidified lava and ash. There are some types of flares, among which are: Hawaiian: lava is very fluid and no explosive gas landslides. Strombolian: the lava is flowing gaseous abundant landslides and violent. Gases can easily detach so no sprays and ash are produced. Vulcanian: is a type of rash that shows large amounts of gas a little fluid magma consolidates rapidly. Pelean: the lava is viscous and is consolidating rapidly coming to cover the entire crater. PROTECTED AREAS (SNAP) They are clearly defined geographical space recognized and managed, through legal or other effective means to achieve long-term conservation of nature and its systemic eco services and their associated cultural values. In Ecuador, protected areas represent approximately 20% of the preserved national territory, are framed in the highest category of protection under national environmental legislation, Constitution of the Republic are part of one of the subsystems of the 14

21 great National Areas System Protected (SNAP), known as Natural Heritage Areas by the State (PANE), distributed throughout the continental and insular territory, home to an important biological richness, ecosystem services with both urban and rural populations benefit a richness that allows natural tourism and recreation in some of them, and their ecological significance transcend borders that are recognized internationally. Currently the (SNAP), consists of 50 protected areas, of which 49 are part of Subsystem (PANE) and 1 the subsystem GADS. The National System of Protected Areas (SNAP) is comprised of National Parks, Biological Reserves, Ecological, geobotanical, Wildlife Production, Marine, Wildlife Refuges, Recreation Areas and distributed throughout Ecuador. CORAZÓN VOLCANO It has 4,788 m.s.n.m (15,708 feet). Located in the Western Range. It belongs to the Guayllabamba Toachi Hoya and in the province of Pichincha. It is an extinct volcano that forms part of the Ecological Reserve Illinizas. In the eastern part of this elevation, are crops of fertile land and the western one can see a part of the cloud forest. The first time that El Corazón volcano was explored was in the nineteenth century by Edward Whymper, at which time the mountain was still covered by a glacier. Its name is because it is carefully seeing the shape of a human heart reversed. SIMON BOLIVAR AVENUE El Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas has permanent control over the roads, to provide all citizens with timely information on the state of the country's roads. This Avenue is the newest in this province, and is the faster way to go to the 15

22 south of the country. It is the connection between Quito and the Pan-American Highway. Approximately it has 15 km. This highway begins in Alaska and ends in Argentina with km approx. Ties almost every country in the western hemisphere of the American continent with a stretch of road together. It was conceived in the V International Conference of American States in The remarkable stretch that prevents connecting road completely is a journey of 87 miles of hard mountain forest, located between the east end of Panama and northwestern Colombia called the Darien Gap. The Pan American Highway is cut in Panama and Colombia start given to the Pan American Highway in South America. is E35. In each country the name of the highway is different, in Ecuador the name TREATMENT PLANT EL TROJE The project started in Micacocha lagoon, located 70 kilometers south-east of the city of Quito, on the slopes of Antisana volcano at 3,900 meters Conduction takes place in a northwesterly direction until the field THE Troje near the urban area of the southern sector of Quito, where the treatment plant is located. The project is designed to bring 1,700 l / s. The dam intercepts the waters of the Desaguadero River, which is the natural drainage of Micacocha lagoon. The length of the dam in its crown is 780 m and a maximum height of 15.2m is composed of a homogeneous mixture composed of glacier fluvial and volcanic ash fireplace with a type filter on the vertical axis and a horizontal under the veneer of downstream. 16

23 CIUDAD JARDÍN Conceived and inspired by innovative models and current standards and surrounded by 170 acres of green area (Parque Metropolitano del Sur), is the flagship residential project in the city of Quito and probably in all of Ecuador. There is a school, nursery, shopping center, hospital, civic center, security and green areas. It is a city inside a city. PARQUE METROPOLITANO DEL SUR The real name is Bosque del Sur or Metro Sur. It has more than 750 hectares and is considered the largest park district has a great historical heritage, because it is crossed by the Camino del Inca or Inca Trail hike (The Inca Trail in Ecuador is an exciting trekking route follows Mail Inca empire. Start at Achupallas where you can appreciate the Andean rural life and ends in the impressive ruins of Ingapirca). Its flora and fauna include finding endemic species. TAMBILLO It is a parish of the Mejia canton in the province of Pichincha. Its name comes from the word "tambo" were resting places for the "messengers" who distributed the mail on foot in the Inca Empire. Tambillo was a place of rest. It was declared a parish on July 23, 1883, after the presidency of Luis Cordero. It is a crossing point between the coast and the mountains of the country. 17

24 The Incas Between 1465 and 1532, the Inca Empire was based in Ecuador mainly in the Sierra. On the coast, their presence was lower, especially being located in the province of Manabi. The Incas extended their kingdom through the current Ecuadorian territory, thanks to the construction of state facilities, as Tomebamba, and ceremonial, such as Ingapirca, where controlled and spread their political and religious ideas. Over time, their armies moved north leaving footprints in San Agustin de Callo, Quito and the Imbabura region. Under the Inca control, stone fortresses and large population centers in everyday and commercial activities that were developed were built. The economy of the Incas was based on agriculture and livestock. The construction of large terraced fields and ditches of stone contributed to the development of intensive agriculture products like corn, quinoa and beans. They got both meat supplementing your diet as necessary for the development of various textile materials flame, guanacos, vicuñas and alpacas. They built an extensive network of roads used for both interregional trade and the transit of chasquis, persons responsible for carrying messages from one place to another. Local societies adopted the ceramic style introduced by the Incas, particularly characterized by known as keros glasses and vessels with polychrome decoration called aríbalo. UNIDAD DE EQUITACIÓN Y REMONTA (NATIONAL POLICE) This place is especial for hippo therapy, it means that is a service for kids with disabilities especially with Down syndrome. It is a therapy with horses, because these animals are friendly and have three dimensional movements serving 18

25 to stimulate the muscles and joints. In addition, contact with the horse, provides therapeutic levels cognitive, communicative and personality facets. entertainment. Here, the police is prepared with mounted police services for public TRAINING SCHOOL FOR POLICE JOSE EMILIO CASTILLO SOLÍS One of the priorities of the government after the revolt of September 30th 2010, was to accelerate the restructuring of the educational system of the military. That involves creating a college career with police specialists. The Interior minister José Serrano, announced that an agreement with the Central University of Ecuador to implement a police career under the parameters governing the system of higher education will be signed. Before the cops just came out with their college degrees, but there was no recognition of third level. ALOAG Aloag is one of the oldest parishes in this county, and because of its location, is a crossing between two regions of Ecuador: the Coast and Andean. The name means extended ground It is also known that once these people were conquered by the Incas, these lands were favorites or typical withdrawals from the Inca elite where drums or resting places were built as well as providing hot springs, this was the route required where went the high road. 19

26 The temperature ranges from 12 degrees during the twelve months but in summer tends to rise slightly. There are some varieties of animals in this area: 17% cattle, 17% pigs, 23% sheep, and to a lesser extent cattle horses, poultry, beekeeping, guinea pigs, rabbits and pets. OIL IN ECUADOR The most important source of the economy of Ecuador is the export of oil and derivatives, which in the last 10 years has ranged between 43 and 66% of total exports and between 43 and 59% of the overall budget. The Ecuador has at times with a processing capacity of 157,500 barrels of oil per day. The main products are gasoline and diesel fuels majority use in transportation. The hydrocarbons sector contributes to 71% of national energy requirement, dividing the remainder between sources of biomass and hydropower. The phases of the oil industry are: Exploration. - is to search for hydrocarbon reservoirs with geological and seismic methods. Exploitation. - is the extraction of oil and gas from underground by drilling and construction of infrastructure for transport and storage in the oil fields. Refinancing. - phase where crude oil is converted into fuels, giving added value and meet the domestic energy needs and exporting fuels. Storage and transport of oil and derives. - constitute pipeline systems, tanks and pipelines that serve to transport and storage of crude oil and from the place of production to other consumer export or industrialization. Commercialization. - Process of external sale of oil to the international market and domestic marketing of fuels. 20

27 When oil is liquid appears in the form of oil and gas form when natural gas is another energy its solid state appears as asphalt as used in the construction of roads and streets and is also known in the latter case with the pitch name. The transport from the extraction site does piped called pipeline for oil and gas pipeline for natural gas. The oil exploration activity begins early in the century along the Pacific coast. The administration and marketing of oil is carried out by Petroleos del Ecuador State Enterprise (Petroecuador), which is perfectly legal regime discussed in the hydrocarbons law and the law of the State Petroleum Company of Ecuador. Oil exploitation has caused serious ecological damage, especially in the Amazon. Existing wells have generated millions of gallons of toxic waste per day, which obviously are discharged into the environment, contaminating streams and rivers that provide water for human consumption. TENARIS COMPANY Tenaris is one of the leading steel pipes for the oil and gas suppliers in Ecuador. The product range also includes pipe fittings, line pipe of small and large diameters for capital works under the highest international quality standards. Tenaris has ISO 9001: 2008 certified worldwide and plants are certified with the product licenses. CORDILLERA DE LOS ANDES It is a mountain range in South America which extends almost parallel to the Pacific coast, from Cabo de Hornos to Panama. It is one of the world's biggest mountain ranges. Andes is a Castilianized Aymara name means "mountain lights". It crosses Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and parts of Venezuela. Its average height round 4000 meters and its highest point is Mount 21

28 Aconcagua, Argentina, whose 6960, m transform this highest mountain in the world outside the system of the Himalayas. The Andes are an enormous mountain mass that houses the highest volcanoes in the world. It occupies an area of approximately 330,000 km² outlining the coast of the Pacific Ocean along 7240 km, making it the longest mountain range on Earth. It was formed at the end of the Secondary era, in the late Cretaceous, motion subduction Nazca plate beneath the South American Plate. This range is divided in Ecuador into three parts, The Western Range, the Easter Range and the Central Range. And also it divided the country into the natural regions. Due the Andes, Ecuador has variety of climates. FRENCH GEODESIC MISSION It was a scientific delegation sent by the Academy of Sciences of Paris, with the support of Louis XV, King of France, and the permission of Philip V, King of Spain, arrived in Quito on May 29, The task given was to complete math facts related to the true shape of the earth, and for this purpose had to be measured from Ecuador, an arc of meridian. It was led by astronomers and physicists Carlos Maria de La Condamine, Louis Godin, Pierre Bouguer; botanist Joseph Jussieu; physician and surgeon JuanSeniergues and several engineers, designers, assistants, etc. This commission is added at the request of Philip V, the Spanish sailors Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, who should also make discreet inquiries about the life of the colony, and the Ecuadorian Pedro Vicente Maldonado. The French Geodesic Mission contributed to volcanism in Ecuador, giving exact details altitudes elevations, as they contributed to the description of the flora and fauna of the moors in particular. The work that the French Geodesic Mission in America were made of such importance that revolutionized the scientific concepts of the time, not only in finding that the Earth was flattened at the poles but with the measurements, it was determined the true length of the meter, as it represents one 22

