PLANTA DANINHA MANAGEMENT OF PARTHENIUM WEED USING METABOLITES. Manejo da Espécie Infestante Parthenium por Meio de Metabólitos de Alternaria japonica

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1 PLNT DNINH JVID,. et l. Mngement of prthenium wee using metolites of lternri jponi PD-16 (9 págins) PROV GRÁFI < SOIEDDE RSILEIR D IÊNI DS PLNTS DNINHS ISSN (print) (online) rtile JVID,. 1 * MUEEN, T. 1 SHIR, U. 1 SHOI,. 1 MNGEMENT OF PRTHENIUM WEED USING METOLITES OF lternri jponi Mnejo Espéie Infestnte Prthenium por Meio e Metólitos e lternri jponi STRT - Prthenium (Prthenium hysterophorus) is n lien invsive wee infesting mny prts of the worl inluing Pkistn. numer of heriies hve een reommene for ontrol of this wee, ut these heriies hve issues regring humn helth n environmentl sfety. In the urrent stuy, the heriil potentil of ulture filtrtes of fungl speies, nmely lternri jponi, ws evlute ginst prthenium wee. The fungl speies ws grown in mlt extrt roth (ME) n potto extrose roth (PD) for 1 ys. ulture filtrtes were otine y pssing the mterils through muslin loth followe y filtrtion through filter pper n then through Millipore filter pper. In lortory iossys, the effet of originl (X) n ilute (½X) filtrtes ws stuie on see germintion, n shoot n root growth of prthenium. In generl, fungl ulture filtrtes prepre in either of the two growth meium signifintly reue germintion n seeling growth of prthenium. However, ulture filtrtes prepre in potto extrose roth showe greter heriil tivity thn those prepre in mlt extrt roth. Folir spry iossys were rrie out y using ulture filtrtes of. jponi prepre in potto extrose roth. In this experiment, 1-, - n 3 week ol prthenium seelings were sprye times with originl (X) n onentrte (X) fungl ulture filtrtes, with intervls of ys. In generl, 1 week ol prthenium seelings were highly suseptile to folir spry of fungl metolites. The present stuy onlues tht ulture filtrtes of. jponi prepre in potto extrose roth ontin potent heriil onstituents for mngement of prthenium. Keywors: steree, ongo grss, fungi, myoheriie, wee. * orresponing uthor: <rshjpk@yhoo.om> Reeive: Mrh 16, 16 pprove: pril 11, 16 Plnt Dninh 17; v3:e RESUMO - losn-rn (Prthenium hysterophorus) é um espéie invsor não ntiv que infest váris prtes o muno, inluino o Pquistão. Diversos heriis têm sio reomenos pr o ontrole ess plnt ninh, ms eles presentm risos à súe humn e à segurnç mientl. Neste estuo, o potenil herii e filtros e ultur espéie fúngi lternri jponi foi vlio em omprção à plnt ninh losn-rn. espéie fúngi foi ultiv em lo e extrto e mlte (EM) e lo e extrose e tt (D) por 1 is. Os filtros s ulturs form otios pel pssgem os mteriis trvés e um pno e musselin, seguio por filtrção em ppel-filtro e, em segui, em ppel-filtro Millipore. Nos ioensios em lortório, foi oservo o efeito os filtros originl (X) e iluío (½X) n germinção e sementes, em omo o resimento o sistem riulr e prte ére losn-rn. Em gerl, os filtros ultur fúngi prepros em qulquer um os meios e ultur gerou reução signifitiv n germinção e no resimento s mus e losn-rn. No entnto, os filtros ultur prepros em lo e extrose 1 Institute of griulturl Sienes, University of the Punj Lhore, Pkistn. Doi: 1.19/S Plnt Dninh 17; v3:e

2 JVID,. et l. Mngement of prthenium wee using metolites of lternri jponi e tt presentrm mior tivie herii o que os prepros em lo e extrto e mlte. Form relizos ioensios folires por pulverizção usno filtros e ultur e. jponi prepros em lo e extrose e tt. Neste experimento, mus e losn-rn om um, us e três semns e ie form pulverizs qutro vezes om os filtros iniil (X) e onentro (x) ultur fúngi, om intervlos e qutro is. Em gerl, s mus e losn-rn om um semn e ie mostrrm lt sensiilie à spersão folir e metólitos fúngios. O presente estuo onluiu que os filtros e ultur e. jponi prepros em lo e extrose e tt ontêm omponentes heriis potentes pr o mnejo losn-rn. Plvrs-hve: steree, pim-o-ongo, fungos, mio-herii, plnt ninh. INTRODUTION Prthenium hysterophorus, elongs to the well-known plnt fmily steree. It inhits most prts of the worl. It is noxious wee euse of its invsiveness, ptility to vrile environmentl onitions, n ility to grow n spre luxurintly (Kumri, 1). Its two mjor synergistilly ting llelohemil groups viz. phenolis