FERNANDO URQUIDI BARRAU

Transcription

1 FERNANDO URQUIDI BARRAU SAO PAULO Brazil JUNE 2012 Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia

2 The remaining 15 percent flow through the course of several smaller basins. INTRODUCTION South America is a large continent with a great amount of water resources; these resources are shared by two or more countries through transboundary basins. About 85 percent of the surface freshwater resources flow through three large basins: The Orinoco River Basin The Amazon River Basin The Rio de la Plata Basin

3 The challenge for all the countries is to identify these basins as transboundary, and to choose the appropriate institutional organization model for the management and protection of these shared resource. INTRODUCTION South America has more than 30 water international transboundary basins, of which only six have signed freshwater treaties/agreements to use or to protect them.

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5 MAP OF TRANSBOUNDARY BASINS IN SOUTH AMERICA Source: Oregon State University. TFDD, 2001 Becci Dale, cartographer

6 TRANSBOUNDARY SURFACE WATERS BASIN TOTAL AREA (km²) COUNTRIES SURFACE IN THE BASIN (km²) SURFACE IN THE BASIN (%) Amaruco 5,600 Venezuela Guiana 4, Amazon 6,916,000 Brazil Perú Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Venezuela Guiana Suriname French Guiana 5,014, , , , ,020 51,178 17,120 1, Comau 980 Chile Argentina Corantijn/Courantyne 41,800 Guiana Suriname Brazil 21,700 19, Cullen 600 Chile Argentina

7 TRANSBOUNDARY SURFACE WATERS BASIN TOTAL AREA (km²) COUNTRIES SURFACE IN THE BASIN (km²) SURFACE IN THE BASIN (%) Chira-Catamayo 15,700 Perú Ecuador 9,800 5, Jurado 700 Colombia Panamá Lago Fagnano 3,200 Argentina Chile 2, Laguna Mirim 55,000 Uruguay Brazil 31,200 23, Oiapoque 23,300 French Guiana Brazil 13,700 9, Orinoco 927,400 Venezuela Colombia Brazil 604, , Palena 13,300 Chile Argentina 7,300 6, Pascua 13,700 Chile Argentina 7,300 6,

8 TRANSBOUNDARY SURFACE WATERS BASIN TOTAL AREA (km²) COUNTRIES SURFACE IN THE BASIN (km²) SURFACE IN THE BASIN (%) Patia 21,300 Colombia Ecuador 20, Puelo 8,400 Argentina Chile 5,500 2, Rio de la Plata 3,100,000 (4,144,000) Brazil Argentina Paraguay Bolivia Uruguay 1,395, , , , ,000 45,00 30,00 13, Titicaca - Poopo 111,800 Bolivia Perú Chile 63,000 48, Yelcho 11,100 Argentina Chile 6,900 4, Zapaleri 2,600 Chile Argentina Bolivia 1, Zarumilla 4,300 Ecuador Perú 3,

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10 Area: 927,400 km² Average water discharge: 36,000 m³/s River length : 2,140 km Orinoco River Treaties: No signed international treaties Venezuela Colombia Brazil Orinoco River

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13 Treaties: 4 international treaties signed Brazil Perú Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Venezuela Guiana Suriname French Guiana Cachuela Esperanza Beni River Area: 6,916,000 km² Average water discharge: 209,000 m³/s River length : 6,400 km

14 AMAZON RIVER BASIN Only major rivers are visualized

15 AMAZON RIVER BASIN

16 Estuary of Amazon River AMAZON RIVER BASIN Amazon River

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18 Iguazú Waterfalls Area: 3,100,000 km² (4,144,000 km²) Treaties: 18 international treaties signed Brazil Argentina Paraguay Bolivia Uruguay Average water discharge: 22,793 m³/s River length: 4,800 km Paraguay River

19 RIO DE LA PLATA BASIN Only major rivers are visualized

20 Source: UNEP, 2004 RIVERS RIO DE LA PLATA BASIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAJOR RIVERS BASIN AREA (km²) LENGTH (km) MEAN FLOW (m³/sec) Paraná 1,600,000 2,570 17,140 Uruguay 440,000 1,850 4,300 Iguazú 61,000 1,320 1,540 Paraguay 1,095,000 2,415 3,810 Bermejo 120,000 1, Pilcomayo 272,000 1, De la Plata 3,100, ,000 28,000

21 Satellite image of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers converging into the Río de la Plata Two sub basins of the Plata Basin flowing from Bolivia: Sub Basin Pilcomayo Sub Basin Bermejo

