1.1.1 The National Park Management Plan Process

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1 1 Introution 1.1 CONTEXT The Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln Proess Uner setion 45 of the Ntionl Prks At 1980, the Deprtment of Conservtion (the Deprtment) is require to prepre n where neessry review Mngement Plns for Ntionl Prks. Mngement Plns provie for the y-to-y mngement of Ntionl Prks, n provie strtegi iretion for prk mngement over 10 yer perio. For Egmont Ntionl Prk (the prk), the pln review provies vision, n then ientifies the Deprtment s poliies on numer of issues, suh s reltionships with Tngt Whenu, mngement of nturl n histori resoures, niml n plnt pest ontrol, visitor filities, onessions, puli wreness, jent ln uses n liison with the ommunity. The Trety of Witngi settlement proess is elt with through the Offie of Trety Settlements (OTS), n is seprte to the mngement pln proess. The Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln Review hs een prepre in orne with setion 47 of the Ntionl Prks At, whih inlue the following stges: 1. An initil notie inviting suggestions n omments - this phse inlue the requirement to ple puli noties in pproprite ily newsppers, initing the Deprtment s intention to review the pln. A pre-rft puli onsulttion proess with visitor groups, user groups n Iwi lso took ple. 2. Preprtion of rft mngement pln in onsulttion with the Trnki/ Whngnui Conservtion Bor (the Bor). 3. Relese of the rft mngement pln for forml puli omment/sumission. 4. Herings on sumissions. 5. The rft pln ws revise in light of sumissions supporte y the Deprtment n points rise t the herings. 6. The Bor onsiere the revise rft n the summry of sumissions n me reommentions for menments to the pln. 7. When stisfie with the pln, the Bor reommene it to the New Zeln Conservtion Authority (NZCA) for pprovl. 8. The NZCA onsiere the rft n menments n then referre the rft to the Minister of Conservtion, efore finlly pproving the revise mngement pln. The Wngnui Conservny of the Deprtment of Conservtion ministers Egmont Ntionl Prk. The Strtfor Are Offie is responsile for the y-to-y mngement of the prk. The prk is mnge in orne with the Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln, the Wngnui Conservny Conservtion Mngement Strtegy n legisltion (s liste in the Legisltion Setion). The mountin is offiilly lle Mount Trnki or Mount Egmont. For ese of reing n onsisteny throughout this pln, the mountin will e referre to s Mount Trnki. Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

2 1.1.2 Wht is Ntionl Prk? The Interntionl Union for the Conservtion of Nture n Nturl Resoures (IUCN) hs opte the following efinition of ntionl prk. A ntionl prk is reltively lrge re: Where one or severl eosystems re not mterilly ltere y humn exploittion n ouption, where plnt n niml speies, geomorphologil sites n hitts re of speifi sientifi interest, eutionl n reretionl interest or whih ontins nturl lnspe of gret euty; Where the highest ompetent uthority of the ountry hs tken steps to prevent or to eliminte s soon s possile exploittion or ouption in the whole re n to enfore effetively the respet of eologil, geomorphologil, or estheti fetures whih hve le to its estlishment; Where visitors re llowe to enter, uner speil onitions, for inspirtionl, eutive, ulturl n reretionl purposes. In the Ntionl Prks At 1980, ntionl prks re efine s res of New Zeln tht ontin senery of suh istintive qulity, eologil systems, or nturl fetures so eutiful, unique, or sientifilly importnt tht their preservtion is in the ntionl interest. (Setion 4(1)) The Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln The Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln hs four min prts: Prt 1 inlues the ontext of the mngement pln, the plnning proess, n the influenes on the ministrtion n mngement of the prk y the Deprtment n other oies. It lso provies resoure informtion s kgroun to the mngement issues tht rise in the prk. Prt 2 estlishes mngement philosophy for the prk; this omines the vision for the prk with set of gols. The mngement philosophy estlishes the sis for the formtion of more etile ojetives n poliies. Prt 3 sets out the min mngement ojetives n poliies. It is ivie into six mjor setions: Trety of Witngi, Heritge Protetion, Use Mngement, Community Reltions, Sttutory Plnning n Avoy n Implementtion, Monitoring n Review. Finlly, there is glossry, referene lists n ppenies whih provie informtion on prk infrstruture n ylws. The hierrhy of the pln provies vision, gols, ojetives, poliies n tions. 1.2 LEGISLATION The Ntionl Prks At 1980 Setion 4 of the At outlines the min priniples to e pplie to ntionl prks s outline elow. 12 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

3 Prks to e mintine in nturl stte n the puli to hve right of entry - (1)"It is herey elre tht the provisions of this At shll hve effet for the purpose of preserving in perpetuity s ntionl prks, for their intrinsi worth n for the enefit, use n enjoyment of the puli, res of New Zeln tht ontin senery of suh istintive qulity, eologil systems, or nturl fetures so eutiful, unique, or sientifilly importnt tht their preservtion is in the ntionl interest. (2) It is herey further elre tht, hving regr to the generl purposes speifie in susetion (1) of this setion, ntionl prks shll e so ministere n mintine uner the provisions of this At tht- ()They shll e preserve s fr s possile in their nturl stte: () Exept where the Authority otherwise etermines, the ntive plnts n nimls of the prks shll s fr s possile e preserve n introue plnts n nimls shll s fr s possile e exterminte: () Sites n ojets of rheologil n historil interest shll s fr s possile e preserve: () Their vlue s soil, wter n forest onservtion res shll e mintine: (e) Sujet to the provision of this At n to the imposition of suh onitions n restritions s my e neessry for the preservtion of the ntive plnts n nimls or for the welfre in generl of the prks, the puli shll hve freeom of entry n ess to the prks, so tht they my reeive in full mesure the inspirtion, enjoyment, reretion n other enefits tht my e erive from mountins, forests, souns, seosts, lkes, rivers n other nturl fetures." Ntionl Prk Bylws Setion 56 of the Ntionl Prks At 1980 enles the Minister of Conservtion to mke ylws for ontrolling ess n vrious tivities in ntionl prks. Bylws nnot e inonsistent with this mngement pln. The ylws for Egmont Ntionl Prk me into fore on the 1st y of April Current ylws for the Egmont Ntionl Prk re liste in Appenix The Generl Poliy for Ntionl Prks 1983 The Generl Poliy for Ntionl Prks provies iretion for hieving the ro ojetives of the Ntionl Prks At It inlues numer of poliies n ompnying explntions on rnge of mngement issues tht ommonly our in ntionl prks. This mngement pln must e in orne with the Generl Poliy for Ntionl Prks Mount Egmont Vesting At 1978 This At provie for the symoli return of Mount Egmont to the Trnki Mori Trust Bor ting on ehlf of the Mori tries onerne, n the gifting of the mountin k to the Crown y the Bor for the purposes of ntionl prk for the Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