n sesquiterpene ltones re responsile for reuing see germintion n growth of mny plnts (Multu et l., 9). This wee poses serious ioti threts to plnts s result of its potentil to lter ove-groun vegettion n elow-groun soil nutrients, n t s n lternte host for rop pests (Timsin et l., 1). Humn helth hzrs use y this wee hve lso rehe epiemi proportions with the prolems, inluing llergi effets, skin inflmmtion, ezem, sthm, irrhoe, hy fever, lk spots, urning, listers roun the eyes et. Systemi toxiity in livestok hs een reporte fter exposure to n onsumption of prthenium, whih lter ffets milk n met qulity (Ptel, 1). Detes re in progress to get ri of prthenium, n mny mngement strtegies hve een opte, inluing hemil heriies suh s glyphoste, trzine, triflurlin, iphenmi et. (Nseer-u-Din et l., 11), n ropping methos, e.g., hn pulling, mulhing, mowing, urning n growing some ompetitive rops et. (Khn et l., 13). Shortomings regring hemil heriies n inrese emn of orgni frming hve shifte sientists ttention towrs environmentlly-sfe wee mngement methos (kr n Jvi, 13). Vrious iologil wee mngement options hve een pplie so fr, inluing the use of nturl heriies from plnts (Jvi et l., 1) n fungi (kr n Jvi, 13) to ontrol wees. Use of fungl metolites is regre s n environmentlly sfe metho to omt troulesome wees (Frooq et l., 11). The heriil potentil of ifferent speies of Fusrium, Drehsler, Trihoerm n spergillus ginst prthenium hs een oumente (Jvi n rees, 9; Jvi et l., 11, 13, 1). The genus lternri of somyete fungi is mjor phytopthogen, omprise of 99 speies, n it is foun throughout the worl (Kirk et l., 8). Over 68 metolites hve een reporte from ifferent speies of lternri, n most of them showe phytotoxi, ytotoxi, n ntimiroil properties (Lou et l., 13). Snoiy et l. (1) ientifie tenuzoni i in. lternt n verifie its heriil potentil ginst prthenium. The finings of Sxen n Kumr (1) suggeste signifint inrese in the mortlity of prthenium wee s result of the pplition of metolites of. lternt. Kur et l. (16) foun tht lternri mrospor ws pthogeni to prthenium leves responsile for using lef light, n its metolites use signifint mge to the wee. The present reserh ws rrie out to ssess the heriil potentil of ulture filtrtes of lternri jponi ginst prthenium wee. MTERILS ND METHODS Lortory iossys: Pure ulture of. jponi ws otine from the First Fungl ulture nk of Pkistn, Institute of griulturl Sienes, University of Punj, Lhore, Pkistn. Two perent mlt extrt gr meium ws use for su-ulturing of the fungus. Fungl metolites were prepre y inoulting fungl is ( mm) from the periphery of the 7 y ol ulture to pre-utolve % mlt extrt roth (ME) n potto extrose roth (PD) in ml flsks uner septi onitions. The inoulte flsks were kept in n inutor t o for two Plnt Dninh 17; v3:e

3 JVID,. et l. Mngement of prthenium wee using metolites of lternri jponi 3 weeks. fter the inution perio, the fungl mt ws seprte from the roth through sterilize muslin loth, followe y further filtrtion through sterilize filter ppers. Filtrtes were entrifuge t 6 rpm for minutes n then filtere through Whtmn Millipore filter ppers. The originl fungl metolites (X) were ilute with utolve istille wter to prepre lower onentrtion (½X). Prthenium sees were ollete from ifferent res of Punj University Lhore, Pkistn. They were rie t o for hours in n oven. Sees were surfe sterilize in soium hypohlorite solution (%) for 1 minute n then wshe with sterilize wter. Twenty-five surfe sterilize sees were ple on pre-sterilize Petri ishes (9 m imeter) line with oule lyer of filter ppers, n moistene with. ml of originl or ilute onentrtions of the fungl metolites. For ontrol, the sme mount of istille wter ws use. Eh tretment ws repete four times. The Petri ishes were kept in ompletely rnomize esign in growth hmer t o with 1 hour light n 1 hour rk perio, on ily sis, for two weeks. Dt on see germintion n plnt growth were reore in terms of shoot length, root length, n fresh n ry plnt iomss. Pot ssys: For the pot experiment, PD ws use to mke fungl metolites in similr metho to the one esrie previously. The experiment ws onute in plsti pots (1 m imeter) fille with sterilize sny lom soil followe y sowing of 1 pre-sterilize prthenium sees in eh pot. Folir spry with originl (X) n onentrte (X) metolites ws rrie out on three sets tht onsiste of 7, 1 n 1 ys ol plnts. onentrte fungl metolites were quire through evportion of the originl fungl metolites t o in n eletri oven. Pots were sprye with ml of eh originl or onentrte metolites of the fungus while istille wter ws sprye on plnts of ontrol tretment. Three sprys were pplie on eh set every ys. The plnts were hrveste ys fter sowing n length s well s fresh n ry weight vlues were reore for root n shoot. ll the t from lortory iossys s well s from folir spry iossys were sujete to nlysis of vrine followe y the LSD test to ifferentite the tretment mens t % level of signifine, using the softwre Sttistix 8.1. RESULTS ND DISUSSION Lortory iossys: In generl, the heriil effet of fungl metolites prepre in PD ws more pronoune on germintion n growth of prthenium thn those prepre in ME. The effet of ilute metolites prepre in ME ws insignifint while the originl metolites signifintly reue germintion y 1% ompre with the ontrol. On the other hn, oth originl n ilute metolites prepre in PD signifintly erese germintion y 31% n 8% ompre with the ontrol, respetively (Figure 1). Some previous stuies revel tht metolites of other lternri speies, espeilly. lternt, n signifintly suppress germintion of prthenium sees, possily euse of the presene of ertin heriil onstituents in these metolites (Jvi n rees, 9). The originl fungl metolites prepre in ME signifintly reue length n iomss of shoot y 63% n 8%, respetively. However, while the ilute metolites h n insignifint effet on shoot length, they reue shoot iomss signifintly y 3% over the ontrol. On the other hn, shoot length ws erese y 88% n 3%, n shoot ry iomss eline y 93% n % euse of the originl n the ilute fungl metolites, respetively, prepre in PD (Figure 1, D). The effet of the originl n ilute metolites exhiite heriil effets ginst vrious prmeters of root growth whih re similr to tht of shoot growth (Figure, ). Different heriil effets of fungl metolites in the two growth meiums might hve een the result of the formtion of ifferent types or quntities of heriil onstituents in the issimilr growth meium. The results of some stuies rrie out previously lso support the finings of the present stuy. Jvi et l. (13) reporte signifint reution in prthenium see germintion euse of metolites of four Trihoerm speies prepre in M-1-D meium ompre with those prepre in mlt extrt roth. Likewise, ifferenes in heriil tivity of vrious Drehsler speies prepre in M-1-D meium n mlt extrt roth were reore ginst prolemti wee of whet, i.e. Rumex enttus (kr n Jvi, 1, 13). Plnt Dninh 17; v3:e

4 JVID,. et l. Mngement of prthenium wee using metolites of lternri jponi Germintion (%) ontrol Dilute Originl Mlt Extrt Potto Dextrose Root length (mm) 1 1 ontrol Dilute Originl Shoot length (mm) Mlt Extrt Potto Dextrose Root fresh weight (mg) Mlt Extrt Potto Dextrose Shoot fresh weight (mg) Mlt Extrt Potto Dextrose Root ry weight (mg) 3 1 Mlt Extrt Potto Dextrose Shoot ry weight (mg) 1 1 Mlt Extrt The vertil rs show stnr errors of mens of the four replites. The vlues with ifferent letters t the top show signifint ifferene (P.) s etermine y the LSD Test. Figure 1 - Effet of originl (X) n ilute (½X) metolites of lternri jponi, prepre in mlt extrt roth n potto extrose roth, on germintion n shoot growth of prthenium seelings in lortory iossys. Potto Dextrose D The vertil rs show stnr errors of mens of the four replites. The vlues with ifferent letters t the top show signifint ifferene (P.) s etermine y the LSD Test. Figure - Effet of originl (X) n ilute (½X) metolites of lternri jponi, prepre in mlt extrt roth n potto extrose roth, on root growth of prthenium seelings in lortory iossys. Pot trils: In folir spry iossys, the heriil effet of the fungl metolites ws ssoite with the onentrtion of the filtrtes n the ge of the host plnt. In generl, the onentrte metolites were more heriil thn the originl one; 1 week ol prthenium plnts were more suseptile to metolites thn oler plnts. The originl n onentrte metolites signifintly reue shoot length y 36% n 7% in 1 week ol, n % n 7% in week ol prthenium seelings, respetively. The effet of metolites on shoot length of 3 week ol plnts ws insignifint. oth the originl n the onentrte metolites