Informal Settlement Upgrading in Brazil

Transcription

1 Informal Settlement Upgrading in Brazil The case of Rio de Janeiro s Favela Bairro Programme Rotterdam, The Netherlands Ir. Claudio Acioly Jr. c.acioly

2 72 W 60 Georgetow n Colombia Be nja min Constant Venezuela Santa Elena Boa Vista Paramaribo Suriname Guyana Manaus Careiro Ita itub a French Guiana Cayenne Sa nta ré m Macapá Belém Sa nta Inê s Sâo Luís Fortaleza 0 BRAZIL Peru Ura ba m ba Cuzco Puno Are quipa Molle ndo Iquique Anto fa ga sta Rio Branco Aric a Chile Pôrto Velho La Paz Uyuni Bolivia Suc re Hum a it á Vilhe na Sa nta Cruz Argentina Sa n Miguel de Tucumá n Jac are Acanga Cuiabá Paraguay Doura dos Asunción Sâ o Borja Cachimbo Campo Grande Foz d o Ig ua ç u Gurupi Goiânia Curitiba Ube rlâ ndia Brasilia Sâo Paulo Pô rto Fra nc o Miracema do Norte Pira p ora Sa ntos Florianópolis Barreiras Belo Horizonte Volta Redonda Teresina Pic os Ibotirama Juázeiro Vitória de Conquista Montes Claros Niterói Rio de Janeiro Vitória João Pessoa Salvador Pô rto Se g uro Recife Aracaju Natal Maceió 12 S million Km2 Km million inhabitants 81.2% living in in urban areas GNP per per capita: US$ US$ 2,970 >5,000 municipalities Official development assistance: 0.1% of of GNP La Serena Pôrto Alegre Osório Valparaíso Me nd oza Santiago Sa nta Fe Córdoba Rosa rio Buenos Aires Pa ysa nd ú Uruguay Pelota s Montevideo

3 Main urban centres BELO HORIZONTE m 500 k PREFEITURA DA CIDADE DO RIO DE JANEIRO Distances RIO DE JANEIRO SÃO PAULO 50

4 Local Governments in Brazil Complete political autonomy Mayors and municipal councils chosen in in local election Unrestricted, constitutionally-mandated shares of of principal taxes levied by by Federal and State Governments Power to to impose variety of of local taxes, with unrestricted rates (5 (5 major taxes) Control of of their own civil service Power to to set salaries and administrative structure

5 Informal Settlement Upgrading Program Municipality of Rio de Janeiro

6 1 The city grows but looses its seat as national capital in 1960

7 Evolution of Urban Growth

8 Evolution of Urban Growth Until 1900

9 Evolution of Urban Growth

10 Evolution of Urban Growth

11 MUNICÍPIO DO RIO DE JANEIRO Municípi os da Baixada Fluminense ZONA NORTE ZONA OESTE CENTRO ZONA SUL BARRA DA TIJUCA Instituto Municipal de Urbanismo Pereira Passos Diretoria de Projetos Especiais

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13 2 Municipality of Rio de Janeiro: the administrative and planning divisions

14 Rio de Janeiro in the 90 s: administrative planning areas

15 DE JANEIRO PREFEITURA DA CIDADE DO RIO Santa Cruz Cinelândia Municipality of Rio de Janeiro West Zone CENTRO / AP 1 AP 4 AP 5 Leme / Copacabana Penha ZONA NORTE / AP 3 Barra da Tijuca

16 Total area: Km² 159 neighborhoods 5 administrative planning areas Rio de Janeiro 12 administrative regions 16 general coordination of regional administrations Density = 44.2 inhabitants/ha

17 Ipanema + copa

18 3 The city grows. But also its favelas.

19 POPULATION OF FAVELA RESIDENTS AND TOTAL POPULATION OF THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO (1950/2000) Year Population of Favelas (a) Total Population of Rio (b) a/b (%) Favela Growth Rate by decade Rio Growth Rate by decade ,24% ,20% 99,3% 41,5% ,26% 67,1% 28,6% ,33% 11,4% 19,8% ,10% 40,5% 7,6% ,66% 23,9% 6,9% Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), 2000

20 Favelas in the 1920 s Source: Pro-URB

21 Source: Pro-URB Favelas in the 1940 s

22 Favelas in the 1960 s Source: Pro-URB

23 Source: Pro-URB Favelas in the 1990 s

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25 GROWTH IN FAVELA POPULATION RIO DE JANEIRO ( ) Number of Favelas Population of Favelas Zones variance Percent increase South % 65,596 79,651 21% North % 49,042 55,768 14% West % 94, , % Suburbs % 416, ,340 28% Central % 92,119 99,488 8% TOTAL % 717, ,793 34% Source: IPLANRIO; Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

26 rocinha

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30 4 SLUM CLEARANCE POLICY! A government approach to evict and resettle the poor in urban fringe s housing estates.