4 use n enjoyment of ll the people of New Zeln. This At is in Appenix The Conservtion At 1987 The Conservtion At 1987 estlishe the Deprtment of Conservtion n irets the ministrtion n mngement of ll ln n resoures uner the Deprtment's ontrol (other Ats lso iret the ministrtion n mngement of puli onservtion ln). The funtions of the Deprtment s set out in setion 6 of the At re: () To mnge for onservtion purposes, ll ln, n ll other nturl n histori resoures, for the time eing hel uner this At, n ll other nturl n histori resoures whose owner grees shoul e mnge y the Deprtment; () To preserve s fr s is prtile ll inigenous freshwter fisheries, n protet reretionl freshwter fisheries n freshwter fish hitts; () To vote the onservtion of nturl n histori resoures generlly; () To promote the enefits to present n future genertions of the onservtion of nturl n histori resoures generlly n the nturl n histori resoures of New Zeln in prtiulr; () To prepre, provie, isseminte, promote n puliise eutionl n promotionl mteril relting to onservtion; n (e) To the extent tht the use of ny nturl n histori resoure for reretion or tourism is not inonsistent with its onservtion, to foster the use of nturl n histori resoures for reretion n to llow their use for tourism. (f) To vise the Minister on mtters relting to ny of those funtions or to onservtion generlly: (g) Every other funtion onferre on it y ny other entment. Conservtion Bors re estlishe uner setion 6L of the Conservtion At The funtions n powers of the Conservtion Bors re set out in setions 6M n 6N of the At. Setion 4 of the Conservtion At 1987 sttes: "This At shll so e interprete n ministere s to give effet to the priniples of the Trety of Witngi." The Conservtion Mngement Strtegy (CMS) Prt IIIA of the Conservtion At 1987 requires eh onservny to prepre 10 yer strtegy for mngement for the onservny. The Conservtion Mngement Strtegy (CMS) is sttutory oument whih implements generl poliies n estlishes ojetives for the integrte mngement of nturl n histori resoures. The onut of some tivities on ln ministere y the Deprtment n tke ple only in orne with the CMS. Distrit n regionl uthorities prepring n ministering istrit n regionl plns must hve regr to the CMS. It must e note however tht the CMS is sttement of intent n oes not overrie provisions of legisltion, generl poliy n greements. The CMS els with: Mngement of ln ministere y the Deprtment. The mngement of protete speies on ll ln, regrless of ownership. 14 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

5 Mrine mmml protetion, wil niml ontrol, protetion of freshwter fisheries, n other issues whih ffet nturl resoures in the Conservny, oth on n off ln ministere y the Deprtment. The mngement of histori resoures on ln ministere y the Deprtment. Ares whih hve high nturl or histori vlues, ut re unprotete (urrently) n isusses how, in some ses, protetion oul e hieve. The Deprtment s priorities for inresing puli wreness of onservtion issues. Interprettion of nturl n histori vlues on ln ministere y the Deprtment. Priorities n iretion for onservtion mngement. The CMS provies the sis for mngement plnning for ll res ministere y the Deprtment. Conservtion Mngement Plns re require for ll ntionl prks. This mngement pln must not e inonsistent with ny of the provisions of the CMS, n while this oument is intene to stn lone, the CMS my lso nee to e use for guine on numer of issues where speifi iretion is unle to e provie in this mngement pln The Resoure Mngement At 1991 The purpose of this At is "to promote the sustinle mngement of nturl n physil resoures y mnging the use, evelopment n protetion of nturl n physil resoures in wy, or t rte, whih enles people n ommunities to provie for their soil, eonomi, n ulturl well eing n for their helth n sfety while - () sustining the potentil of nturl n physil resoures (exluing minerls) to meet the resonle foreseele nees of future genertions; n () sfeguring the life supporting pity of ir, wter, soil n eosystems; n () voiing, remeying, or mitigting ny verse effets of tivities on the environment." (Setion 5 Resoure Mngement At 1991) The Resoure Mngement At is ministere y lol government n is implemente through Distrit n Regionl Plns n Sttements prepre y Counils. The tivities of the Deprtment re oun y the provisions of the Regionl Poliy Sttements, Distrit Plns n Regionl Plns n the Deprtment must pply for resoure onsents for tivities s require uner those plns. However, setion 4 of the At llows for limite exemption for the Deprtment where lnuse tivity is in orne with mngement pln or CMS n where it oes not hve signifint verse effets outsie the ounry of the Prk. Setion 72(2)() of the At sttes tht "A territoril uthority shll hve regr to ny mngement plns n strtegies prepre uner ny other At". Counils will therefore hve to hve regr to the Conservtion Mngement Strtegy for Wngnui Conservny when prepring their plns n poliies. Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