29 ten millionth of a quadrant of the meridian and on which was based the metric system. ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT It is considered the "Father of Modern Universal Geography '. He was a naturalist of extraordinary versatility, which was never repeated after her disappearance. He specialized in various fields of science such as ethnography, anthropology, physics, zoology, ornithology, climatology, oceanography, astronomy, geography, geology, mineralogy, botany, volcanology and humanism. In Quito, capital of the Royal Audience of Quito, Humboldt is received in 1802 by local nobles, including the family of Juan Pío Montúfar, Marquis of Selva Alegre. Along with this son, Carlos Montufar, Humboldt made several ascents of the Ecuadorian Andes, including the Chimborazo, Ecuador's highest elevation. Humboldt ran virtually all highlands of Ecuador, making measurements of the mountains and collecting plants. The German was very interested in the study of existing Inca ruins in Ecuador today, as the castle of Ingapirca in the province of Canar. He also made a significant ascent of Pichincha Volcano, Mount guardian of Quito, in the company of the young Montúfar. He was received by the other major noble families in Quito, as the Marquis of Maenza, who attended him on their hacienda La Cienega, near the Cotopaxi volcano and the city of Latacunga that he also studied. EDWARD WHYMPER He was an English mountaineer and explorer, known for being the first to climb the Matterhorn (Alps) in The summit of Chimborazo is the farthest from the center of the earth, and during SXIX still thought that this was the highest elevation in the world. The first man to reach the summit of Chimborazo volcano was Edward Whymper, alongside Louis and Jean-Antoine Carrel brothers in Whymper climbed a second time by a different route the same year, with the two 23

30 Ecuadorians David Beltrán and Francisco Campaign. The first time that El Corazón volcano was explored was in the nineteenth century by Edward Whymper, at which time the mountain was still covered by a glacier. SINCHOLAGUA VOLCANO Its altitude is 4,898 m.s.n.m (16,069 feet). It belongs to the Eastern Range. Located in the Guayllabamba Hoya, Pinchincha province. It is difficult to reach the summit, which is why it is not as touristy. From here you can see animals such as caracara hawks, eagles, condors and deer. It is very common to be with snow but if it happens at certain times of year. ANTISANA VOLCANO Its altitude is 5,758 m.s.n.m (18,891 feet). It is in the Eastern Range, in the Guayllabamba Hoya in the province of Napo. At this elevation it is considered as a sanctuary of condors as it provides refuge to one of the largest concentrations of Andean condors in Ecuador, as well as other species of birds in height that are probably in danger of extinction as the ibis black face, peak ash cone, Andean gulls, moor duck, curiquingues, black-winged doves, and the hooded siskin. It is within the Antisana Ecological Reserve. It was established as a reserve in It covers an area of 120,000 hectares is one of the best protected natural areas of Ecuador. Extensive glacial volcano provide water to the rivers and lakes within the reserve, which supports abundant wildlife in the region. The climate varies from 3 to 17 degrees depending on the height at which it is located. 24

31 The upper part of the reserve is located between 3100 meters and 4700 m, where the Subalpine Rain Moor and very humid Montane Forest are distinguished. The moor is a third of the total area of the reserve. The REA is within one of the "hotspots" (high biodiversity) considered to Ecuador by the WWF World Wildlife Fund, and corresponds to forests of the eastern slopes of the Andes in the upper basin of the Napo River. RUMIÑAHUI VOLCANO It has an altitude of 4,712 m.s.n.m (15,459 feet). It is an inner mountain located in the Guayllabamba Hoya, in the province of Pichincha, at the eastern end of the Knot Tiopullo. Rumi means "stone" and ñawi "face"; is the name of this elevation means "stone face." It is easily accessible, which is why both national and international tourists like to climb the three peaks it possesses: the northern or high, the center and the south. It has an average temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. The flora is based on a shrub and herbaceous vegetation; the bush is rosemary, and some bushes that give life to the place. The herbaceous vegetation is typical of the moors, pads and grasses; Chuquirahua climber witch is the climber flower. In terms of fauna exists wilderness wolf, rabbit, skunk, cervicabra, toads, lizards, and birds such as hawks, hummingbirds, blackbirds, among others. 25

32 THE ILLINIZAS They are located within the Ecological Reserve Illinizas. North Illiniza has an altitude of 5,120 meters (16,797 feet) in the Toachi Guayllabamba Hoya and in the province of Pichincha; and South Illiniza 5,248 m.s.n.m (17,217 feet) in the Guayllabamba Toachi and Patate Hoya in the provinces of Pichincha and Cotopaxi, which is the most difficult ascent throughout Ecuador. They are in the Western Cordillera. The reserve has an area of 149,000 hectares. It was created in The temperature is 0 degrees Celsius in the upper area and reaches a maximum of 24 degrees in the lower area. Plant species have cedar, walnut, laurel wax, alder, jiguas, palm branches, higuerón, chicken blood, dragon's blood, pambil, suro, achupalla, the cinnamon, strangler fig, myrtle, bobo moral ChinChin sacha lupine, rosemary, mallow, nutsedge mountain, silver trumpet tree, Guantug, dairy, suro, ragwort, datura, husks, Colca, ragwort, shoe, bush cherry tree, walnut, guava, giant fern, pumamaqui, romerillos, among others. Also you can see lichen, epiphytes, ferns, bromeliads and orchids which are numerous in species and individuals. The trees are characterized by being full of moss and canopy is between 20 to 25 m. The reserve has 44 species of mammals, 47 of amphibians and reptiles, 257 species of birds. Among the mammals include the spectacled bear, puma, paramo wolf, bats, agouti, fox, agouti, gray Gorgeted, Andean toucan, black partridge, Quilico. The Reserve provides refuge for endemic Choco cloud forest, threatened with extinction worldwide, including: Giant Antpitta, bigotiblanca Antpitta, White dorsioscuro Gorgeted and Corcovado. Glass frog, marsupial frog, lizards, snakes, and others. 26

33 FABRICA ARCA COCA COLA With an investment of $ 80 million, Arca Continental, the second largest bottler of Coca Cola largest in Latin America will build a plant in the city of Machachi. Foreign companies investing in Ecuador because it is in their best, because it has new and rehabilitated roads, 21 airports, political stability, the lowest unemployment rate in history and one of the lowest in the region. Coca Cola plant in Machachi will be built on an area of 30 hectares and is one of the largest investments in capacity expansion and product innovation for the company. Arca Continental has more than 85 years in the Mexican market. In Ecuador came in 2010 with the acquisition of Ecuador Bottling Company. It has made significant investments including stand Inalecsa acquisition in 2012 and the acquisition of a majority stake in Holding Tonicorp in April this year. MACHACHI It is the capital of the Mejia canton in the province of Pichincha. The town is linked to Quito in many ways especially in the economic, social and commerce. According to the meaning of its name, Machachi means "large living Earth." In the late nineteenth century, began selling in Machachi a mineral water from the springs of Tesalia, in the hacienda of the family Zaldumbide, was born Güitig, the mineral water brand sold the most famous in Ecuador. In the early twentieth century, the French Pierre Denis industrialized production, prompting Güitig to expand their market to the central Andean provinces, and since 1921 was born The Thessaly Springs Co. The city is located on a vast valley at 2945 meters above sea level, amidst the volcanoes Pasochoa Ruminagui and El Corazón; the climate becomes much 27

34 cooler than other Andean valleys city of the Province, but is cold because the glaciers surrounding. This area is livestock, is why it is known for its dairy foods like milk, cheese, yogurt and cream as well known. Every year in July, Machachi celebrated a festival called "Paseo del Chagra". The chagras are cowboys of the Andes, which usually occur in the province of Pichincha. The festival is accompanied by the music of bands people. During the event, hundreds of riders demonstrate their skills on the back of beautiful steeds dairy, thus delighting national and foreign tourists who come to Machachi from the early hours of the morning and evening, attending a bullfight village fights closing day of this day. The reason why this festival is done is the eruption of Cotopaxi volcano in 1877, the feast of Santiago Apostol who is the patron of Machachi, and cantonización of Mejia. In 1981, thanks to these three events occurs first ride Chagra. The Chacarera Feast is the central celebration marking the cantonización Mejia, and consists of the following activities: Procession of Chagra Bulls Side Events The air mass 28

35 What you should not miss this celebration is: the crier bull, a wagon with the image of the Lord of the Holy School who is the patron of the festival, the crowd of participants, dance and music troupes and floats. Every first Sunday of the month in the Central Park of Machachi, is a fair, it is called Valle de los nueve volcanes, it is famous because is easy to find a lot of products like corn, potatoes, broccoli, lima beans, cabbage, fruits, products made of milk, animals, flowers, gastronomy, music. In short is a touristic fair. In this sector is common to see mechanical milking, but only in the companies that have money and a lot of production, because this process is fast. ALOASÍ The land where today the parish, were formerly populated by Panzaleos, residents of a triangle formed by what is now Machachi, Alóag and Aloasí. This civilization stretched between the slopes of Rumiñahui, Pasochoa and El Corazón. Aloasí, was declared ecclesiastical parish on June 26, 1698, and civil parish on May 29, He belonged to the province of Pichincha, formed by a single canton with 50 parishes, including Aloasí, Uyumbicho, Machachi, Amaguaña, Tambillo. GREEN HOUSES People who have haciendas take advantage of the ground and the climate to create green houses for the production of flowers, especially roses. The cultivation of roses in Ecuador has had a great impact on the Ecuadorian economy since the 80s when its export boom began. Insertion of Ecuador in the 29

36 business of roses has become the fourth largest producer of roses in the world, which is good because it brings jobs and funded public works such as building roads, schools, and better systems irrigation, among others. In recent decades, the international market has a more demanding clean for purchasing flowers, limiting the excessive use of agrochemicals such as pesticides and fungicides demand. The problem arises when finding new ways to eliminate pests and provide greater protection to workers in the rose bushes will increase the cost of production of roses which cannot be profitable in the international context affecting revenues Ecuador. Ecuadorian roses for quality: thick stems very long, large buttons and bright colors are considered the best in the world, its main exports go to the United States, Russia, Britain, Italy and Canada, and so it must maintain good relations trade between these countries. The gypsophila in no time at Ecuador has become the largest producer of this type of flowers in the world, with the largest number of acres under cultivation. The limonium, liatris, asters, and many others flowers produced in summer also are in great demand. Highlights the pompon and chrysanthemums as well. Tropical flowers, with more than 100 varieties, are characterized by their varied shapes, colors, sizes and long life after cut. No need refrigeration, which makes them strong and resistant to manipulation. There are currently over 2,500 hectares planted, allowing that there is availability for export throughout the year. The main export markets are Russia and The United States. The varieties of roses more expended in Ecuador are: Freedom = red rose Rockstar = white rose Topaz = pink rose Merengue = is a mix of white and red rose Mondial = cream rose 30