31 Favelas, Families and People Removed, favelas removed 17,048 displaced families 102,288 people affected (aprox.) Secretary of Planning and General Coordination of the State of Guanabara (1973) Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

32 : 1974: Large Scale Eviction & Relocation

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38 5 What do we know about the impacts of SLUM CLEARANCE POLICIES! Results from longitudinal surveys. Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

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40 Type of Sample Where are they today? Favela Type of Community Public Housing Project Neighbor hood Random (alive) 30% 37% 1/3 100% (N=73) Leaders (alive) 16% 35% 1/2 100% (N=31) Descendants 17% 34% 1/2 100% (N=101) Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

41 Preliminary Analyses Longitudinal and Intergenerational Analyses 1. Metamorphosis of Marginality 2. Sphere of Fear 3. Social Mobility with Inequality 4. Disillusion with Democracy 5. Agency and Optimism Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

42 1. Marginality as Myth NOT Socially Disorganized BUT Excluded NOT Culturally Backward BUT Stigmatized NOT Economically Parasitic NOT Politically Radical BUT Exploited BUT Repressed, Manipulated Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

43 Asymmetric Integration The myths of marginality are empirically false, analytically misleading and invidious in their policy implications Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

44 Meaning of Marginality 1980 s injustice, spatial segregation 1990 s drug dealers and gangs 2000 the new poverty Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

45 Advanced Marginality Social inequality Absolute surplus population Retrenchment of the welfare state Spatial concentration Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

46 2. SPHERE OF FEAR Fear of what? 1969 Removal/ Eradication by the forces of the dictatorship 2001 cross-fire police drug dealers Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

47 Have you or a family member ever been a victim of: theft robbery aggression homicide breaking & entering political extortion 2% 17% 15% 21% 40% 56% extortion 1% sexual abuse 1% 0% 20% 40% 60% Original Sample Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

48 Between drug dealers or police, who has most helped or harmed your community? 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Trafic % 11% Trafic Drug Dealers Policia helped 9% Police 24% Trafic Trafic % Drug Dealers harmed 35% Police Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

49 Living Conditions (then and now) bathrooms inside the home % % electricity % % brick homes % % 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Original Sample Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

50 Consumption of Next Generation refrigerator television blender stereo system phone or cell washing machine vcr microwave car computer 22% 30% 26% 98% 98% 97% 88% 86% 79% 71% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Children of Original Interviewees Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

51 Educational Mobility case by case comparison 85% of the children have had more education than their parents 14% of the children reached the same educational level as their parents 2% of the children had less education than their parents Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

52 Unemployment Percent unemployed for more than a month: 65% 31% Parents 1969 Children 2001 Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

53 Types of Discrimination Belief that discrimination exists regarding: skin color residency in a favela clothing origin residency in the Baixada residency in the north zone women public housing complex 45% 75% 67% 60% 56% 56% 88% 88% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Original Sample Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

54 Perceived racism Then and Now Does Racism exist in Brazil? 90% 80% 70% 85% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 64% Filhos 2001 Pais Filhos Original Sample Janice Perlman (2002), MARGINALITY: From Myth to Reality, Favelas of Rio de Janeiro,

55 6 Rio de Janeiro The beginning of the 90 s

56 Rio de Janeiro in the 90 s

57 Corcovado final

58 Rio de Janeiro in the 90 s GDP (1991): US$ 46.7 Billion (2x Egypt s,, 3x 3x Peru s) 70% of of GDP of of the State of of Rio de de Janeiro 8.5% of of Brazil s GDP Capital of of Brazil until 1960 (transferred to to Brasilia) 6 Million inhabitants 153 neighborhoods Greater Rio/Metropolitan Region /14 /14 municipalities: million inhab. Municipal Budget: Billion (1996)

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60 Rio de Janeiro: results of the strategic plan STRENGTH 1. Very privileged demographic and climatic situation and quality of urban and natural environment 2. International recognition of the city 3. Economic heart of Brazil situated within a radius of 500 km, favouring its position as a connecting pole to the world with São Paulo and Belo Horizonte 4. Large potential of infrastructures and telecommunication 5. Existence of important centres of research and development and a vast number of universities 6. The presence of small, medium and large enterprises and the availability of advanced services and the capacities to adjust to changes in the market and technology 7. Broad local market with a relative high power of purchase of the population; intense cultural and leisure activities and sports as attracting factors for people and business to settle in the city;