6 1.2.6 Non-sttutory Plnning A numer of other plnning tivities hve signifint influene on this pln, n inlue the following: Interntionl greements often hve sustntil influene on onservtion poliy or legisltion t ntionl level. These my inlue: the ICOMOS New Zeln Chrter for the Conservtion of Ples n Culturl Heritge Vlue, prepre y the Interntionl Counil on Monuments n Sites n the New Zeln Ntionl Committee, the Unite Ntions Conferene on Environment n Development (UNCED), the Convention Conerning the Protetion of Worl Culturl n Nturl Heritge, n the Convention on Wetlns of Interntionl Importne, espeilly s Wterfowl Hitt (Rmsr). Ntionl strtegies re prepre y the Deprtment to guie the tivities of ll onservnies in numer of ifferent funtionl res. These inlue ntionl ontrol plns for gots, possums n wsps, speies reovery plns, Visitor Servies Strtegy n n Histori Resoures Strtegy, to nme few. Funtionl plns for puli onservtion ln re speifi to prtiulr type of tivity suh s reretion, wil niml ontrol or the reovery of thretene speies. These re generlly non-sttutory ouments, n re prepre to enle the Deprtment to rry out its funtions in strtegi n o-orinte mnner. Wngnui Conservny Strtegies relevnt to the Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln inlue: The Histori Resoures Strtegy, Reretion Strtegy, Wil Animl Mngement Pln, Speies Conservtion Strtegies n Puli Awreness Strtegy. Opertionl plns re working plns to guie the opertionl tivities of the Deprtment in prtiulr progrmme or re. They re normlly informl n in-house plns, ut n e sujet to inspetion through the usiness plnning proeure. Business plns re require y the Puli Finne At 1989 n re prepre nnully y ll Deprtment onservnies. The usiness pln outlines the onservtion progrmmes propose y the onservny for the finnil yer. It is guie y the ojetives n priorities of the Conservtion Mngement Strtegy n mngement plns, ut is lso sujet to Government n ntionl priorities. This pln is further mens of guiene for the implementtion of these ouments n strtegies Other Boies with Aministrtion Responsiilities in the Prk Lol uthorities The South Trnki, Strtfor n the New Plymouth Distrit Counils together with the Trnki Regionl Counil, over the re of the prk n re responsile for implementing the Resoure Mngement At, 1991 (RMA). The istrit ounils prepre istrit plns to ontrol the effets of ln use n suivision, while the Trnki Regionl Counil prepres the Regionl Poliy Sttement n regionl plns n is responsile for wter n ir pollution ontrol, soil onservtion n river n floo ontrol. The purpose of the RMA is to promote sustinle mngement of nturl n physil resoures. The provisions of the ove mentione plns in the 16 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

7 tivities of the Deprtment n other opertors in the prk, who must pply for resoure onsent for tivities s require. However, setion 4 of the RMA provies for the Deprtment to unertke ny tivity where it is in orne with mngement pln or Conservtion Mngement Strtegy n where it oes not hve signifint verse effets outsie the ounry of the prk. The Trnki Regionl Counil hs responsiilities uner the Bioseurity At 1993 for niml n plnt pest mngement. This inlues ensuring tht the requirements set out in their regionl niml n plnt mngement strtegies re implemente. The Deprtment of Conservtion my hve responsiilities n oligtions uner these strtegies s set out y Orer-in-Counil. Lol uthorities lso hve ivil efene responsiilities within the prk. New Zeln Polie Responsile for lw n orer n serh n resue. Helth Deprtment Responsile for puli helth. New Zeln Fire Servie Responsile for etermining stnrs of fire prevention, fire sfety n fire ontrol. The Minister of Conservtion is the fire uthority within the prk ut the Fire Servie my lso proee to fire. Ministry of Trnsport (Civil Avition Authority) Responsile for vition sfety n regultion. Fish n Gme Counil - Trnki Brnh Responsile for the issue of sports fish n gme ir lienes n for the setting of relte restritions for the sustinle mngement of sports fisheries. 1.3 BACKGROUND AND RESOURCE INFORMATION This setion provies resoure informtion whih is intene to omplement the mngement ojetives n poliies ontine within the pln History of the Mountin Minrp n te Tok--ruhoto. Photo ourtesy Trnki Museum Mori Mythology n History It is si tht Trnki one live hrmoniously with Rupehu n Tongriro in the Centrl Plteu. Then Tongriro n Trnki oth fell in love with the eutiful ush-loke Pihng. Tongriro ws etrothe to Pihng, ut she love Trnki. Tongriro n Trnki qurrelle n fter mighty fight, Trnki fle towrs the ost. Guiing Trnki ws huge rve stone, nme Tok--ruhoto. As they went, Trnki gouge gret furrow in the ln whih ws lter to eome the Whngnui. Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

8 Whilst sleeping in his present position, Trnki ws prevente from flling into the se y spur from the rnge of mountins lle Pouki. Only his ompnion Ruhoto, the stone, n free him...ut for now she is ontent for him to sty. Toy the rve stone of Ruhoto n e seen t the Puniho P, keeping n eye on the still ptive Trnki, who weeps mist n rin for his lost love, Pihng. Little is known out the first people who oupie the region. Proly some time in the 14th entury, numer of other people migrte to Trnki. All people tre their origins to one of the ifferent noes tht me with the Gret Fleet. Slowly the people were ssimilte into the Tngt Whenu of toy. Orl history ites Ru Trnki of Te Khui Mung people s the first person to lim the lns for his people from the highest pek in the ln. This suessful hllenge ws rewre with the sttus of rngtir (hieftinship) n he estlishe for himself permnent ple in tril history. Another memer of Te Khui Mung nme Thurngi lter sene the mung for the purpose of estlishing lim of hi k, the lighting of fire on the summit, ritul symolising oupny. Muh lter in history tril people spek of esennt, Tmte-kur-mi-i-te uru-o- Twhitinui, who offere some of those lns to the new migrnts who lne on their shores. This new foun reltionship ws t est generlly hrmonious n t worst openly hostile. Through intermrrige, tril exhnges n intermittent wrfre sine tht genertion, we hve the urrent esennts tht mke up the Tngt Whenu toy. Over five hunre fortifie p sites were evelope long the lere n fertile ostl strip. Most Mori ouption sites in n lose to the prk re on the lower slopes fing north, usully immeitely ove strem onfluene. The erly presene of Mori ouption in the prk n e seen in het-shttere oven stones n herthstones, foo pits n exvte sites in well efine king groups, mongst others. There re still the remins of nient trks - nrrow n eeply worn. The mountin hs een powerful influene on the people of Trnki from the erliest ys of ouption n remins so toy Europen History Cptin Jmes Cook sighte the mountin while he ws siling off the ost of the North Isln on 10 Jnury He nme the imposing feture Mount Egmont in honour of the Erl of Egmont, First Lor of the Amirlty from 1763 to Europen ouption ommene with whlers in the 1830s, followe y the settling of New Plymouth in Ernst Dieffenh, employe y the New Zeln Compny s nturlist ws the first Europen to reh the summit of Trnki. Tohung n other Mori showe him the wy up to the snow level t 7,000 feet. Europen settlement initilly spre long the ost, ut then progresse inln, n vst res of forest were felle n urnt. This extensive forest loss ws the tlyst for the protetion of the mountin in its nturl stte. In 1875 Trnki Provinil Government rete Egmont Forest Reserve. Then in My 1881 temporry reservtion ws grnte euse of the reognition of the importne of the mountin for sustining the fertile plins, timer n s hven for willife n euty: 18 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