37 JAMBELI BRIDGE Four stages comprising the Jambeli-Latacunga-Ambato road, it makes a total of 90 km, side steps, new bridges and interchanges, which will be part of a work to be very important for the development, tourism and national security. The first stage, 47.7 km, will include an expansion to 6 lanes between the Jambeli Bridge and Latacunga; also includes side step Lasso of 5 kms, palliation of 4 lanes between 5 de Junio Bridge and Las Canastas extending with 2 bridges. The second stage, 15.3 km; includes an expansion to 6 lanes between Salcedo and Ambato and also an extension of the railroad underpass. The third stage, 27 kms, includes the construction of a new 6-lane lateral passage between the north entrance of Latacunga and Salcedo exit south, construction of 3 new bridges, 2 culverts drawer and 2-step solution of new railway. COTOPAXI PROVINCE Passing the sector Chasqui curve, provincial boundary between Pichincha and Cotopaxi, is the province of Cotopaxi. It is named because of the volcano best known by Ecuadorians, although at the beginning of its establishment was to be called León province, named after philanthropist latacungueño Vicente Leon. It name means Moon neck. Cotopaxi has a large number of indigenous people who are engaged in farming. In Cotopaxi foods such as corn, barley, potatoes, broccoli, wheat produce, and flowers for export are grown (in temperate zones), while in warmer or subtropical cocoa, bananas, coffee and sugar cane is grown, and some tropical fruits. Large tracts of land in this province are suitable for pasture for cattle. Milk, meat and milk is produced. The climate of the province is 15 degrees approx., it means that the most of the time is cold. Cotopaxi Province was created by the National Assembly,

38 The cantons of the province are: o Latacunga o o o o o o La Maná Saquisilí Pujilí Salcedo Pangua Sigchos EUCALYPTUS Eucalyptus reached the equinoctial Andes, in the mid nineteenth century and were delivered to President Gabriel Garcia Moreno. Eucalyptus trees are very common in the inter landscape of Ecuador. Sort plantations occupy small, medium and large areas in the valleys and slopes. Eucalypts are so common in the Sierra we think they are native trees, was less than 150 years ago when the roots of these plants had their first meeting with Ecuadorian soil. The first two boxes of seeds of these trees, after leaving Australia and make a stopover in Europe, reached the equatorial Andes to be delivered in mid-nineteenth century to Gabriel Garcia Moreno. In the Valley of Machachi, a few decades after the Spanish founding of Quito, the forests had disappeared. By the nineteenth century it was imperative to find a solution to the problem of replacement of plant matter in the inter-andean or energy crises and materials for construction could be fatal. As a solution, Gabriel García Moreno agreed to introduce exotic forest species recommended by scientists at the European metropolis. The main characteristic about these trees, is that they absorb the most quantity of water from the ground, and they reproduce very fast. The uses of the eucalyptus is for make paper, wood elements, ornamentation and medicine. 32

39 PINE The pines were introduced to Ecuador's land by Luciano Andrade Marín in After eucalyptus forest species is mostly planted in the Sierra. Pine is a species that is often used for reforestation due to its ease of adaptation to adverse soil; by its increase in volume; and to do business such as Christmas. There are approximately 8 million National Park pine. These should be planted at 3,600 meters. Although there are native plants, has decided not to disappear them because some animals have found refuge in the pines. These trees are used for their wood basically. o Radiata pine: it could be used in furniture, pulp and paper, packaging, chipboard, plywood and fiber board, joinery, upholstery. o Patula pine: It has a naturally very restricted distribution. The patula pine has been very successful in industrial plantations throughout the tropics and subtropics, including South Africa, the Indian subcontinent, South America and Australia, notable for its good shape, rapid growth and large size. Fits in forming rain forest and very humid lower montane. It is used in plywood, plates, tongue depressors, toothpicks; shaped and densified laminated wood can be used in tool handles, machined objects and beams. NATIONAL RECREATION AREA EL BOLICHE Located near the Cotopaxi National Park, in the county Mulaló, specifically in the upper knot Tíopullo; with an area of 1077 ha. This area is between 3000 and 4000 meters. Water resources are represented by glacial rivers as the Cutuchi, Duale, San Pedro and Churupinto. The 40% is associated with pine scrub vegetation composed of species such as rosemary, ragwort, mosses, fungi, ferns, lichens, shoes pads, grills rabbit pumamaqui, aguacatillo moor, mortiño ferns. 33

40 As we can see wildlife curiquingue, quilico, piggy, rabbits, wilderness wolf, and deer Chucuri latter reintroduced. The weather is cold between 5 degrees at night and in the morning with a little presence of the sun reaches 18 degrees. Rainfall as in the Cotopaxi National Park, have apparently ordered distribution was higher in the months of March, April and May, decreasing from August to September. Here you can camp, hike, fish, visit the interpretation center, the Amigrande hill and the viewpoint of Sunfana. In El Boliche neighborhood, people make crafts, pottery and block. In the area of Tanicuchi, crops of potatoes, corn, broccoli, flowers, fruits, alfalfa, and cattle are presented. COTOPAXI NATIONAL PARK AND VOLCANO It has an altitude of 5,897 m.s.n.m (19,347 feet). It is the second highest in the country and one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. It is in the Eastern Range between the Guayllabamba and Patate Hoya in the province of Cotopaxi. The last eruptions were recorded in 1877 and Its limits are: north Sincholagua volcano Rumiñahui west and southeast Quilindana. A 4800 m.s.n.m. can find shelter named Joseph Ribas, which is suitable for the rest of the tourists who decide to climb the volcano. It is very easy to recognize because it has a triangle and all the time it is snowy. Since the surrounding terrain is flat, you can see it from anywhere. 34

41 The temperature varies between 9 and 11 degrees Celsius and at the ends, at the summit of the volcano varies between 0 and 22 degrees Celsius. It is a protected area of Ecuador which is located within the boundaries of the province of Pichincha and Cotopaxi province. It has an area of approximately 32,255 hectares and its highest point is the Cotopaxi volcano. Of the volcanoes Cotopaxi and Ruminagui born many rivers, including: Cutuchi, San Pedro River, the Pita River, the Pedregal River, Tamboyacu River and Tambo River. The entire park is collecting area of water used for both irrigation and human consumption in the Andean region. In addition to around the park there are gaps such as boxes, Limpiopungo lagoon Santo Domingo and some smaller ones. CLIRSEN The Centro de Levantamientos Integrados de Recursos Naturales por Sensores Remotos, is a foundation that was created to make satellite data attached to the Military Geographic Institute, located on the border of the provinces of Pichincha and Cotopaxi, which receives data from the Earth's surface since August 1957, when the US government through the National Administration of Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), installed the Satellite Tracking Station. As of July 30, 1982, by order of the Ecuadorian Government, CLIRSEN provides maintenance of these facilities and left by NASA, concluding his 1981 mission teams. Currently, the Cotopaxi Station gets satellite data of the Earth's surface within 2,500 km, covering 25 countries in Central, South America and the Caribbean; from the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico to Antofagasta in Chile. The work is related to the generation of geo-information data are an essential line that serves to studies on topics related to watershed management, land use planning, natural resource management, environmental monitoring, degradation of natural resources, etc. 35

42 PANAVIAL Panavial is a proudly Ecuadorian company that began operations in 1996 and has over 600 employees. Part of Herdoíza Guerrero Group, a holding company that encompasses several companies involved in the construction of civil infrastructure, granting, maintenance and road signs. Since 2005, the company executed expansion projects over the km of the Panamerican to be maintained under the concession scheme. The good condition of the roads contributes to the tourism, industrial and commercial development. In order to conserve the natural resources of the earth, Panavial, together with its partners, has developed a campaign to reduce, reuse and recycle materials such as paper, plastic, canvas and cartridges and promote saving water and energy in all their facilities. The company has deposit and separate containers for solid waste at the central office and tolls in order to transform and recycle wastes productively. The toll is used for the maintenance of the roads. Panel 1. Costs to be paid on tolls Cars, jeeps and trucks $ 1,00 Buses and trucks with 2 axles $ 2,00 Buses and trucks with 3 axles $ 3,00 Trucks with 4 axles $ 4,00 Trucks with 5 axles $ 5,00 Trucks with 6 axles or more $ 6,00 Motorbike $ 0,20 Trailer axle in lightweight $ 0,50 36

43 According to the law, in the highways the maximum speed is 100 k/h, inside the cities the maximum is 50 k/h, by the edge 90 k/h, and in the curves 60 k/h. THE TRAIN Railroad construction began in the presidency of Gabriel García Moreno, who in 1873 at the service of Ecuador 41 miles of track from Yaguachi to Miracle on the coast. In 1895, in the triumph of the Liberal Revolution, the project was taken up by Eloy Alfaro. In 1897 "The Guayaquil and Quito Railway Company" is created and through this began to create the Southern Railroad route. In the canton Alausí on the hill known as Nest of Condor, the "most complicated train of the World" in what today is known as the Devil's Nose was established in In 1905 was inaugurated in section Duran - Riobamba. In 1906 the train reaches the city of Ambato, and on 25 June of the same year comes the train station Chimbacalle in Quito and the route Quito Guayaquil is created by Eloy Alfaro and Harman brothers. In 1975 started the decline of the railroad by its competition with road transport and lack of government interest In an attempt to recover the Railway in the Rodrigo Borja diesel-electric locomotives were purchased without achieving its purpose. In 1993 the section of the river is lost Chanchán El Niño. April 1, 2008, the National Institute of Cultural Heritage (INPC) declared as either belonging to the Cultural Heritage of the State Railway Network of Ecuador "Civil Monument and Heritage, Testimonial, Symbolic". This year begins the process of rehabilitation of the Ecuadorian Railway as a flagship project of the government of Eco. Rafael Correa Delgado. Routes currently exist for tourism are: 37

44 Ibarra Salinas Ibarra Quito Machachi El Boliche Riobamba Urbina Riobamba Ambato Urbina Cevallos Ambato Riobamba Colta Riobamba Alausí Sibambe Alausí El Tambo Coyoctor El Tambo Durán Bucay Durán In 2011, Chimbacalle station in Quito was chosen as the first of the seven wonders of the city. The main stops of this rout are: Quito Tambillo Machachi Lasso Latacunga Laguna de Yambo Colta Guamote Tixán Sibambe 38

45 Going straight for the highlands: Chunchi El Tambo Ingapirca Azogues Cuenca Going to the Coast: Chanchan Huigra Bucay Barraganera Naranjito Milagro Yaguachi Durán Guayaquil LASSO Its name should be due to the former president of the republic Galo Plaza Lasso. It is recognized that this area had a hacienda where he commanded to make alpaca blankets to cover all their animals as it was very cold. 39

46 This area is characterized by the presence of Haciendas that are dedicated to agriculture and livestock. Some of these have been devoted to tourism such as: San Agustin de Callo, Yanahurco, Cienega, Santa Ana, Tilipulo. La Ciénega: Don Matheo de la Escalera and Velasco bought in the year 1695, the lands belonging to the current Hacienda La Ciénega. In 1705 he founded an entail embracing many properties and estates, among these include the Tilipulo Hacienda San Juan de Atapulo, Saquisilí and Isinche. This corresponded to his only daughter, Rosa de la Escalera, married to Captain Don Gregorio Matheu and Villamayor, in the Cathedral of Quito on February 4, The characters involved in the French Geodesic Mission, stayed at this hacienda to observe more closely the eruption of Cotopaxi volcano. Alexander Von Humboldt was a guest in the hacienda too. La Cienega was inherited by Avelina Ascázubi and Salinas, married to José María Lasso de la Vega and Aguirre. They had two children: Juan Manuel and Avelina Lasso Ascázubi. Juan Manuel Lasso Ascázubi was senator for the province of Carchi in 1916, presidential candidate in 1924 and a founder of the Ecuadorian Socialist group in Colonel Cavalry Escort Squadron and Commander # 4 in the fighting Huigra, Naranjito and Yaguachi. He married Maria Carrion and Mata on September 27, All these haciendas in Ecuador allow visitors not only closer to nature but also to learn about the rich Andean culture. It is possible to learn about the legendary chagras (Andean cowboys); experience the typical activities of a farm such as milking cows, harvesting or watch cheese making; admire the skilled artisans of the region while working, and many more activities. "Avelina" ice-creams known in this area are due to the former president mother. In 1940, General Leonidas Plaza Gutierrez and his wife, Avelina Lasso Azcásubi began producing milk and meat. His son, Galo Plaza Lasso, who was turned into a factory and named it La Avelina, in honor of his mother. 40