61 Rio de Janeiro: results of the strategic plan WEAKNESS 1. Economic and psychological impacts from loosing the seat of national capital; 2. Urban violence, stressed by the vitrine effect and by the intense sensation of insecurity 3. Weak linkages between enterprises, research institutions and universities 4. Low degree of institutional and operational articulation between the city and its metropolitan region 5. Low degree of co-ordination and integration of the infrastructure of accesses, management problems and the fragility of the logistic for the transport of goods 6. The lack of tradition in publicprivate partnerships and local initiatives to foster the development of the city 7. The crisis in the police system and its negative effect on the security of individuals and citizenship 8. Low performance of transport systems affecting mobility; Severe environmental pollution, worsened by the insufficient coverage of public services, sanitation and solid waste

62 Rio de Janeiro s Municipal Finance: In Billion US$ Direct control over 5 major taxes! TOTAL Loans from capital TOTAL markets. Additional Resources: TDR-Transfer of Development Rights US$ 28 Million

63 Rio de Janeiro in the 90 s: demography População da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro por Área de Planejamento AP1 AP2 AP3 AP4 AP5 total

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65 7. A policy and integrated city wide approach in Rio de Janeiro.

66 Municipal Housing Policy Regularisation & Integration Legalisation of urban land tenure Resettlement Housing Credit Housing Estates Improvement Social Policy Urban Policy Comprehensive & Integrated Approach Informal Settlements- FAVELAS Unauthorised land subdivision Public Housing Estates Risk Areas Other target groups

67 Situation of Rio de Janeiro s Informal Settlements FAVELA = squatter settlement WHAT IS THE DIMENSION OF THE PROBLEM? WHAT IS THE DIMENSION OF THE PROBLEM? 412 Favelas (1991 national census) 570 Favelas (Municipality s cadaster afterwards) 33% of of the housing units in in the Favelas (1991 cadaster) More than 2 Million inhabitants living in in poor conditions 926 illegal land subdivisions (clandestine settlements or or irregular settlements, mostly in in the periphery) Large population excluded from formal occupation, majority earning 1 to to 3 minimum salaries or or U$ 75,00 a U$ 225,00.

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69 Location of Favelas (squatter settlements) in Rio

70 Low Income Settlements in Rio de Janeiro Squatter settlements Clandestine/irregular settlements

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(COD.:18.174) (COD.:18.176) (COD.:18.004) (C`OD: ) (C`OD: ) (C`OD: ) (COD:18.310) (COD:18076) (COD ) (C`OD: ) (C`OD: ) MACIÇO DA PEDRA BRANCA BAÍA DE SEPETIBA OCEANO ATLÂNTICO Legenda cota_100 Vias Ferrovia ra Avenida Brasil Lagoas Escala 1: Data 1995 Loteamentos Irregulares

72 Patterns of Informal Settlements in Rio de Janeiro Irregular: It has an administrative registration in the municipality but does not comply with the legislation and codes for infrastructure, urbanisation and plot sizes Clandestine: There is no administrative registry, not known by municipality, considered as areas of spontaneous land occupation.

73 Irregular and Clandestine Settlements in the Western Zone of Rio de Janeiro Total of 475 settlements mapped and registered in cadastre by the Municipalityclassified as 255 clandestine and 220 irregular; 50% situated in Campo Grande Neighbourhood; Regional Coordination of Planning of the Municipality of Ri de Janeiro estimates approximately 740 settlements in the Planning Area 5; Actually approximately 1 million inhabitants live in these areas;

74 Illegal subdivision in Campo Grande Bairro Aurora plots inhabitants

75 Illegal subdivision in Guaratiba called Jardim Maravilha - 11,754 plots (1720 are occupied ) inhabitants

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77 7. A citywide Slum Upgrading Programme

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79 A Policy and Program Approach to to Upgrade Informal Settlements --Favelas --PROAP, 1995 Stated Objectives: To bring the informal city as as close as as possible to to the legal city, through regularisation and settlement upgrading; To transform favelas into neighbourhoods by by implementing upgrading, issuing land title and providing community and public services; To expand the urban property basis over favelas, residences, plots and housing estates; To broaden the opportunities for for new constructions by by occupying available vacant land and serviced land parcels;

80 A Policy and Program Approach to to Upgrade Informal Settlements --Favelas --PROAP, 1995 HIDDEN OBJECTIVES: To re-establish local governance and reinstall urban order To neutralise the influence & power of of the organized crime & drug dealers gangs; To incorporate informal settlements into the formal housing markets; To incorporate informal settlements into the urban property tax system and revenue collection. To reinstall a political basis for for citizenship practice!