9 ... ll tht re in the provisionl istrit of Trnki, omprise within irle forme with rius of six miles roun the summit of Mt. Egmont ontining 72,382 res for the growth n preservtion of timer. Permnent reservtion for the prk ws hieve two months lter on 28 July The re ws susequently ivie into four forest reserves with ors of Conservtors known s the North, Est, South n West Committees entruste with the responsiility for ontrol of the respetive segments. While the min rtionle for reservtion ws wtershe n timer protetion, the efforts of the Bors promote the overll welfre of the prk n ensure ess n filities throughout the re to enle ess to the reserve. The Trnki Senery Reservtion Soiety rfte Bill to rete Egmont Ntionl Prk. The Egmont Ntionl Prk At 1900 permnently set prt s the seon New Zeln ntionl prk, ll of the originlly reserve re together with n re inluing the Kitke Rnge. The At onstitute the Egmont Ntionl Prk Bor (the first prk or in New Zeln), in ition to the four setorl ommittees. In 1924, itions were me to the originl At whih retine the four ommittees, n provie for the prk or to e ompose of representtives of the ommittees. The min result of this ministrtive struture ws tht eh ommittee promote the evelopment of its prtiulr setor for tourism n eonomi gin, n there ws strong element of ompetition etween setors for the llotion of sre resoures. With the pssing of the Ntionl Prks At 1952, Ntionl Prks Authority ws estlishe to oversee mngement of ll four ntionl prks in New Zeln t the time. However the ministrtive struture of or n setorl ommittees ws retine for Egmont. Committees estlishe to mnge the prk were olishe y 1977 Amenment to the Ntionl Prks At. It is thus only in omprtively reent times tht regionl n ntionl viewpoint on the prk hs emerge. The 1978 Mount Egmont Vesting At provie for the symoli return of ln previously purhse or onfiste from the Mori people (involving some 95% of the prk) to the Trnki Mori Trust Bor on ehlf of the Mori tries of Trnki. It lso provie for the gift of the mountin y the Trust Bor k to the Crown for the purposes of ntionl prk for the use n enjoyment of ll the people of New Zeln. Toy there remins signifint ispute with regr to this entment. In 1980 the Ntionl Prks At ws ente, whih signifintly inrese the protetion for ntionl prks, n llowe for greter puli involvement in their ministrtion n mngement. The si philosophy for ntionl prks lso hnge with the new At, whih hnge the efinition of prks, n the provisions to hieve lne etween preservtion, ess n use. The mi-1980s sw ommunity ete surrouning the nme of the mountin. To Mori n numer of non-mori, the mountin h lwys een known s Trnki. The ete ws resolve through notie in the New Zeln Gzette in 1986, when the Minister of Lns elre tht the offiil nme of Mt. Egmont e hnge to Mount Trnki or Mount Egmont. For simpliity n the purposes of this mngement pln, the mountin will e referre to s Mount Trnki. In 1987, the Deprtment of Conservtion ws estlishe to minister n mnge puli onservtion ln in New Zeln, inluing ntionl prks. Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

10 1.3.2 Lotion Egmont Ntionl Prk is situte in the west of the North Isln of New Zeln out 340 kilometres from oth Wellington n Aukln. It is within y s rive of oth entres. Unlike other ntionl prks in New Zeln, it is surroune y wellevelope n ensely settle griulturl lnspe, the min entres of popultion eing New Plymouth, Hwer n Strtfor. All three towns re within 30 kilometres of the prk ounry (see figure 1) Nture n Size The prk is mountinous re of unspoilt nturl euty enompssing three volni ones, two extint n one ormnt. The min pek of Mount Trnki hs n ltitue of 2518 metres n forms the nuleus of the prk. It is onsiere to e one of the worl s most symmetril mountins n so mkes very istintive lnmrk. The prk itself omprises the ln within pproximtely nine-kilometre rius of the mountin summit, s well s the Pouki n the ostl Kitke Rnges, n overs n re of pproximtely 33,000 hetres Physil Resoures Egmont Eologil Distrit New Zeln hs een ivie into 268 eologil units known s eologil istrits n regions. Egmont Ntionl Prk lies within n is the entrl feture of the Egmont Eologil Distrit. Eologil istrits re foune on fetures of the lnspe to whih people esily relte - lnform, limte, soils, ntive vegettion n the humn impts on those fetures. The fetures of the Egmont Eologil Distrit re so istintive tht the istrit is onsiere to e single eologil region, Egmont Eologil Region. The term eologil istrit will however e use throughout this mngement pln for the purpose of simpliity n to e onsistent with the CMS. Egmont Eologil Distrit omprises 270,300 h, ll of whih lies within Wngnui Conservny. Although 13% of the istrit lies in Egmont Ntionl Prk n reserves, muh of this is me up of lpine, su-lpine n montne zones (Clrkson n Bose, 1982). Very little of the ostl n semi-ostl eosystems n vegettion types re left within the istrit. Less thn 1% of ostl n semi-ostl zones n 2% of the lowlns hve protete sttus. Muh of the istrit hs een moifie sustntilly over the yers through evelopment for pstorl frming, espeilly irying Geology n Soils Egmont Eologil Distrit enompsses the nesite volnoes of Mount Trnki, the Pouki n Kitke Rnges n the Sugr Lof Islns, n the ring plins of volni sh (tephr) n oulers n other eris from volni mu flows (lhrs). In the south est, the volni mteril of the ring plin overlie mustone of mrine origin. In ples, sn unes over the ostl fringes of the ring plins. 20 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