47 On the way you can see the Penal Garcia Moreno. Previously this was located in the center of Quito, but moved to this area because the building is much larger and more secure. On the way is Saquisilí. The name means saqui "stop" sili "here"; it means "stop here." This county is characterized by the fair to be given out on Thursday, and where you can find livestock, poultry, cereals, weaving, textiles, food, crafts. Marketing these products are divided into seats 8 before being exposed. NOVACERO NOVACERO was founded in July 1973, beginning as part of the multinational group Armco in highway products business with a plant in Quito; 1983 incorporates a second plant in Lasso, 15-km from Latacunga Cotopaxi, for the manufacture and marketing of hot rolled products (angles, plates, bars and tees) and cold formed products (pipes and profiles). Until 2001 two companies were called Novacero, and other Aceropaxi; from January of that year, the two companies merged to form a single, named NOVACERO-ACEROPAXI SA. In 2005 starts the business growth of hot-rolled products of this company renamed NOVACERO SA by the incorporation of rod building to the product portfolio; this purpose a modern mill, which along with other improvements allowed accelerate sales growth and increased market share was acquired. Today has 3 manufacturing plants, located in Quito, Guayaquil and Lasso; 3 sales offices in Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca. COTOPAXI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Is used as a center for freight and passengers from central Ecuador. It is planned to expand its facilities to provide better services to users (transport of goods and passengers), the construction of an alternate runway taxiway side, and incorporate a minimum of 22 national and international frequency to maintain the 41

48 required monthly budget of USD 66,000. The airport has a strategic location for the center-south of the country and keeping close to several provinces in the central highlands, the eastern and coast. LATACUNGA Entering the province of Cotopaxi find the city of Latacunga. Located near the Cotopaxi volcano located in the Patate Hoya. Around the city of Latacunga are a number of flower industries have boosted its economy making it the economic engine and generator of foreign exchange in the Central highlands, besides that Latacunga has limestone mining and cement, and light metals industries heavy, agribusiness, dairy and livestock industry, has an international airport and the urban area are being built larger markets and modern shopping centers that become the commercial center of the Ecuadorian nation. There are some hypotheses which means Latacunga, but has been chosen to host the origin of the word Quichua "llacata kunka" meaning God of the Gaps, or Land of Shamans The climate ranges from humid temperate and dry depending on the season, given that the volcano produced a colder climate. Most tourist in the city is the Feast of the Black Mama. This is a traditional feast known as Blessed Tragedy; this party is done twice, the first in September is more an internal party held by people who work in the markets De La Merced y Del Salto in honor of the Virgin of Mercy is the patron saint of haberles care eruption of Cotopaxi Volcano. And the second is in the month of November, which is the tourist; this parade is held by the inhabitants of the city each year to remember their independence. 42

49 The characters of the Mama Negra are: Mama Negra: is the main character. He is a man dressed as a woman with typical and colorful robes, his face and hands painted black, mounted on a white horse decorated with various colors. He carries in his left hand loaded to a black doll named "Baltazara" which is his daughter. And in his right hand carries a "spark" that is full of milk and water, which is squeezing and releasing all viewers. The Huacos: they are characters that represent an act of purification, purging viewers. They dress in white entirely and use a white mask with colored lines. Clean is a breath of drink, a dip in cigarette smoke and the invocation of the Imbabura and Chimborazo Carihuairazo elevations. The Ashangas: husbands are known as Black Mama. They loaded roast pork and decorated with guinea pigs, chickens and colors that will be tasted during the party. The Camisonas: are men who wear long dresses of different colors almost transparent, with women wigs and carrying in his hand a whip using it to scare viewers and make way for the parade. The Allullera: a woman who is throwing allullas viewers. The allulas are kind of hard bread typical of the city. The Angel of the Star: This is an added character because of the religion brought by the Spaniards. Its mission is to protect the party to end. He is dressed all in white wearing a crown and a golden star and decorated mounted on a white horse. El Rey Moro: This character represents the rulers of the land. The Bearer: a character who marches with a group of soldiers and carries a rainbow flag representing indigenous. 43

50 Captain: character dressed in military uniform and represents the largest prioste. The Yumbos: are dancers who are dressed as Indians of Eastern and carry chonta spears and parrot feathers. In Latacunga are some tourist places like Cotopaxi Volcano, The Bowling, the historic center, the Monastery of Tilipulo, Mills Montserrat, among others. The typical dish of the city is the Chugchucaras, is a dish consisting of popcorn, toast, cheese pies, fry, potatoes and hides. Like the famous cheese wrapped in a sheet of atsera, and allullas made with flour, yeast, butter and other ingredients comprising flavor touch secrecy. SALCEDO This city is known thanks to the frozen fruit, machica and pinol. Ice cream: By 1950, the difficult economic situation of the Franciscan community of Canton Salcedo, and longing for better days, inspired the nun Rosa Maria Duran to make the now famous ice Salcedo, initially known by the public as the CREAM OF THE NUNS. This Franciscan nun known for their culinary skills, conjugated perfectly natural ingredients such as milk, fruit and sweeteners prodigious cotopaxense area in the center of the country to result in a very delicious product that was soon acquired notoriety across Salcedo. The ice cream was made nuns within the convent, and sold by a window, because in those years the nuns sheltered from external temptation. Acceptance forced the nuns who saw the need to bring the product to the consumer by means of a peddler named Jose Medina, aka "Joseph Trrutrra". This important character, wearing on their backs a large 44

51 wooden box containing ice cream inside, and its unique spark walked streets, roads and trails shouting "ICE CREAM MILK OF THE NUNS" Pinol: The business venture was founded by Rafael Emilio Madrid to observe that people ate small pieces of brown sugar to mitigate the fatigue caused by everyday agricultural activities and long walks, so he was born the great idea as economic and craft crush panela then it mixed with Machica and thereby gain a better taste and smell making getting a delicious and nutritious mixture to which he gave the name of PINOL, same as at present is consumed by people all over the world for its high nutritional value and is only produced in this Ecuadorian corner. Tungurahua. Practically this city is passing between the province of Cotopaxi and The full name of the city is San Miguel de Salcedo, in honor of San Miguel is the patron of the city. It is a Panzaleos land, untamed, bloodthirsty people who for many years stopped the invasion of Tupac Yupanqui to the Kingdom of Quito, Pillahuasu led to the age of the Incas achieved their goal-directed Huina Capac, consolidating it with a number of marriages including that of a close family Hati Huina Inca Capac with Shuasanguil Pillahuasu boss's daughter. Agriculture and livestock are the main activities of the town. It has large mining construction materials such as: foundation stone, sand, granule, clay, lime, pumice and púshig; is why in this area are dedicated to making tombstones for cemeteries. Crops that are practiced on a larger scale are: potatoes, corn, wheat, barley, peas, beans, bean, lentil, quinoa, vegetables and fruits. The land is suitable for cultivation of medicinal and ornamental plants, especially carnations, geraniums and roses. In dry lands are cacti and cabuyas. North of the city in Rumipamba sector is the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Central University. 45

52 PANZALEO They are settled in the central part of Interandean alley in the southern part of the province of Cotopaxi, in the following cantons: Latacunga, La Maná, The Pangua, Pujilí, Salcedo, Saquisilí and Sigchos. Generally do the feast of Corpus Cristi, which act recovering dancers dress and dances of native peoples. They use indigenous musical instruments like the churo, flute, prowler, horn, pingullo, harp and violin. Its main economic activities are linked to agriculture, livestock, crafts and education. In agriculture, the most important products are corn, barley, wheat, potatoes, onions, and garlic mellocos. For the provincial and national market are raising sheep, pigs, and cattle. The community work is done by mingas also reproduce the community and solidarity spirit of the people. YAMBO LAGGON around it. It is known as the "enchanted lake" because there are many legends that go Is alluvial also has formed due to the presence of underground springs in the middle of birthing waters are quiet green in the amount of algae that live there. The lake has an area 1,100 meters long by 290 wide. Despite its size it is a small lake that is surrounded by greenery dry climate such as cactus, eucalyptus and cabuyas; on the shores of the lake are reeds that are used by the people there to feed their cattle and for crafts. You can see small fishes, herons, partridges and ducks. On the way is Cunchibamba, which is an area devoted to agriculture, such as crops of onion and beet more and livestock. 46

53 Entering the province of Tungurahua, in the Santa Cruz aka Wholesaler can spot the Tungurahua Volcano. TUNGURAHUA PROVINCE The province is located in the central part of the country, making it the focal point of trade between the three natural regions. The capital city is Ambato. The province consists of interest recognized worldwide as are bathrooms for its waterfalls and proximity to the Amazon region. The craftsmanship is very evident in the area as is the case where Salasaca Pelileo and manuals and all crafts are made jeans. Tungurahua is purely agricultural, and highlighting the flowers and fruits through the climate is suitable for the planting and cultivation of these products. The most important agricultural products of the province are potatoes, red onion, bean, beans, lettuce, corn, tomatoes and a variety of fruits including: claudia, peach, tangerine, apple, blackberry, pear starter (guaytambo) etc. As for the most important holidays in this province is the Feast of Flowers and Fruits of Ambato held in February and March at Carnival time where several parades, processions and bullfights are performed. The cantons of the province are: Ambato Baños Cevallos Mocha Patate 47

54 Pelileo Píllaro Quero Tisaleo TUNGURAHUA VOLCANO It has an altitude of 5,029 m.s.n.m ( feet). Located in the Eastern Range in the Patate Hoya and Chambo in the province of Tungurahua. Tungurahua means Tungur "throat" and rauray "ardor", the name means "sore throat". It is a stratovolcano is still active; its last eruption was in this year, causing damage to the environment and the population. Due to the volcanic activity of the volcano's glaciers have melted in the winter times could see but in small quantities. The eruptions of this volcano are strombolean type, they are explosive and intermediate times of calm. At the foot of the volcano is the city of Baños, this being the most affected by the eruptions. The flora is represented by species: chuquiragua pad, achupalla, glue sticks, alder, bromeliads, myrtle, pumamaqui, frailejones, bilberries, motilón, orchids, paper tree, pussy and rosemary. As for the wildlife there are rabbits, wolves moor, puma, spectacled bear, cervicabras, frogs, sacha cuy, moose, hedgehog, hare, deer, swallows, pigeons, blackbirds, quililicos, chirotes, condors, hummingbirds, silversmiths, tiles, hawks, eagles, among others. 48