signifintly reue fresh n ry iomss of prthenium seelings. There ws % n 8% suppression in shoot ry iomss of 1 week ol, n 31% n 3% reution in week ol plnts, respetively. In 3 week ol plnts, only the onentrte metolites showe signifint heriil effet n reue shoot ry iomss y % over the ontrol (Figure 3, ). oth types of metolites signifintly reue length s well s fresh n ry iomss of roots of prthenium. There ws 33% n %, % n %, n 3% n % reution in root ry iomss of 1-, - n 3 week ol prthenium plnts, use y the originl n the onentrte metolites, respetively (Figure, ). Some previous stuies lso showe tht the heriil tivity of fungl metolites ereses with the ge of wee plnts (Jvi et l., 11, 13; kr n Jvi, 13). The present stuy onlues tht ulture filtrtes of. jponi ontins potent heriil onstituents for eofrienly mngement of prthenium wee. Further reserh is require to ientify the effetive heriil ompouns in these ulture filtrtes. Plnt Dninh 17; v3:e

5 JVID,. et l. Mngement of prthenium wee using metolites of lternri jponi ontrol Originl metolites onentrte metolites 3 ontrol Originl metolites onentrte metolites Shoot length (m) e Root length (m) 1 1 e Shoot fresh weight (g) 3 1 Root fresh weight (g) Shoot ry weight (g) The vertil rs show stnr errors of mens of five replites. The vlues with ifferent letters t the top show signifint ifferene (P.) s etermine y the LSD Test. Root ry weight (g) The vertil rs show stnr errors of mens of the five replites. The vlues with ifferent letters t the top show signifint ifferene (P.) s etermine y the LSD Test. Figure 3 - Effet of originl n onentrte metolites of lternri jponi prepre in potto extrose roth on shoot growth of prthenium in pot trils. Figure - Effet of originl (X) n onentrte (X) metolites of lternri jponi prepre in potto extrose roth on root growth of prthenium in pot trils. REFERENES kr M., Jvi. Mngement of some prolemti wees of whet y metolites of Drehsler spp. prepre in mlt extrt. Pk J Wee Si Res. 1;16:1-1. kr M., Jvi. Prospets of using fungl metolites for the mngement of Rumex enttus, prolemti wee of whet. Int J gri iol. 13;1: Frooq M. et l. The role of llelopthy in griulturl pest mngement. J Pest Mnge Si. 11;67:9-6. Jvi., rees H. Prthenium mngement y ulturl filtrtes of phytopthogeni fungi. Nt Pro Res. 9;3:11-1. Jvi., Shfique S., Shfique S. Heriil effets of extrts n resiue inorportion of Dtur metel ginst prthenium wee. Nt Pro Res. 1;: Jvi., Jvi., kr M. Heriil potentil of ulture filtrtes of Drehsler spp. ginst Prthenium hysterophorus. hil J gri Res. 11;71:63-7. Jvi. et l. Effet of ulture meium on heriil potentil of metolites of Trihoerm speies ginst Prthenium hysterophorus. Int J gri iol. 13;1:119-. Jvi. et l. Sreening of spergilli for heriil tivity of their ulture filtrtes ginst Prthenium wee. Pk J Wee Si Res. 1;:137-. Kur M. et l. Effets n Mngement of Prthenium hysterophorus: wee of glol signifine. Int Sholrly Res Noties. 1;1:1-1. Khn N. et l. Suppressive ility of selete foer plnts on the growth of Prthenium hysterophorus. J Wee Res. 13;3:61-8. Plnt Dninh 17; v3:e

6 JVID,. et l. Mngement of prthenium wee using metolites of lternri jponi 6 Kirk P.M. et l. Ditionry of the fungi. 1 th e. Wllingfor: I, 8. p. Kumri M. Prthenium hysterophorus L.: Noxious n Rpily Spreing Wee of Ini. J hem iol Phys Si. 1;:16-8. Lou J. et l. Metolites from lternri fungi n their iotivities. Moleules. 13;18: Multu W., Gezhegn., Solomon T. llelopthi effets of n invsive lien wee Prthenium hysterophorus L. ompost on lettue germintion n growth. fr J gri Res. 9;:13-3. Nseer-U-Din G.M., Shehz M.., Nsrullh H.M. Effiy of vrious pre n post-emergene heriies to ontrol wees in whet. Pk J gri Si. 11;8:18-9. Ptel S. Hrmful n enefiil spets of Prthenium hysterophorus: n upte. iotehnology. 11;1:1-9. Snoiy. et l. Isoltion n hrteriztion of Tenuzoni i proue y lternri lternt, potentil ioheriil gent for ontrol of Lntn mr. J Plnt Prot Res. 1;: Sxen S., Kumr M. Evlution of lternri lternt IT896 for use s myoheriie to ontrol Prthenium hysterophorus. rh Phytopthol Plnt Prot. 1;3:116-. Timsin. et l. Impt of Prthenium hysterophorus L. invsion on plnt speies omposition n soil properties of grssln ommunities in Nepl. Flor Morphol Distri Funt Eol Plnts. 11;6:33-. Plnt Dninh 17; v3:e