11 FIGURE 1: LOCATION AND LOCAL AUTHORITY BOUNDARIES North Trnki Bight Aukln Witr 3 Urenui New Plymouth Sugr Lof Islns Wellington A New Plymouth Distrit Counil Witr Kitke Rnge Okur Inglewoo Wre Stony Pouki Rnge Wiwhkiho Mt Trnki or Mt Egmont Mngnui 3 Strtfor Distrit Counil Strtfor 45 Pte Wiu Elthm Opunke South Trnki Distrit Counil Mni 45 Wingongoro Hwer Tnghoe Lol Authority Bounry Egmont Ntionl Prk Kilometres South Trnki Bight Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

12 The geology n soils of the re re linke iretly to its volni history. The three volnoes within the prk re prt of liner sequene of volni tivity known s the "Trnki Volni Suession". It egins t Pritutu n Ng Motu, lso known s the Sugr Lof Islns, ner New Plymouth, 1.75 million yers go, followe y the Kitke rnge 575,000 yers go, the Pouki Rnge 250,000 yers go, n Mount Trnki, sine 150,000 yers go. The urrent shpe of the three volnoes in the prk, two of whih re now extint, reflets the time tht eh hs een expose to the proesses of erosion over thousns of yers. The most reent volni one, Mount Trnki, omintes the prk, with the lower profile of the oler volnoes of Pouki n Kitke to the northwest (See figure 2). Fnthms Pek from the rter rim. Photo: T Weston Lv flows, sh showers n lhrs (eris flows) hve lso trnsporte the volni mteril wy from the peks. The olest lv flows on Mount Trnki re preserve in the west, ut erosion hs remove numer of oler flows, resulting in the pituresque forms of Humphries Cstle, Lion Rok, n Wrwik Cstle (Thun Tutw). Fnthms Pek ws forme when mgm foun wek point in the volno n rete seonry vent on the sie of the mountin. Eruptions from this vent forme the pek. Mount Trnki is reltively unstle geologilly, eing n tive volno in stte of ormny. There hve een mjor eris flows in reent times (e.g. Pyrmi Strem in 1890), ut more frequent still re rok flls from unstle liffs n sori slopes. Ongoing reserh (e.g. hzr mpping) is useful to inite the likelihoo of hnges on the mountin. This llows the lotion n type of ny evelopment to e plnne n reues the possiility of mge to filities or risks to prk users in this hnging environment. There re severl eposits of minerls in the prk, espeilly in the Kitke Rnge. Not ll of these eposits hve een teste - however those tht hve een teste show no eonomi signifine. Minerls of tritionl interest (ohres) our in vrious lotions. There re lso purely sientifi interests in the geology n volnology of the prk. The soils within Egmont Ntionl Prk vry rilly roun Mt Trnki. In the southwest, northwest n north re Mero n Newll soils erive from sns n grvels eposite y pyrolsti flows from Egmont Volno over the lst 500 yers. In the southest re Rown soils erive priniplly from tephrs (irfll pumies n sori) erupte from the summit of Egmont Volno n from Fnthms Pek etween 500 n 3,500 yers go. To the est re Burrell soils erive from the Burrell pumie shower of 1655 A.D. All these soils re loose, wekly struture or strutureless, wekly wethere, sns to grvels (lpilli) n re therefore highly eroile. The high rinfll mens the soils re often strongly lehe n, long with the low soil tempertures, ontriute to reltively slow revegettion of eroe upper slopes. The effets of wil nimls ompoun this prolem. There re some soils in the prk whih re well rine n strongly lehe eep sh soils, nme Ptu soils, whih our to the west of Mt Trnki n ross muh of the western n northern slopes of the Pouki Rnge. In ontrst, where ringe is impee, swmps n wet res hve forme, whih provie hitt for some of the prk s rre or lolise 22 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

13 FIGURE 2: GEOLOGY (SOURCE: BAYFIELD AND BENSON, 1986) SA EA KA LD SF & LL UMT PRP OF DF EP CS Sugrlof Anesite Egmont Anesite Kitke Anesite Lhr Deposits Strtfor Formtion & Lepperton Lhrs Uplifte Mrine Terre Pouki Ring Plin Opunke Formtion Deris Flows Elthm Pet Costl Sns Sugr Lof Islns New Plymouth SA North Trnki Bight Witr 3A UMT PRP 3 Witr Urenui 45 PRP 3 PRP LD Kitke Rnge KA Okur PRP SF & LL Inglewoo LD Wre Stony DF Pouki Rnge EA Wiwhkiho Mt Trnki or Mt Egmont DF Mngnui 3 EP PRP Strtfor SF & LL 45 LD DF Pte PRP CS Wiu SF & LL EP Elthm Opunke PRP CS CS OF Mni 45 Wingongoro Hwer Tnghoe Egmont Ntionl Prk Kilometres South Trnki Bight Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