55 PILLARO The real name is Santiago de Pillaro. It is located at an altitude of 2,803 meters (9.196 feet), and has an average temperature of 13 C. Apples, fruit and potatoes are the main crops. The population of this town is of people approximately. Its climate is diverse modified by altitude; so, moors and mountains rains and snows often bitterly cold. In plateaus or sub-moors, rainfall is lower. Located in the region of Equatorial mesodermal climate, the annual average is 13 C to 14 C. The main economic activity of the canton is livestock production that surpasses the hundred thousand liters, also the fertility of the land give rise to a large production of vegetables, legumes, cereals and an extraordinary variety of fruits. The harness is another activity in which mounts Galapagos, lumps, reins, arretrancas, girths, stirrups, pellones, guruperas, among other types are made. In 1949 here was an earthquake which destroyed the canton and other places around. Píllaro city characterized by large indigenous uprisings, has caused all historical information is gone. In the survey conducted in 1898, where Indians fell upon the city, robbing stores selling groceries and clothing. They also looted the municipality and the Plaza San Juan started a fire and threw it all old and from that time he possessed the council documents, the Political Government, the Commissioners, Courts, etc. Valuable documents were reduced to ashes, thus losing Píllaro history. This is the reason why we have not a document attesting from when the party started. Several researchers have tried to find the true origin of the festival, which give many interpretations depending on the people and the place where the investigation has been completed. Some hypothesis about the festivity are: At the beginning of the New Year, which coincides with the feast of innocent people Píllaro believe the sky opens and perform a ritual. They think that this practice gives them strength and supernatural powers; dress up and wear a mask resembling the character they most fear, dance to taunt, thinking that having control over the evil. 49

56 The first inhabitants of the Republic of Bolivia, especially high source were mitimae roamed throughout the Americas, many left for the south and north. Surely some group must settle in what is now part of the canton Píllaro, there is the coincidence of the weather, the dance of the devils and the similarity in the colors of their flags. On the Feast of Fools held from December 28 to January 6 of each year, the people of the villages and communities, formed a troupe and are a band of people danced through the main streets of Canton, accompanied by the guarichas, Capariches and Diablo, the same who was responsible for opening step with her twitch for such parade procession. Note that the devil was not the main character in this parade. The Diablos of Píllaro is now a popular celebration in the last decade has grown and whose duration exceeds eight hours. This has nothing to do with religion, hence the church does not participate in the celebration. The Devils are popular characters of this party, who wear special clothing which take much time and effort. Their masks are handcrafted, its main base is a mold made block of land that are stuck layers of CAUCHE paper soaked in glue, is left in the sun to acquire a hardness and then to add horns and teeth different animals such as goats, deer, sheep, bulls, etc. Complement the allusive disguise the twitch or whip, chili or many of the animals either dead or dissected, causing fear viewers cases. AMBATO In the road are white tents, in this sector there are not for flowers, there are especially for tomato, tree tomato, celery, pepper, cucumber. Outside is easy to find due the ground corn and vegetables like lettuce, broccoli, radish, garlic, onion, chard, spinach, beet, etc. 50

57 Ambato has a population of people. It area is of km2. It climate is dry temperate between 12 and 19 degrees. It altitude is of 2577 m.s.n.m. It has a very irregular topography. Volcanoes, mountains, plains, valleys that are very lavish for agricultural activity in the case of Ambato River. The Ambato Industrial Park is a big place where are located companies that share this space. In this case are Bioalimentar that make food for chickens, puppies and kitties; Servientrega that is the central place for shipments around all the country; and Plasticaucho where people make leather shoes, sneakers, rubber boots, carpets and foamy. It is the capital of the province of Tungurahua. It is also known as the "Cradle of the Three Juanes", "Tierrita Linda", "Phoenix of Ecuador", "Cosmopolitan City", "Earth Tenderness", "Garden of Ecuador" and "City of Flowers, Fruit and Bread". In Ambato most of the commercial movement of the center of the country is concentrated, therefore generates large loans to the region and the country. The city was destroyed several times by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The last such event occurred on August 5, 1949 an earthquake with its epicenter in the city of Pelileo, in the area known as Chacauco, affected almost entirely Ambato. Thanks to the tenacity of its people, the city managed to get up again in less than two years. In honor of this fight, is held every year the Festival of Flowers and Fruits, in the days of Carnival. Significantly, this party is oblivious to the celebration of Carnival, the Festival of flowers and fruits has transcended borders and is today one of the most important holidays of Ecuador. It is called the cradle of the "three Juanes" because here were born three illustrious writers. Juan Montalvo, a writer of liberal political journalism; Juan Leon Mera, essayist, novelist, politician and painter, wrote the National Anthem of Ecuador; and Juan Benigno Vela, political writer based on liberal principles. 51

58 Ambato it has the master distribution center in the midwest when it concerns food from different parts of the country, since it has the wholesale market, this center is distributed to other retail markets of the city, province, and almost entirely to Amazon. Another industry that is based in Ambato is the metal-mechanical industry dedicated to the manufacture of mass transit vehicles. Other industries that are vital to the industrial development of the city are textile, food processing, glass, automotive, among others. The leather work made by artisans, is highly coveted country level. Quisapincha is one of these places. Made products such as sweaters, handbags, wallets, hats, belts and shoes. Every Tuesday, Sunday and Monday at night in the Juan Cajas square, all the artisans carry their shoes to sell it. The cultivation is an activity that the city do. Especially fruits like apple, babaco, tangerine, grapes, peach, uvilla, claudia, pears, among others. Montalvo Park: It was built from in the former Plaza Matriz. The monument is located in the center of the park was developed in Italy with the support of the government of Eloy Alfaro. Consists of two figures. The first is Juan Montalvo made of bronze and the other is the Genius of Montalvo made of marble. Cevallos Park: It is the second place that was built in the city in Its name is due to the historian Pedro Fermín Cevallos. In the city of Ambato came the first printing press arrived at the current Ecuadorian territory in 1755 brought from Europe by the Jesuits, it was one of the earliest existing in South America. In the city is a monument which represents the print made of aluminum. 52

59 Cathedral Church: Maintains a modern style because its construction was completed in 1954, after the original made of volcanic stone, as it was affected by the earthquake of Inside is the image of the Elevation Virgin with the Divino Niño. Santo Domingo Church: His old building was destroyed by an earthquake in It is Gothic. In the front an image of Santo Domingo is shown. Medalla Milagrosa Church: It is made of volcanic stone between 1902 and Its construction was shown as a jewel of the city. Pinllo Church: It houses the statue of Lord of Consuelo, whose image was made in Rome, donated to Ambato and then Pinllo. Despite the earthquake the image remained intact, so people think it is divine protection. Juan Montalvo home and Mausoleum: Here Juan Montalvo was born in It was also hosting military, politicians, friends and family. In 1988 this house was converted into a museum to keep the thought and work of Montalvo. In the Mausoleum is the embalmed body of him. Montalvo hacienda: It is located in Ficoa. He was one of the most beloved places of Juan Montalvo, that he wrote many of his works and was political and spiritual refuge for him. Juan León Mera Museum: These was the place that this character lived with his wife and his 13 children. The house dates from Built of adobe houses and writings, paintings, and photos of this character. 53

60 MOCHA Mocha's population since its inception was inhabited by Panzaleos who worshiped the Chimborazo, Tungurahua and Carihuairazo. Before the invasion of the Incas Ecuadorian territory, the people who sat in Mocha Panzaleo showed great resistance on several occasions but in 1486, the Incas successfully establish themselves in the territory of Mocha rather than fighting for the marriage he contracted with Huayna Capac daughters of Punina, former Chief of Mochas. Agriculture is a major activity in this sector, the land is fertile for growing potatoes, paiteña onions, corn, beans, alfalfa, and guinea pigs, rabbits, among others. For decades have highlighted the mochanas herds as the country's best and that is why they are sought in different corners of the country. One of the main attractions are the bulls of people, that they can be seen in the festival of San Juan Bautista in the month of June. Paradero Maria Diocelina It offers a variety of dishes of the canton: leather like potatoes, roasted guinea pig, beans and cheese, chicken broth, corn with leather, etc. It's a nice place to relax, family distraction, photography and tasting. Lava of the Carihuayrazo rout There are a large number of natural attractions where you can have contact with native flora and fauna and visit each of the existing waterfalls as: Loma Verde, 54

61 Calipiedra, and Acorraladera. It is possible to do trekking, panoramic view, ecotourism, flora and fauna view. LIDIA BULLS They have an Iberian origin who became the Governor of Quito from the Viceroyalty of New Spain transported by sea routes used to supply cattle to the Viceroyalty of Peru; is believed that the port of Callao was landing, and from there the conquistadors led north by the foothills of the Andes. Historical data confirm that the arrival of a large number of cattle to Quito met the food needs of the growing population. In fact, 1537 marks the first cattle were held indispensable task for the growth of cattle herds. The establishment, consolidation and growth of herds in those years was in charge, especially the Jesuit priests who were able to perfect the farm as a production model, becoming the largest landowners of the colony. Those tasks reshaping of herds and choice of stallions got great initial results; so much so that there was a significant improvement in the quality of the products that had the founding irons. Some farms were the basis of national bullfighting; He dealt their products with mixed results across the national territory until the early seventies. The fight of these models not only allowed the consolidation of Quito Bullfighting cycle but also led to a new cooling blood to have the seed of several Spanish bull pardoned in equatorial ring. 55

62 In 1978, the national field bravo marked a turning point in its history: the massive importation of cows and traditional Spanish stallions spigots determined the emergence of the new herd bulls in Ecuador. CHIMBORAZO PROVINCE The province is known as "the province of the high peaks" because here the largest rise throughout Ecuador, Chimborazo, from which comes the name of the province is located. The capital city is Riobamba. It is surrounded by the river Canchán and Chambo. The hydrography of the province is complemented Ozogoche lake complex, consisting of several lakes that give rise to Chambo River. Another major gap is the Colta lagoon, which is characterized by abundant vegetation of cattails. The cantons of the province are: Alausí Colta Cumandá Chambo Chunchi Guamote Guano Pallatanga Penipe Riobamba 56

63 The population is mainly engaged in agriculture; because of the diversity of climates in this province there are a variety of products such as cereals and legumes, the main corn products, barley, potatoes, wheat, sweet pea, lentil, red onion, garlic, bean tender and melloco of cold and temperate climate. In the subtropics coffee, cacao, cassava, banana, sugarcane and fruits, especially citrus occurs. Other activities of the provincial economy is livestock, deposits of silver, copper, gold, marble, iron, limestone and brimstone, crafts, beekeeping, making tiles and bricks. Among the tourist attractions of the province can mention the most important ones are the Chimborazo volcano, Railroad route, the Devil's Nose in Alausí, Colta lagoon, Riobamba, the town of Guano, etc. URBINA The train station Urbina, in the canton Guano, is one of the highest points of the entire railway of Ecuador located at 3600 m.s.n.m ( feet). This is part of the circuit called Tren ice, and included a wide range of services is provided. The site was built with the aim of presenting to the community and visitors' own crafts of the area, such as gloves, coats, scarves made from alpaca, among other products. These items are made by women in the sector, grouped to manufacture and market to tourists. Moreover, several local men made ivory nut, like key chains and ornaments, which are acquired by travelers by way of souvenir. The station was built in 1906, its purpose was to serve as a transfer station and was built on the highest point of the railway line. At the station worked telegraph office, which inhabited the telegraph and occasionally spent the night staff working there. Today it is a little haven for tourists. Shelter for hikers: About animals in this zone are alpacas, llamas and their young the guarizos. The alpaca is shortness than the llama, the alpaca is not a pack 57