22 CASE STUDY Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia

23 LAKE TITICACA POOPO BASIN

24 LAKE TITICACA POOPO BASIN Endorheic Basin of 110,800 km² located in the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru Primary Inflow: 27 rivers Primary Outflows: Desaguadero River Evaporation Major Sub-Basins: Lake Titicaca Desaguadero River Lake Poopo Coipasa Salt Lake

25 THE BINATIONAL AUTONOMOUS AUTHORITY OF LAKE TITICACA (ATL) The surface of Lake Titicaca is evenly distributed between Bolivia and Peru, these countries exercise an exclusive and indivisible joint ownership over its waters. The joint ownership model not only applies to the water of Lake Titicaca, but also to the entire watershed, to ensure an integrated management of the water system. To manage the System, Bolivia and Peru have signed a treaty for the creation of the Autonomous Binational Authority of Lake Titicaca (ATL). This entity of public international law has two national operative units to promote and conduct programmes and projects, and to implement and enforce the regulations on management, control and protection of the system s water resources within an adopted Master Plan. ATL s political functioning is associated with the Peruvian and Bolivian Ministries of Foreign Affairs. ATL has administration, planning and coordination units within each government.

26 THE BINATIONAL AUTONOMOUS AUTHORITY OF LAKE TITICACA (ATL) Five previous agreements, through Exchange of Diplomatic Notes. December Creation de of the Binational Entity, to execute the Master Plan of the System Creation of the Binational Autonomous Authority of Lake Titicaca (ATL).

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28 TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS IN SOUTH AMERICA Source: UNESCO/OAS ISARM Americas Programme

29 UNESCO/OAS ISARM AMERICAS PROGRAMME TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS Map Nr. Transboundary Aquifer Countries Nr. 1 Guarani Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina 2 Yrenda-Toba-Tarijeno Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina 3 3 Salto Chico Salto Chico Argentina, Uruguay 2 4 Litoreano-Chuy Brazil, Uruguay 2 5 Puerto Yerua-Las Mercedes Argentina, Uruguay 2 6 Probable Argentina, Chile 2 7 El Condor Argentina, Chile 2 8 Calua Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina 3 9 Serra Gerai-Serra Gerai Arapei Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina 10 Ignimbritas Cordillera Occidental Bolivia, Chile, Perú 3 11 Solmoes Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú 12 Jaci Parani y Pareci Bolivia, Brazil

30 UNESCO/OAS ISARM AMERICAS PROGRAMME TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS Map Nr. Transboundary Aquifer Countries Nr. 13 Pantanal Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay 3 14 Permianos Brazil, Uruguay 2 15 Ica Brazil, Colombia 2 16 Sedimentos Paleo-Proterozoico Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela 3 17 Serra do Tucano Brazil, Guyana 2 18 Boa Vista Brazil, Guyana 2 19 Sem Denominacao Brazil, Guyana 2 20 Costeiro Brazil, Guyana 2 21 Fumas e Alto Gracas Brazil, Paraguay 2 22 Zarumila - Machala Ecuador, Perú 2 23 Concorda - Capilna Chile, Perú 2 24 Silala Bolivia, Chile 2 25 Puna Argentina, Chile 2 26 Tulcan Colombia, Ecuador 2

31 UNESCO/OAS ISARM AMERICAS PROGRAMME TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS Map Nr. Transboundary Aquifer Countries Nr. 27 Aquidauana - Aquidaban Brazil, Paraguay 2 28 Agua Dulce Palmar de las Islas Bolivia, Paraguay 2 29 Titicaca Bolivia, Perú 2 30 Arauca Colombia, Venezuela 2 31 Guajra Colombia, Venezuela 2 32 San Antonio Urena Santander Colombia, Venezuela 2 33 Sedimentos Grupo Roraima Brazil, Venezuela 2 34 Sanderj; Coesewjne; A-Sand Guyana, Suriname 2 35 Jurado - Coto Colombia, Panamá 2 63 Rio Negro - Itapucumi Bolivia, Paraguay 2 64 Tumbes - Puyango Ecuador, Perú 2 65 Chira - Catamayo Ecuador, Perú Laguna Blanca - Maure Perú, Bolivia, Chile Ollague - Chiguana Bolivia, Chile 2

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33 GUARANI AQUIFER SYSTEM Shared by: Brazil Paraguay Argentina Uruguay

34 GUARANI AQUIFER SYSTEM The Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) constitutes one of the largest reservoirs of groundwater in the world. The water in the Mesozoic sandstones can be found at depths between 50 m to 1500 m covered by thick layers of basalts. It contains an estimated 37,000 km³ of water, with a total recharge rate of about 166 km³/year from precipitation.