14 plnts. At the highest ltitues re unnme sulpine n lpine soils whih re very wekly evelope n eroe esily Climte The geogrphi position of Egmont Ntionl Prk ner the west ost of the North Isln n its rpi elevtion hnge from out 100 metres to 2500 metres influene its limte. The limte of the lower Kitke Rnge setor of the prk is mil n humi with men nnul rinfll of up to 1500 mm. The limte of the rest of the prk is hrterise y low tempertures, inrese exposure to win n very high rinfll. Annul rinfll vries from 7.5 metres in the Pouki- North Egmont re to 6.3 metres in the Dwson Flls re, with flls of lmost hlf metre in y hving een reore. Ie overe vegettion. Photo: T Weston The high intensity n long urtion of some storms men the rin severely eroes soils not protete y vegettion. Thus, mngement of the prk ims to retin vegettive over, or to ontrol runoff where wter umultes, e.g. trks n r prks. The verge win spee is out 40 kilometres per hour t the summit of Trnki n is out 16 kilometres per hour in the ostl Kitke Rnge setor. Previling wins re from the west to northwest with southerly wins lso eing frequent. Gle fore wins n lizzr onitions often our ove 1000 metres. There re frequent ltertions etween settle n stormy wether, with ontinully hnging wins. Win n the temperture hnge with ltitue. Both ontriute to the severe winhill ftor often experiene on the mountin. Low tempertures n moisture (lou n fog) my le to iy onitions. These fetures of mountin wether hve onsierle implitions for user sfety in the lotion of trks n provision of low level lterntive routes, huts n shelters n in euting responsile ehviours y prk users. At the ltitue of the Strtfor Mountin House (850 metres), snow oes not fll often or settle long on the groun however there is n verge of 14 ys of snowfll per yer. The irregulr nture of goo snowflls omine with suitle wether hs implitions for skiing n the provision of ssoite filities (e.g. ros n prking) Eosystem Diversity Vegettion Egmont Ntionl Prk is importnt ntionlly s it ontins iverse rnge of vegettion evelope in n environment of frequent volni tivity. The vegettion 24 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

15 rnges from semi-ostl forest, through montne forest, tussok lns, into lpine n sree ommunities over short istne, on nerly onil volni pek. This ompt ltituinl sequene is not often seen. The forests re onifer-roleve types n, unlike most other mi ltitue forests, eeh (Nothofgus) speies re sent. Other notle fetures re the lrge numer of terrestril northern rt (Metrosieros roust) n one of the most extensive khikte-rimu/kmhi semiswmp forests in the North Isln, with proly the lrgest popultion of swmp mire (Syzygium mire) remining in New Zeln (Clrkson, 2001). The vegettion ptterns in Egmont Ntionl Prk re omplex. The vegettion t ny given ple is not only the prout of limte ut lso of prent rok mteril, slope, spet, ringe n soils. Also signifint is the impt of pst n ongoing isturnes (e.g. eruptions, lnslies, ylones, n humn ftors suh s logging n introue nimls). As result, the lssi zontion is often interrupte. For exmple, the lowln rimu-kmhi-rt forest is reple y reltively low-stture forest of kmhi n tree rt on the western slopes of the min one. This forest oupies ln evstte y eris flows less thn 400 yers go. The northern prt of the prk hs the milest limte, n hs tw forest with some kohekohe, puriri, niku n titoki. Where slopes re gentle or flt with poor ringe, there is swmp forest of khikte n swmp mire, or ogs with low sru n rees (see figure 3). Ahukwkw Swmp. Photo J Brkl The lrgest swmp, Ahukwkw, lies etween the min one n the Pouki Rnge. It overs out 101 hetres t n ltitue of 920 metres. Within the ltituinl rnge of montne forest, the ominnt swmp plnts re re tussok, seges n sphgnum moss. It is n re of very high ioiversity; thir of ll the prk s plnt speies re foun in this smll re. Ahukwkw forms the hewters of the Stony (Hngthu). The Stony is protete uner the Trnki Regionl Counil's Regionl Fresh Wter Pln for Trnki in reognition of its high seni, reretion, histori vlues n its importne to Tngt Whenu. Other res re lso protete. In ll the non-foreste zones, the ro ptterns n e ltere y lol onitions suh s egree of shelter, soil wetness, she, or y reent isturne, inluing humn tivity roun trks, uilings n ski res. The vriety of ntive plnts in the prk is not s iverse s other New Zeln mountins, espeilly in montne n lpine zones (Clrkson, 1986; Drue, 1973). The prk hs just one enemi plnt speies (Meliytus ruei). Severl enemi suspeies of wiespre speies hve lso een nme, inluing the whipor hee, re tussok n mountin foxglove. This hs een ttriute to the reent vulnism n isoltion of the mountin. Beehes, mountin toto, n pigmy pine re exmples of ntionlly wiespre mountin plnts whih re sent from the prk. On the other hn, for severl ntive speies, Egmont Ntionl Prk is the only North Isln lotion. These inlue mountin rionwoo n the lpine fern Polystihum ystostegi. The totl numer of inigenous flowering plnts, onifers, ferns n fern reltives reore in the prk is out 500 speies. Moss reors from the prk totl 161 speies. This is out 30% of the mosses in New Zeln (P.J.Brownsey, pers. omm. 2000). Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

16 REFERENCE: VEGETATION TYPES (SOURCE: CLARKSON,1986) e f e e f g rimu-rt / kmhi forest rimu-rt / mhoe forest khikte-rimu / kmhi forest logge forest, kmhi preominnt, tw selom present kmhi forest (miro, hinu, toro ommon, n mountin totr present) kmhi forest (osionl terrestril rt present) tw forest (rewrew, pukte, hinu ommon; osionl rimu n kmhi) logge forest, kmhi preominnt, some tw kohekohe forest (rewrew, tw, pukte ommon) sru n tree fernln to kohekohe forest sru n tree fernln tren to kmhi forest kmhi-mountin totr forest kmhi-mountin totr forest with knuk mountin totr-kikwk / roleve shrus forest (kmhi selom present) mountin totr / roleve shrus forest (kikwk n kmhi selom present) kikwk-mountin totr / kmhi forest kikwk / kmhi forest + kikwk / letherwoo sru kmhi forest + letherwoo sru rt-kmhi forest rt forest kmhi-toro forest (inluing toro n knuk forest) Stony (knuk forest, sru n shruln, herfiel, n river e) e letherwoo sru n shruln re-tussokln herfiel moss-herfiel n mossfiel (with re tussok n shru rings) re-tussokln n tussok-herfiel grvelfiel, stonefiel, oulerfiel, rokln, ie n snowfiel lowln mire montne mire exoti plnttion 26 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