81 Selection Criteria for Upgrading Selection Criteria for Upgrading (1) (1) size size of of the the favela (2) (2) the the level level of of difficulty or or possibilities to to upgrading (3) (3) the the level level of of provision of of infrastructure already in in place and and (4) (4) the the social-economic needs of of the the inhabitants. High costs to to upgrade large settlements = exclusion of of favelas with with more than than 2,500 families High costs to to upgrade small settlements --exclusion of of small favelas. IDEAL SIZE = ,500 households or or 2,000-11,000 inhabitants as as the the most effective. Level of of urbanisation of of the the favela was was rated in in indicators Percentage of of households connected to to water and and sanitation networks Percentage of of household heads earning up up to to one one minimum salary (US$100) RESULT:final selection of of favelas to to be be upgraded!

82 THE FINANCE OF UPGRADING THE FINANCE OF UPGRADING START: municipal budget = 60% Midway: financial support from Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) = 40% Total budget of the Rio s Favela Bairro Program (phase 1): nearly US$300 million PRINCIPLE: never exceed US$ 2, per family

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86 Components of the Upgrading Package PHYSICAL COMPONENT Infrastructure (water, sewage, drains, public lightning, roads) Services (garbage recollection, post services) Community Facilities (day care centers, libraries, sports facilities, etc.) Housing provision (up to 8% relocations) SOCIAL COMPONENT education health culture sports & leisure job generation LEGAL COMPONENT 1. titling URBAN/ADMINISTRATIVE COMPONENT 1. declaration of special social interest area (AEIS) 2. recognition of roads and pathways

87 Urban Plan: the physical planning intervention Infrastructure 1. Water Supply 2. Sewerage System 3. Drainage System 4. Public Lighting 5. Road Network 6. Land slide Protection 7. Garbage collection 8. Boundary Setting Community Facilities 1. Creche 2. Squares 3. Leisure areas 4. Sport facilities 5. POUSO 6. Library Land Regularisation 1. Defining an AEIS 2. Approving PA Alignment Plan 3. Recognising Road Names 4. Numbering Residential units 5. Authorisation to live (Habitate-se). Community Participation: 1. Thematic workshops 2. Community Meetings 3. Assemblies

88 Legislation Sewerage Accessibility Integrated Upgrading Square Maintenance Sports Facilities Built Housing Construction Identifying & Reconising Roads

89 Public Investment to improve living conditions Public Space

90 Before upgrading

91 After upgrading

92 Rio de Janeiro s Upgrading Program - Favela Bairro MAYOR Municipal Secretariats Health Housing Planning P.Works Education Project Management horizontal coordination implementation

93 Rio de Janeiro s Upgrading Program - Favela Bairro Allocate Budgets Municipality INITIATOR Develops Policy SMH Architecture Offices Project Management Building Contractors Community

94 Rio de Janeiro s Upgrading Program - Favela Bairro Allocate Budgets Response Public Tendering Development of Methodologies Architecture Offices Work out a plan & project & involve the community Hires best ideas Municipality SMH INITIATOR Project Management Liaison & mobilization Community Develops Policy Selects Target & Priority Favelas Contracts qualified firms: price & competence Building Contractors Executes the project Criminal organizations, Drugs, Wapens, Intimidation

95 Rio de Janeiro s Upgrading Program - Favela Bairro MAYOR Secretary of Housing Program Manager Architecture Offices Project Manager Community Building Contractors

96 Results Total population living in favelas: people Total number of people benefited: people 46,55% Total number of favelas: 600 Total number of favelas upgraded: ,83 %

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100 Capacitação especializada

101 Aumento de escolaridade

102 Aumento de escolaridade

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112 Ladeira dos Funcionários e Pq. São Sebastião Projeto: Fábrica Arquitetura Domicílios: 927 População: habitantes Investimento: 7,2 milhões de Reais Área: 5,1 ha

113 Componentes do Projeto

114 Fernão Cardim antes, durante e depois

115 Fernão Cardim antes, durante e depois

116 Parque Royal antes e depois

117 Parque Royal antes e depois

118 Vidigal antes e depois

119 THE END FIM FUND