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37 Location Map 22º THE SILALA AQUIFER SYSTEM

38 SILALA AQUIFER SYSTEM The Silala Aquifer System discharges 500 liters/sec through more than 80 (in Bolivia) and 23 (in Chile) natural water springs. All the water is confined in a highly jointed Miocene ignimbrite at a depth between 50 m to 150 m. The sodium bicarbonate type A freshwater is 10,000 years old, free of arsenic and other contaminants. The surface water flows west towards Chile through man-made open channels.

39 Southern Bofedal Silala Bolivian Side Northern Bofedal

40 Main Gorge Silala Bolivian Side Main Open Channel

41 Main Gorge Fractured Ignimbrite Main Gorge Open Channels Silala Chilean Side

42 CASE STUDY Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia

43 YRENDA TOBA TARIJEÑO AQUIFER SYSTEM Superficial Total Areal: km2 Geological Formation: Quaternary / Tertiary nonconsolidated sediments Multi surface - Semi confined aquifer Location Map Source: Pasig, R

44 Range of the Aguarague Recharging Areas of the Tarijeño Aquifer Infiltration: 1. Direct rain waterfall (Piedemont sector /Aguarague) 2. Surface water courses (creeks and rivers / Pilcomayo River and Caiza River) Caiza River Pilcomayo River Source: Pasig, R

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46 CONCLUSIONS The water crisis is primarily one of governance: institutions lack the capacity to overcome conflicting approaches in the use and allocation of water from within one basin or aquifer system, both at national and transboundary level Water-related systems are interdependent and have to be managed in an integrated manner Despite an increased dependency on groundwater resources, transboundary aquifers have received little attention in international law

47 THANKS

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50 MAP OF TRANSBOUNDARY BASINS IN SOUTH AMERICA Source: National University of El Litoral, Argentina

51 LIST OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TREATY NAME COUNTRIES DATE TREATY BASIN AMAZON BASIN Exchange of notes constituting an agreement for the construction of a hydroelectric plant in Cachuela Esperanza, supplementary to the agreement on economic and technical cooperation. Agreement concerning the Cachuela Esperanza hydroelectric plant. Treaty for Amazonian Cooperation. Termination of the demarcation of the Peruvian-Ecuadorean frontier Brazil Bolivia Brazil Bolivia Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador Guaina Perú Suriname Venezuela Perú Ecuador August 2, 1988 February 8, 1984 July 3, 1978 May 22, 1944 Beni Madeira Mamore Beni Amazon Amazon, Chira, Tumbes, Zarumilla

52 LIST OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TREATY NAME COUNTRIES DATE TREATY BASIN RIO DE LA PLATA BASIN Agreement for the use of natural resources and the development of the Cuareim river basin. Agreement constituting the trilateral commission for the development of the Pilcomayo river basin. Agreement for the multiple uses of the resources of the upper basin of the Bermejo river and the Grande de Tarija river. Agreement of cooperation for the use of natural resources and the development of the basin of the Cuareim river Complementary agreement to the basic scientific and technical cooperation agreement in the area of water resources Brazil Uruguay Argentina Bolivia Paraguay Argentina Bolivia Brazil Uruguay Brazil Uruguay May 6, 1997 September 2, 1995 June 9, 1995 March 11, 1991 March 11, 1991 Cuareim Pilcomayo Bermejo Grande de Tarija Cuareim Not specified

53 LIST OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TREATY NAME COUNTRIES DATE TREATY BASIN Decree No promulgating the agreement for water resources exploitation within the Uruguay river and its effluent the Pepiri- Guazu river Treaty for the development of the water resources contained in the border reaches of the Uruguay river and its effluent, the Pepiri- Guazu river. Agreement on Paraná River projects Statute of the Uruguay River in Salto, Eastern of Uruguay Treaty concerning the hydroelectric utilization of the water resources of the Parana River owned in condominium by Brazil and Paraguay. Brazil Argentina Brazil Argentina Argentina Brazil Paraguay Argentina Uruguay Brazil Paraguay June 29, 1983 May 17, 1980 October 19, 1979 February 26, 1975 April 26, 1973 Pepiri-Guazu, Uruguay Pepiri-Guazu, Uruguay Paraná Uruguay Iguassu, Paraná