17 FIGURE 3: VEGETATION TYPES (SOURCE: CLARKSON, 1986) Koru Egmont Ntionl Prk Okur Kilometres Okur 45 B Plymouth Egmont Villge 3 Upper Pitone Kitke Rnge A e Be C A Be Crrington Be Mngorei Kent Mue Wiwhkiho Egmont Stony Puniho Khui D D E g e F Pouki Rnge C e f H Ahukwkw (Sphgnum Moss Swmp) e Mt. Trnki or Mt. Egmont G Fnthms Pek H H F The Plteu I C I I A Mngnui f Pemroke H Wingongoro Pte Norfolk York Ihi Wiu A f Opunke Wiremu Kiri B Auro Mni Mhoe Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

18 Nine plnt speies reore in Egmont Ntionl Prk re rte s ntionlly thretene or unommon ( e Lnge et l., 1999). They re: Dtylnthus tylorii (pu o te reing, prsiti flowering plnt whih uses woo roses to form on its host plnt s roots), Prsophyllum speies (n unnme orhi, relte to P. ptens), Oleri pillris ( shru isy), Meliytus ruei ( ivriting shru), Grtiol nn ( smll reeping her), Brhyglottis kirkii (or kohurngi, shru isy), Mrtti sliino (king fern), n Myriophyllum roustum (gint milfoil). The mistletoe Ileostylus mirnthus ws lst seen in the prk in the 1960s ut ws foun outsie of the prk ounry in Another importnt feture of the vsulr flor is the restrite ourene (one or few smll olonies) of mny speies tht re ommon elsewhere in New Zeln. This mkes them espeilly vulnerle to lol extintion inluing through invertent mge y humn tivity. Exmples inlue the smll shru Cythoes empetrifoli, Poorpus nivlis ( prostrte oniferous shru) n the smll tree Entele roresens. Clrkson (1986) esrie the vrious vegettion n sustrte lsses of the prk. Lowln forest This forest type overs more thn hlf the totl prk re (>16, 765 hetres). Clrkson ientifie nine min forest types: rimu-rt/kmhi, rimu-rt/mhoe, khikte-rimu/kmhi, rt-kmhi, kmhi-toro, rt, kmhi, tw n kohekohe. Exoti forest Luy s Gully ontins stn of less thn 30 h of ostl rewoo. This stn ws sujet to ntionl prk etermintion n it ws eie tht it h histori signifine n shoul not e remove. Lowln tree fernln n sru, inue grssln n liff vegettion Ours in n re on the lower north-western slopes of the Kitke Rnge. Steep liffs in this re re not foreste ut re ominte y mountin flx ( speies not foun elsewhere in the prk, n possily introue y Mori). Montne forest This type of forest ours etween 760 m n 1100 m on Mount Trnki n the Pouki Rnge n overs nerly one thir (11,165 h) of the totl prk re. One mjor type omintes, kmhi-mountin totr, ut Clrkson (1986) hs ientifie six other types. Mire vegettion This is very smll ut signifint eosystem type within the prk. Ahukwkw Swmp supports 260 ifferent speies. (Drue, 1973). The prk ontins over 80% of ll wetlns remining in the Egmont Eologil Distrit. Sulpine sru n shruln This overs most of the upper Pouki Rnge n forms elt 800 metres to one kilometre wie roun Mount Trnki etween 1100 metres n 1400 metres. Sru n shruln is lso foun ssoite with prk mires. Sulpine n lpine tussokln Tussokln ours s nrrow strip etween 1400 metres n 1600 metres on Mount Trnki. It lso overs the high peks n poorly rine tops of the Pouki Rnge n is preominnt in the Ahukwkw Swmp. Alpine herfiels These our up to 1675 metres n ove the upper limit of tussoklns 28 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

19 (pproximtely 1600 metres). Hers re the most preominnt growth form s well s mossfiel n moss-herfiel n ushion-plnt fiels. Alpine grvelfiel, stonefiel, oulerfiel, rokln, snowfiel, n iefiel. At out 1650 metres plnt over eomes pthy with re sustrte preominting. Introue Plnts Wees re mostly restrite to ro ens within the prk, the prk ege n lower strem n river vlleys. Wil ginger n eome the ominnt unerstory speies n prevent nturl forest regenerton. It is eing ontrolle on the western ege of the Kitke Rnge. Gorse ours in ense stns long some mjor strems ut is likely to e reple y ntive speies in time. There re other plnt pests foun in the prk tht re thret n nee to e ontrolle n monitore. These inlue Chilen rhur, wnering willie n liming sprgus. Ol mn s er is not urrently known in the prk ut hs the potentil to use serious mge to onservtion vlues if it eomes estlishe. Ol mn's er smothers n kills trees n prevents the estlishment of ntive seelings Willife Terrestril (ln) fun Forty-three ir speies (28 ntive n 15 introue) regulrly our in the prk. As the only lrge forest trt within the Egmont Eologil Distrit, the prk provies the istrit s only hitt for mny of these irs (Cotton n Molloy, 1986). The prk hs goo rnge of ommon forest irs inluing tomtit, riflemn n ellir. Speies of note inlue North Isln rown kiwi, fernir n lue uk. The forest geko is foun in the prk, n in 1994, rown skinks were foun t the unusully high ltitue of out 900m. Surveys of invertertes hve een me in the prk. Severl speies re unique to the prk, n it is the only North Isln lolity for severl others. New Zeln s lrgest terrestril mphipo hopper, Tr trnki is known only in the prk, s is istintive form of Powelliphnt (gint ln snil). Thretene speies Blue Duk. Photo: D Cskey Aquti life The prk ontins the he wters of over 300 rivers n strems tht provie reltively unmoifie hitt for instrem life. Of New Zeln s 31 inigenous fish speies, 13 hve een reore in, or ner the prk. They inlue well-known speies suh s long-finne (Anguill ieffenhii) n short-finne eels (Anguill ustrlis) n ommon ullies (Goiomorphus otiinus). Ntionlly thretene speies re lso present. These inlue gint kokopu (Glxis rgenteus), short-jwe kokopu (Glxis postvetis), ne kokopu (Glxis fsitus), n koro (Glxis revipinnis). The ntive freshwter ryfish, kour (Prnephrops plnifrons) is lso present. Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