64 animal and the llama it is. It is common to eat llama meat but not from the alpaca. The llama can live up 5000 meters because their lungs can do it but the alpacas can t. Other notable difference is the ears, in the case of the llama these are large, lobed, upright and well established in the head, in the case of the Alpaca's are small and are constantly falls, because the inner cartilage of his ears easily fracture and is not regenerated. Here are a lot of representative flora from the Andes. First is the guanto, called sweet dreams this is a beautiful flower like a trumpet but it has scopolamine, that is an alkaloid used in medicine to make sleeping pills. Unfortunately some people use this plant for doing evil from other people and make them lose their conscience. Indigenous women put the leaves of this flower under the beds of the kids for they sleep better. The housing are made of bahareque, that is a mix of soil, and animal waste, when it is dry it becomes very strong. People also used carrizo for make the shape of the house and straw for the roof. Inside the house are guinea pigs, this is usually because these animals are pets and part of the diet in the mountains, that s why people have a lot of these. It has a second floor called soberado, most of the time is for sleep but in this case is a kitchen so it is for keep the grains. It was usual to build the houses with a circular form, it is to keep energies, and it represents sharing with the family. Tagua is a fruit of a type of palm, it is dry and has the consistence of a vegetable. It grows in the tropical moist forest especially in Ecuador, Panamá and Colombia. With this fruit people can make handicrafts to sell. In Ecuador, the species used for obtaining tagua is Phitelephas aequatorialis, which exists in the subtropical area between the Andes and the Coast especially in the province of Manabi to an altitude of approximately 1500 meters. Ancient people made holes in the ground to raise guinea pigs. They put a couple of this animals and every day throw food, in 40 or 45 days they were more, 58

65 inside are caves made by the guinea pigs to protected them from the cold. Here exists 80 species of plants between calceolarias, orchids, bomareas, ericaceae (it is epifita it means that grows in the trees, in this case they were planted by hand but they are adapted and now lives very well), rabbit ears (from the same family of the frailejones), fresh oregano, arrayán (in this climate it doesn t grow normally that s why here has 8 years and it is a little one. It is the emblematic tree of Quito and smells like lemon. It exists from the 3000 meters down), chuquiragua, mortiño, bromelias or guaycundos (these are from the cloud forest), pollylepis or paper tree (here are 4 of the 6 species of pollylepis around Ecuador), kishuar (God tree), piquil (that is growing taller in the Carihuairazo), achupallas, grosellero (it grows very high in the Chimborazo before arrive to the snow), shulala (it is from the family of the potatoes, so it is possible to eat). Here is a microclimate, because the owner plant trees for protect the little plants from the weather. It this days it is not common the agriculture, it is very risky, because if it falls frost everything dies; so people decided to work with livestock because it is most save and families can collaborate. In this height is possible to plant potatoes, barley, and beans. Below it is possible to plant carrots, chochos, quinoa, mellocos, ocas. 59

66 CHIMBORAZO WILDLIFE RESERVE It was created in It is located in the provinces of Chimborazo, Tungurahua and Bolivar, with an area of hectares. The objectives of the reserve are: Maintain ecosystem resources moor and Puna. Caring for the natural habitat of camels as: vicuñas, llamas, alpacas for breeding and promotion of valuable species linked to our cultural identity. Establish the necessary infrastructure to develop tourism and research of these ecosystems. resources. Improve the quality of life of people who make use of these In 1979 an agreement for the recovery and management of the vicuña was established as being endemic need to preserve, and the highlands of Chimborazo are suitable for keeping. The vegetation in the Reserve of Chimborazo Fauna Production, is composed of species of herbaceous type with sporadic presence of small shrubs and has four life zones: Upper Montane Evergreen Forest, Herbaceous moor, moor Dry Gelidofitia. 60

67 "El Arenal" Paramo Seco Reserve is the only one in Ecuador and is considered a "Puna" semidesert and desert moor, where vegetation mostly in xeric. CARIHUAIRAZO VOLCANO Its altitude is 5,020 m.s.n.m ( feet). It belongs to the Western Range in the Patate Hoya province of Tungurahua. It is an extinct volcano. Its main peak is called Josephine and second Mocha. Its name means cari "man" hauaira "wind" and razu "snow", ie "wind chill macho". Legend Carihuairazo Chimborazo fought for the love of Mama Tungurahua, and lost, which is why the crater is headed. It is very popular with mountain climbers seeking a bit more adventure, because it is a relatively strong rise and allowing for proper acclimatization to later attack higher and difficult peaks although there is an ascent without strong winds or snowfall. Here live many animal species among which are: the spectacled bear, Andean condor, duck, curiquingue, hummingbirds, moorland fox, deer, rabbits, and others. It is very likely on the way to meet the condor. It is surrounded by chuquiraguas, reeds, pads, achupallas, moss and decorated with exotic flowers. CHIMBORAZO VOLCANO It has an altitude of 6,310 m.s.n.m. It is in the western mountain range, in the Patate and Chambo Hoya in the province of Chimborazo. For Ecuador this point is the "closest to the sun" as being the highest elevation is farther from the center of the earth. The top of the volcano is completely 61

68 covered with glaciers, which serve the same vital fluid to the provinces of Chimborazo and Bolivar. The Chimborazo glacier has decreased in recent decades, apparently by the combined influences of climate change, the ash product of recent volcanic activity of Tungurahua and El Niño. From the glaciers of Chimborazo some residents of the province have benefited going to take the ice in order to sell it to them are known as "hieleros del Chimborazo" and do one of the traditional drinks of Riobamba the "broken necks" it is fruit juice with this ice. In 1802 scientist Alexander von Humboldt with Aime Bonpland and the Ecuadorian Carlos Montúfar attempted to climb to the summit but due to the discomfort felt at the height of the cooling air could not reach, despite that they were the first to arrive at higher altitudes than others. In terms of the best known plants are ferns, pillows, gentians, the Chuquirahua, architect, chocho Flower, achupallas, mosses and lichens. The outstanding wildlife is typical of the moor, mainly represented by dwarf deer, llamas, vicuñas, deer, small rabbits, mice marsupial wolves moor cervicabra. Among the birds that are usually seen are the hummingbirds white chest, long beak and long tail, the curiquinges, piggy or common harrier and King Andean condor, there are the animals introduced by humans as sheep, llamas, vicuna and horses. 62

69 RIOBAMBA City located in the center of Ecuador. Founded in 1534 by Diego de Almagro. The first foundation of the city was near the Colta Lagoon, but an earthquake destroyed and moved into the village today. It is the capital of the province of Chimborazo. Known for tourism as "The Sultan of the Andes". It has a population of people approx. the surface is 990 km2; and its altitude is of It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1797 and reestablished in It was the scene of some important to the country as the first Constituent Congress, the first radio station events. Many riobambeños characters proclaimed the political emancipation of the Government of Spain on November 11, Its historic center looks Republican, neoclassical buildings, temples and monuments. It is the birthplace of people like the geographer Pedro Vicente Maldonado, who was involved with the French Geodesic Mission in measuring the meridian arc and find out what the exact shape of the earth. And the historian Juan 63

70 de Velasco, who has provided accurate data on the country's history from prehistoric times. The climate of the city is temperate cold. Typical dishes may be mentioned hornado, salt juice and rompenucas. The ideal place to taste these dishes is the Mercado de la Merced, where there is variety and flavor. About the most important markets in the city, there are: Pedro de Lizarzaburo (San Francisco), La Merced, Plaza Roja, la Condamine, la Concepcion, San Alfonso, Santa Rosa. The principal churches in this city are: Basílica Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, San Felipe Church, Sacrilegio chapel, Concepcion church, La Marced church, San Alfonso church, San Antonio church, la Dolorosa church. The Concepcion Church: The history of the Monastery and Church of the Immaculate Conception dates back to The order was consolidated in almost two hundred years until the earthquake of 1797 destroyed the building, killed half of the community and led to the exile of survivors to the Convento Carmen in Quito. On December 8, 1890 the church of the Monastery caught fire and the roof disappeared; thanks to the intervention of the inhabitants of Riobamba could prevent the disappearance of the rest of the cloister and the effigies of Lord of Good Fortune and the Immaculate. Urgently build a new temple, Gothic, that exists today began. The town of Riobamba and neighboring parishes attended for a while hauling stones and other materials for the work. The First Constitution of Ecuador: After the disintegration of the Great Colombia, the May 12, 1830, the Southern District passed to form a new nation under the name Republic of Ecuador. According to the minutes of Quito from May 13 of that year, the range of provisional president was entrusted to Gral. Juan José 64

71 Flores, with broad powers to the organization of the new state. Congress moved to the Convent of the Holy Rosary Minor Order of Dominicans, current Maldonado College in the center of the city of Riobamba, under the chairmanship of Mr. José Fernández Salvador; and very quickly appointed a committee to prepare the draft constitution that would give birth to the new legal status of Ecuador. The first Radio in Ecuador: It was the heyday that has Riobamba from their resettlement in In the years between 1900 and 1930, which formed the village, they developed a series of high quality activities at all levels: urban, literary, musical, sports, banking, industrial. Among the most significant works on culture and communication should be placed the creation of the Broadcasting Station "El Prado" whose protagonist was the Ing. Carlos Cordovez Borja. According to researcher Mario Godoy, the date of the first issue of testing was the February 27, 1925, and the first regular issue was the June 13, It was the strongest station in South America in the 30s. For crystallization of this project used the knowledge gained in their training, the equipment he had purchased abroad, the economic resources available, and the time required. The main motivation was to use broadcasting technology to serve the country and spread to all continents artistic richness of Ecuador. Also wanted to contribute to the establishment of good relations with neighboring countries. Sucre Park: This park was inaugurated in 1924 by the College Maldonado and the Plaza de Santo Domingo. The building is now known as the College Maldonado, ran the church of Santo Domingo, this place is important because in 1830 the members of the First Constituent deputies met to create the Republic of Ecuador in The school is one of the most important educational institutions in the country. The Neptune Pool located in the center of the park, with a chance of using the drinking water in the city in Neptune is located here as the god of water and sea. The image was brought from France. 65