54 LIST OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TREATY NAME COUNTRIES DATE TREATY BASIN Treaty on the boundary constituted by the Uruguay river Agreement concerning a study of the utilization of the water power of the Apipe Falls Agreement concerning cooperation in a study on the utilization of the water power of the Acaray and Monday rivers Agreement concerning the utilization of the rapids of the Uruguay river in the Salto Grande area Argentina Uruguay Argentina Paraguay Brazil Paraguay Argentina; Uruguay April 7, 1961 January 23, 1958 January 20, 1956 December 30, 1946 Uruguay Paraná Acaray Monday Uruguay Supplementary boundary treaty on the river Pilcomayo and protocol annexed to the treaty Argentina Paraguay June 1, 1945 Pilcomayo Supplementary boundary treaty Argentina Paraguay July 5, 1939 Pilcomayo

55 LIST OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TREATY NAME COUNTRIES DATE TREATY BASIN Convention to determine the legal status of the frontier between Brazil and Uruguay Protocol between Uruguay and Argentina dealing with the questions of the jurisdiction of the River Plate CHUY Complementary agreement to the basic scientific and technical cooperation agreement in the area of water resources Convention regarding the determination of the legal status of the frontier between Brazil and Uruguay MARONI Convention to fix the frontier of Surinamee and French Guiana Brazil Uruguay Argentina Uruguay Brazil Uruguay Brazil Uruguay France Netherlands December 20, 1933 January 5, 1910 March 11, 1991 December 20, 1933 September 30, 1915 Frontier or shared Waters Rio de la Plata Not specified Frontier or shared waters Maroni, Marowinjne

56 TREATY NAME COUNTRIES DATE TREATY BASIN LAGOON MIRIN LIST OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES Convention regarding the determination of the legal status of the frontier between Brazil and Uruguay Protocol between Uruguay and Argentina dealing with the questions of the jurisdiction of the River Plate Complementary agreement to the basic scientific and technical cooperation agreement in the area of water resources Convention regarding the determination of the legal status of the frontier between Brazil and Uruguay Brazil Uruguay Argentina Uruguay Brazil Uruguay Brazil Uruguay December 20, 1933 January 5, 1910 March 11, 1991 December 20, 1933 Frontier or shared Waters Rio de la Plata Not specified Frontier or shared waters

57 LIST OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TREATY NAME COUNTRIES DATE TREATY BASIN LAKE TITICACA - POOPO Exchange of Diplomatic Notes related to the creation of the Autonomous Binational Authority of the Basin of the Lake Titicaca, Desaguadero River, Lake Poopó and Coipasa Salt Flat System Agreement on a preliminary economic study of the joint utilization of the waters of Lake Titicaca Preliminary convention concerning a study of the joint utilization of the waters of Lake Titicaca Exchange of Diplomatic Notes establishing a joint commission for study of the Puno-Guaqui railway line and joint use of the waters of Lake Titicaca Bolivia Perú Bolivia Perú Bolivia Perú Bolivia Perú June 21, 1993 February 19, 1957 July 30, 1955 April 20, 1955 Desaguadero, Poopó, Salar de Coipasa, Titicaca Lake Titicaca Lake Titicaca Lake Titicaca

58 LIST OF REGIONAL WATER PROGRAMMES Inter-American Network of Academies of Sciences IANAS Water Programme. Organization of American States / Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment (OAS / USDE). Comité Regional de Recursos Hídricos (CRRH). Global Water Partnership / South American Technical Advisory Committee (GWP / SAMTAC). International Hydrological Programme (IHP UNESCO). Hydrology for International Environment and Network Data. Flow Regimes from Integral Experimental and Network Data (FRIEND). ISARMAC / Americas - Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management. World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP).

59 LIST OF REGIONAL WATER PROGRAMMES Centro del Agua para Zonas Aridas y Semiáridas del ALC (CAZALAC). Centro del Agua para el Trópico Húmedo del ALC (CATHALAC). Project for the Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development of the Guarani Aquifer System. Strategic Action Programme for the Binational Basin of the Bermejo River. Development and Implementation of Mechanisms to Disseminated Lessons Learned and Experiences in Integrated Transboundary Water Resources Management in Latin America and Caribbean DELTAmerica. The Integrated Watershed Management Practices for the Pantanal and Upper Paraguay River Basin Project. Inter-American Water Resources Network (IWRN) - UNESCO.