20 Introue fun Most rivers within the prk rry stoks of rown trout (Slmo trutt) whih generlly spwn in the more stle upper rehes of the rivers. The Stony lso rries rinow trout (Onorhynhus mykiss). Although some trout fishing ours within the prk, most is rrie out in the lower rehes of the rivers outsie the prk. There re numer of introue nimls impting on the ntive flor n fun of the prk. Possums hve h prtiulrly severe impt on emergent n nopy speies. The impts rnge from removl of fruit n flowers to the eth of lrge res of trees through efolition. Possums my lso et the eggs n hiks of irs n et lrge invertertes suh s Powelliphnt snils. Possum - A mjor thret to prk vlues. In the pst gots hve hugely moifie the unerstorey of the forest y rowsing ll essile pltle vegettion. In some res the entire forest ws kille through rowsing, rk iting n trmpling. Toy, s onsequene of intensive ontrol, got impts re negligile ut the speies remins signifint thret Visitor Use Egmont Ntionl Prk is visite y people of the Trnki region s well s omesti tourists from other prts of New Zeln. The proximity to popultion entres n the ttrtion of the mountin rw lot of lol visitors to the prk, ut lso from other prts of New Zeln n overses. One t the ro en, wether, inlintion, or opportunity lrgely itte whether they use the visitor entres, pini res, go for wlk, enjoy or reor the views, or omintion of these. A visitor survey (Lurene, 1994) of the prk hs ientifie numer of signifint hrteristis of visitors to the prk. Trnki resients were the lrgest user group in the prk, mking up 47% of ll visitors to the prk. New Zeln visitors originting from outsie the Trnki region were the next lrgest user group t 37%. Domesti tourists (New Zelners from outsie Trnki) therefore re n importnt omponent of the prk visittion. Overses visitors ounte for 16% of visitors to the prk. Another interesting hrteristi ws the speifi ge groups of visitors to the prk. All ge groups were well represente, however, the lrgest ge group ws visitors in the group, mking up 30% of visitors to the prk. The next lrgest ge groups were yer-ols with 24.2% of visitors n yer-ols t 19%. Signifint puli reretion n tourism in the Trnki region fouses on Mount Trnki. The rnge of opportunities foun in the prk (whih usully reeives more thn 330,000 visitors per nnum), usully egin t the three mjor roens. The prk is the most visite tourist site in Trnki, therefore plys mjor n vlule role in the Trnki regions eonomy. Visitor numers to the prk remine stle over the perio , lthough rop in visitor numers ws reore in 1998, refleting the poor ski seson. Piniking, viewing senery, short wlks n visits to the prk s 30 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

21 two visitor entres re populr. Shools n other groups use the prk for outoor eution. The Deprtment provies ommotion for these groups t Dwson Flls n North Egmont. During winter, the Mngnui Skifiel n roens re usy on fine ys following hevy snowfll. The skifiel n its ess eomes the highest use fility in the prk uring the ski seson. Mngnui Skifiel is the only re ville for skifiel evelopment in the prk. Other res re onsiere unsuitle euse of poor ess, vrile snow over, iffiult topogrphy n impt on the prk s nturl hrter n vlues. The Deprtment ters for the mjority of prk visitors y proviing high qulity filities t most roens. Goo snowflls ttrt visitors of ll ges. Photo T Weston The min kountry tivities in the prk re trmping n liming. The Deprtment mintins nine puli huts n over 140 km of forme trks tht require high mintenne n serviing ue to the extreme environmentl onitions (see figure 4). The Aroun the Mountin Ciruit provies multi-y trmping opportunity, espeilly populr with overses visitors. Climing to the summit of Mount Trnki is lso populr with visitors. Mount Trnki is hllenging n often iffiult liming re. This is espeilly so in winter, when ie n unpreitle wether mke the mountin hzrous, n ie xes, rmpons n winproof lothing eome essentil. During summer in suitle wether, the mountin is more strightforwr lim. Mny hunres of people mke the sent to the summit eh yer, mostly in summer. High use hs le to nee for monitoring n ontrolling visitor impts on the populr North Summit Route, s well s ensuring tht inexperiene people re me wre of lpine hzrs. Mount Trnki hs een use for hng-gliing n prgliing in the pst. However, Tngt Whenu re onerne out use of the summit, n re of speil ulturl signifine, s tke-off point. The two tourist loges, the Dwson Flls Tourist Loge n the Strtfor Mountin House, operte uner leses ministere y the Deprtment, n oth offer ommotion n mels. Their leses re perpetully renewle. Three loke lpine lu loges, whih operte uner liene or permit ministere y the Deprtment, re generlly not ville for use y the puli. Guiing onessions hve een issue for guie wlks, liming n mountin-rft instrution. Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

22 FIGURE 4: RECREATION Okur Okur Koru Skifiel Hut Shelter Trk Egmont Ntionl Prk 45 Plymouth Kilometres Egmont Villge 3 Upper Pitone Kitke Rnge Crrington Mngorei Kent Mue Wiwhkiho Egmont Pouki Stony Puniho Pouki Rnge Holly Kiui Ahukwkw (Sphgnum Moss Swmp) Norfolk North Egmont Visitor Centre Khui Wiu Gorge Khui Mt. Trnki or Mt. Egmont 2000m si Syme Fnthms Pek Lke Dive The Plteu Mketw Dwson Flls Mountin Loge Mngnui Strtfor Mountin House Pte Wingongoro Dwson Flls Visitor Centre Pemroke York Strtfor Are Offie Wingongoro Ihi Wiu Mni Opunke Wiremu Kiri Auro Mhoe 32 Egmont Ntionl Prk Mngement Pln

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