72 The Leon Theatre was built in the 20s, is owned by a wealthy landowner and man of letters, playwright and poet, Don Carlos Arturo Leon. Long served to presentation of plays, then became a cinema, a condition in which it remains until today. The Provincial Council building was built in the 70s, under the direction of architect Oswaldo Marino. The design and discrepancies caused reactions. Post Office Building: The Post Office building is a symbol of Riobamba, for its majesty and aristocratic details. The story of its construction is linked to what has been defined as a chimera: the functioning of the Banking Society of Chimborazo. In 1922, two banking institutions began operating in Riobamba. They tried: Banco de los Andes and Banking Society Chimborazo. The second institution is that, over the months, commissioned the construction of the magnificent building. The Neptalí and Luca Tormen, brothers are those who built the building that has become one of the most recognized and appreciated heritage city. Maldonado Park: The Maldonado Park was the site of confluence of political and religious powers. On April 1, 1909, the council and writer Alberto José Donoso Council proposed to erect a monument to Maldonado and build a park with the same name. From that moment the first apples of the village were drawn and, around the most important buildings in the city were built Riobamba. Since 1980 has been made restoration and beautification of the park, according to the standards of the time, making social activities center of the city. In the park there are four beautiful pools forged in Europe in the previous century. They are located in the center of each side of the park, on the eastern side you can see the Cathedral of Riobamba. All the buildings surrounding the park are true landmarks such as the building of the Municipality, has a neoclassical facade, large rooms and high court, spacious corridors with ornate columns powerful and sober. Inside are two auditoriums where riobambeños discuss matters of public interest. 66

73 CALPI Here the cattle fair, especially on Saturday, where people trade their animals or can sell is made. It is a rural parish of the canton Riobamba. In most of the population is poverty and lack of basic resources. In this situation people prefer to go to Riobamba for find a job. Throughout the area broccoli, beans, cabbage, and carrot occurs. On November they celebrate the festivities in honor of the saint patron Santiago. Cementos Chimborazo (Union Cementera Nacional) It produces and sells cement of excellent quality, both nationally and internationally. Received 86% of the shares of Cemento Chimborazo and 100% of the shares of Industrias Guapán, which assumed all liabilities of the two companies. The two production plants located in Azogues and Riobamba, in addition to the two brands Chimborazo Cement and Cement Guapán that are positioned in their respective markets will remain in operation. The areas where the product is marketed are: Provinces of Chimborazo, Tungurahua, Cotopaxi, Pichincha and eastern Ecuador, it is even exported to Peru and Colombia. In the way is easy to find pea, potato, quinoa, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, beans, beets, chicken manure from the coast, and the cows are for milk and meat. All this products are send to Guayaquil and Cuenca. COLTA 50% of the population in this province are pure indigenous, Puruhá. Quechua speaking. They have two varieties of socio-political organization; the council, and a sort of village committee where several leaders in the community. 67

74 At present the basis of their livelihood is agriculture, but as production is limited, people have also committed to migrate to larger cities. The production depends heavily on the ground, for example in the upper parts grow potatoes, geese, mellocos, barley and various types of onions; at low maize, wheat, squash, etc. parts The male uses sandals, wide leg pants half light colored shirt with small collar, poncho, hat with a round crown and medium brim. Women wear sandals, wide skirt of wool, according to the community use a shawl fastened with tupu, long earrings, and a similar male hat. The people Puruhá is characterized by a variety of groups: Cachas, Coltas, Lictos, Guamotes requiring a linguistic, historical and cultural study with the aim of each group or people have their own self-identification. This group was established in the Integration Period ( AD), after the Paleoindian, Formative and Regional Development, which are the periods in which it is divided Prehistory of Ecuador. They live in houses of adobe, a mixture of water, soil and animal droppings, along with reeds give way to housing, causing the roof of the dwelling is thatched. In the Unidad Nacional Av. are some statues, they are: Condorazo: Puruhá king Paccha: Shyri Inca union Juan de Velasco: Historian and humanist Pedro Vicente Maldonado: Wise and geographer Eloy Alfaro: Homeland identity Manuel Naula Sagñay: First leader and professional quichua Severo Escobar: Educator and poet 68

75 Balbanera Church It is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary Balbanera. It is the first Catholic Church built in Ecuador in 1534, at the time of the conquest. The architecture baroque with details in high and low relief with motifs and inlaid Incan figures merged, meaning that it was built with hand Spanish and indigenous labor. To assemble the blocks a similar item that used to bind the stones Cañaris Ingapirca was used. Despite its historical value is a well-known church. Colta Lagoon Is surrounded by various hills, where several indigenous communities. In this area there is plenty of standing cattail plant that is used as food for pets, as well as to make traditional crafts weaving the totora like mats, llamas, hats; on wildlife can observe colorful fish and ducks are the most important long-legged, unique in its kind that come from this place, for this reason they named the lake as duck or Colta. MUSIC The music is the art of mix the sounds and express feelings and emotions. It is like the painter works with colors, the writer with words, and the musician with sounds. It is totally sure that people created music from the beginnings. The history of the music starts with the Egyptian culture, because they used difficult instruments like the harp. The music was born with the human voice. The voice is a perfect sound, so people discovered the music only mimicking the animal sounds like whistle, clapping, and another objects to issue the sounds of the environment. For the 69

76 indigenous the music is magic, because it calls the luck, move away the bad spirits, calm the dead people, call to another people and other things. INDIGENOUS MUSIC Pre Columbian instrumental ensembles string instruments were not included. Predominant wind instruments, a variety of whistles, flutes, panics, lures, ocarinas, membranophones instruments, variety of drums; idiófonos, variety of rattles, bells, bells, sticks chonta, and others. Andean musical instruments also have a sacred symbolic dimension, a social function, and religious. The human voice is a perfect and complex sound demonstration externalized moods, for example, imitating birds whistling born. The music of the aboriginal time in its infancy, certainly was rhythmic, either because of the ease of building idiófonos (that not need other thinks to produce sound), instruments or as the first music rhythm element that captures the human ear. Dance, sing, play a musical instrument, are characteristic of human activities. The birdsong, rain, and wind filtering through the trees joined and offered a fascinating and strange concert that brought the first settlers to a magical air domain. The leaves of some plants also served and serve as musical instruments. Among the varieties of leaves used for these purposes in the Andean region is capulí, achira, orange, Catullus corn, lechero, palm branch, cat's claw, etc. The music, from its inception, was "one element of the ritual part of the whole", was present at the regular time every day, and overtime, party, ethnic rites manor, the ayllu llacta, the people. The music, rather than artistic expression can be 70

77 seen as "social phenomenon which varies according to the coordinates of space and time." NATIVE MUSIC RHYTHMS 1. Yaraví: Its name comes from the Quechua word aráwiy (Arahuina), which means it versifying; over time and was evolving as the meaning of poetry arawi re-registered to a way of love poetry; at no time admitted the admissions arawi eroticism spills or despair. It is a rhythm that expresses the true feeling, accompanied by pingullos, flutes and the human voice. 2. Yumbo: Rhythm and pre-hispanic dance, which plays a tambourine and whistle. The Yumbo is the character who dances this rhythm, wearing a prom dress with various colors, ornate 71

78 feathered head and stuffed macaws, his body is covered with animal skins and carrying a chonta spear in his hand. 3. San Juanito: Precolumbian, binary 2/4 rhythm, structured in a minor key, which some scholars say researchers dance was born in San Juan de Ilumán, Otavalo. On the beat, rhythmic variations and cultural exchanges during the time of Tahuantisuyo origin is associated with a probable adaptation come from huayno in the upper Peru. Undoubtedly San Juanito has prehispanic highlighting here a degree of Inca influence brought from Peru during the expansion of Tawantinsuyu. 4. Tonada: It's a very happy musical rhythm played by band, typical of all the festivals of indigenous and mestizo people. Its name derives from the word tone, and to hear a tune is essential to have a guitar. 5. Dancing: Considered the National Rhythm of Ecuador, pre-columbian cheerfully melancholy melody and rhythm. According to musicologists is a unique combination that denotes the feeling of the Ecuadorian indigenous. He currently plays with the mix of traditional instruments of Ecuador as the prowler, pingullo, mandolin, bagpipes, add to these foreign instruments such as guitar, flute, drums, panpipes, etc. even with electronic instruments giving it a touch of modernity and stylization. NATIVE MUSIC INSTRUMENTS 1. Rondador: It is an instrument that represents happiness. Every peasant house has a rondador there. It is like the famous panpipe. The pastors bring it to warm the moor. The size depends on the situation. The person who make the rondador, gives a poetic image when is easy to identify the real love. 72

79 2. Paya: This is a typical instrument for the indigenous in Ecuador. It is an air instrument made of 7 o 8 tubes. It is an easier instrument to make, so it is very common to teach how to play it to the youths. It is made of carrizo, which could find in fairs. 3. Pingullo: It is an exclusive instrument for indigenous. It is made of bamboo from the Tungurahua volcano by the beginnings. 4. Quena: This instrument was important in 1960, when popular groups appear. It has something special so it is the favorite instrument for the communities. SAN JUAN The origin and foundation of San Juan was in the XVII century. The original name was Pissicaz Capilla Ayushca. Was considered a marginal place of the Calpi parish bellowing to Guano. It name is because the Spanish people brought an image of San Juan (Guardian of Chimborazo) in a peregrination to the El Obraje Ñucapac hacienda, today is Ñucata. 73

80 GUANO To arrive in Guano, are: black and white cabuya, corn, alfalfa, weeds, cabbage, cherry tree, lemon, apple, claudia, peach, potato, peas, orange, pepper, bees, red and white mallow, cattail. It is divided in 2 urban parishes and 9 rural parishes. Guano has a population of approx. The weather is temperate like a valley. This canton represents the 7% of the territory of Chimborazo. It is located of m.s.n.m (8.300 feet). They were conquered by the Incas, becoming part of Tahuantinsuyo. In colonial times, Guano was a center of mills, which meant the cause of a high Aboriginal mortality, because tradition of obraje: those who entered there did not come back out. Guano means "the great, the majestic and abundant". 74

81 Lluishi hill and the Monolitos prom It is a rocky formation of volcanic origin. It consists of 327 steps called "Via Crucis", to the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes. Around the hill several carved in stone made by Felipe Reinoso in 1946 figures are observed; these are the face of the Inca, the figure of a fish, and a jar. Architectural ruins Convento de la Asunción They are the remains of the great Franciscan church built at the beginning of the colony, which contains two carved stone sculptures and a font that belonged to the Convent of the Assumption. The great architectural structure of the walls, which can distinguish several religious paintings is observed, in one of which you can see the hole where the mummified remains of the monk Lazarus Santofimia, guardian of the convent, which was extracted buried in the earthquake of Museum of the City The museum has 6 rooms of the environment of the canton, archaeological pieces, the canton in the Colony, maps made in carpets, the mummy and a loom. The main room is the Mummy. He was San Lázaro de Santofímia, the first guardian of the Asunsión Convent; dates from the years 1565 and Actually he is a glass case. It festivities is celebrate every December 20 with different things like parades, food, parties, mass, and others. About the most important activities is the carnival, festivities in honor to La Virgen del Carmen and María Inmaculada every December 8, and the end of the year. 75

82 La Matriz church It was built between 1812 and 1820; but in 1921 suffered a major fire. In 1985 was finished it restoration. Inside the church is the image of La Virgen del Carmen, the altar of El Niño de la Cruz since It festivities are celebrate every year on July 16. Carpets Men and women make a craft, design follow a path previously on paper, woven with rudimentary tools on urdiembres cotton and woolen yarns of different colors. Leather crafts Craftsmen manufactured shoes, sweaters, hats, bags, wallets, belts, wallets, and everything that has to do with the leather. Originally everything was produced by hand but now the factories are more elaborate. Leather: They buy 50 or 500 leathers in the Camal, where animals are killed. The leather has to be without hair. The factory has the wet and the dry part. In the wet part in the tanks they put lime for quit impurities of the leather. After that, it goes to the drum 1 to be washing and rinsing. Then it be drain and go to the scraper, it gives the thickness to the leather. The thickest leather is for belts and bags. Then the leather goes to the drum 3 for take the color. The chrome is the most important chemical which gives hardness and firmness to the leather. This chemical cause pollution, but the company has a wastewater treatment, so they put 75% of recyclable chrome and 25% of a new one. Then the leather is hang out. The last machine is an abatanadora, to make the leather softer. In the dry part is the estacadora, is for stretch the leather for make jackets and shoes. This machine works 76

83 with gas. Here are the tweezers to hold up the leather. The second floor is for make the objects. The tool for measure the leather has squares, each square charge 1.25 dollars depends on the size. Here don t through to the waste anything. The mold is draw first in paper and then in cardboard, they are classified in sizes and models. The factory works in maquila, it means that they give some job for employers to their houses, to make people work and for don t have a lot of people working in the factory. Fritada and chorizo The preparation is special because only natural seasonings are added, garlic and all the ingredients are ground stone to give an original flavor. The chorizo is the traditional dish and served with potatoes cariuchas, mote, toasted, ripe banana and lettuce. The traditional beverage is the chichi huevona, it is made of eggs, beer, coca cola, sugar, alcohol (it is important to prevent harm to the stomach). The cholitas are a bread with brown sugar inside. 77

84 MUSIC BANDS All guild, union, association, band, orchestra, ensemble; is a group of people who interact and see themselves as a compact unit; through contact groups together we learn to think, share and play instruments. The band of musicians for many decades have been the groups that has been most widespread in Ecuador, thanks to these groups music has been developed. The troop of musicians, also known as the marching band, have been formed since colonial times, specifically belonging to the militia groups. This format was created to provide military, bullfighting orders, to communicate, to animate parties. The instruments used were: drums, bugles, fifes, and trumpets. The decay of the marching band came to the Republic, new musical instruments, and creating harmony bands. HARMONY BANDS They were created in the early nineteenth century, these were subject to the model of the French military school, which is why this century instruments and creating new sounds mechanisms uses keys, pistons and plungers were refined. Military music was entirely unknown in the country until 1818 when sound was heard for the first time with the coming of Numancia battalion. The artisans, peasants and young Ecuadorians were amateurs with music, gathered with military bands to create new sounds and musical innovations, several of them even colonial and related genres neighboring estate. Through retreats bands helped disseminate new repertoires. In 1870 the first Municipal Band was formed in Riobamba. The estudiantinas are popular music groups, composed of artisans, ladies of the middle class or high society, neighborhood groups, church parishes, 78

85 communities of workers, sororities, etc.; interpreted bandolas, bandolines and guitars. TUNGURAHUA PROVINCE The capital city is Ambato, the province has an altitude of m.s.n.m. (8454 feet). The cantons of the province are: Ambato Baños Cevallos Mocha Patate Pelileo Píllaro Quero Tisaleo 79

86 It enjoys a mild climate and dry. The province is characterized by the production of tubers, roots, vegetables, fruits and flowers. About industries the provinces has footwear, leather, coachwork, clothing, textiles, clothing, furniture, chemicals, food and beverage. For trades are clothing, electricity, footwear, crafts, and leather. Indigenous communities in Tungurahua Salasacas They are located between the city of Ambato and Pelileo. According to Gonzales Suarez Salasacas are Mitimaes brought by the Incas from Lake Titicaca. According to other historians themselve are native of Ecuador originating Puruhá- Panzaleo. They speak Quechua and Castilian. The mother is the foundation of the family, so they have only the mother's surname. The highest authority is the mayor. Its economy is based on agriculture and handicrafts, especially for its tapestries. They house is divided into two sections: one is the square for the house in general, and the other is round to the kitchen. The male wears a white and a black poncho. Wearing pants to the ankles, and a scarf with strong colors like pink and green, and a hat. The woman wears a black blanket with a sustained tupu, have two types of anacos one black and one white, embroidered blouse and ornaments such as necklaces and earrings (rin rin hualcas). 80

87 Chibuleos They are located in Ambato canton, in the parish Juan Benigno Vela. They are originating from Puruhá. They are organized by councils which are responsible for maintaining the social order of the community. In the family, woman is dedicated to control assets and education of children; men has the agricultural work, selling products, farmers' organizations to participate in and fix up the house. They are dedicated to growing crops such as medicinal plants, wheat, potatoes, and garlic. Quisapinchas It is located 12 kilometers west of the city of Ambato. Men wear red poncho with black stripes and women embroidered blouses. Like all mountain villages of Tungurahua whose main economic activity is agriculture; ancestrally was devoted to consumption, but now most are destined for the market. The main agricultural products are potatoes (some varieties), onions, garlic, beans, mellocos. The farming system used is the association and crop rotation; crop association is related to consumption, while crop rotation is associated with products for the market and is combined with livestock activities. The main destination of livestock activities is the market and eventually own consumption and festivities. At the weekends Kisapincha parish, becomes the center of fashion and leather goods trade. The skilled hands of artisans transform raw materials into genuine leather textile jewelry that are available to all who visit this beautiful place. Its leather industry has become a benchmark of local, national and international trade. Pilahuines Its official language is Kichwa, they keep their clothes, holidays and traditions as well as the use of musical instruments themselves as pingullo, prowler, huanca, horn. The knowledge is transmitted orally and practically. The political 81

88 structure of the village Pilahuin is the first authority of any organizational bodies is the Community Assembly, then the Governing Council will continue the Community Cabildo, the Coordinating Council, and finally policies associations and cooperatives. TISALEO In the way is the Puñalica hill. It is the limit between Mocha and Tisaleo. At the top there are three crosses representing the French Geodesic Mission who were making their measurements on this hill. Tetadero de campo. Junior ice creams Bullfights, horseback riding, camping, meeting room, and typical food tasting. There are also delicious ice cream flavors, cone, cookie and cup. You can see the process of elaboration. 82

89 This entire area is agricultural as throughout the province, it is fertile land for the production of flowers, fruits and some vegetables; such as chochos, quinoa, potatoes, peas, beans, onions, mellocos, blackberry, strawberry, cherry, and various kinds of flowers. Artisans in this area are dedicated to making guitars, this is known as the art of carpentry. They use alder wood which is the trade; but also made of pine, walnut and cedar woods are more work and more difficult to get, but at the same time work is more elaborate and expensive. The stringed musical instruments are typical of developing the province. Such is the case of the Canton Pillaro where guitars and harps are made. PINLLO The name is because in this sector there was a lot of plants called Lechero or Pinllo currently this plants still exists but in smaller amounts. What stands out in this sector is the food. The gallinas cuyadas are the main course. The secret of this dish is to feed the chickens with morocho to grow strong, then they are cooked with spices and charcoal. It's served with cooked potatoes and peanut sauce. Pinllo 83

90 bread, is characterized by its mass is made with white flour and black flour and lard. Many of the residents of this area have been devoted to making bread using ancient recipes. 84

91 CONCLUSIONS Ecuador is a country that has many treasures that are hidden behind high mountains, amid forests and in front of our eyes. The Ecuadorian music has its origins from time we cannot imagine, that is why it has so many transitions. The imagination of our ancestors was so great that they were able to create instruments and sounds that even today are indispensable. RECOMMENDATIONS It is important to show tourists both domestic and international, the true essence of Ecuador, who have taken refuge in the culture of its people. It would be important to promote tourism which corresponds to indigenous communities throughout Latin America, as they have much to offer. 85

92 ANNEXES 86

93 ALTERNATIVE ROUTES NOT CHOSEN ITINERARY B DAY 1 5:00 am Quito output 6:30 am Breakfast in Latacunga 7:30 am Transfer to Chambo 9:00 am Visit and recreation in the hot springs of Guayllabamba 10:30 am Transfer to Riobamba 11:00 am Arrive to Riobamba. Meet with the musical duo Coronado Bonilla 12:30 pm Lunch 13:30 pm Transfer to Cubijies 14:00 pm Arrive to Cubijies, land of musicians. Explanation about Cubijies Band. Visit the workshops where do the flying 15:30 pm Transfer to Colta 16:10 pm Arrive to Colta. Explanation of indigenous musical groups, by Mr. Manuel Orozco and presentation of the musical group Ensamble Andino 17:30 pm Tour around the Colta Lagoon and explanation of reeds and crafts with it 18:30 pm Tranfer to Riobamba 19:00 pm Arrive to Riobamba. City by night 20:00 pm Arrive to Montercarlo Hotel 20:30 pm Dinner 21:30 pm Briefing and rest 87

94 DAY 2 7:00 am Breakfast 8:00 am Transfer to Patate 10:00 am Arrive to Patate. Tasting and explanation of the grape chicha and pumpkin arepas by Mrs. Ximena Torres 11:00 am Transfer to Ambato 12:00 pm Arrive to Ambato. Lunch 13:00 pm Transfer to Pillaro 13:40 pm Visit the guitar workshop of Mr. Marco Robalino 14:40 pm Transfer to Quito 16:40 pm Arrive to Quito This route was not chosen because the hours did not match those of the people who were going to attend. And also because it doesn t contains many topics of music. 88

95 NOT CHOSEN ITINERARY C DAY 1 6:00 am Quito output 7:30 am Breakfast in Latacunga 8:30 am Transfer to Píllaro 9:45 am Arrive to Píllaro. Visit the guitar workshop of Mr. Marco Robalino 10:45 am Transfer to Salasaca 11:30 am Arrive to Salasaca. Visit the Artisan Market Llikakama and presentation of an own band in the area 12:30 pm Transfer to Ambato 13:00 pm Lunch in Ambato 14:00 pm Transfer to Tisaleo 14:30 pm Visit the shop making guitars by Julio Ramirez, weaklings, candies and ice cream in the area 16:30 pm Transfer to Riobamba 17:00 pm Arrive to Riobamba. Meet with the musical Duo Coronado Bonilla 18:30 pm Riobamba City by night 20:00 pm Arrive to Montecarlo Hotel 20:30 pm Dinner 21:30 pm Briefing and rest DAY 2 7:00 am Breakfast 8:00 am Transfer to Colta 89

96 8:30 am Visit Colta Lagoon Explanation of indigenous musical groups, by Mr. Manuel Orozco and presentation of the musical group Ensamble Andino 10:30 am Transfer to Penipe 11:30 am Arrive to Penipe. Visit the places where they make all kinds of cheeses 12:30 pm Lunch 13:30 pm Transfer to Guano 14:30 pm Arrive to Guano. Visit the carpet workshops and tasting of cholitas 15:30 pm Transfer to Quito 18:30 pm Arrive to Quito This route was not chosen because if we start the tour from the province of Tungurahua and ended in the province of Chimborazo, becoming the longest and tired return. 90

97 MY COMPANY LOGO 91