CSE Main Compulsory Paper 1.5 Geography of India

Transcription

1 CONTENT 1. Geographical features and their location Why is called a sub-continent? Page 2 2. The Great Himalayan Ranges Page 3 3. The Northern Plains and Soil varieties Page 6 4. Watersheds and river drainage basins Page 8 5. Origins and tributaries of major river systems Page 9 6. The River Systems in Central Page The Brahmaputra and the Peninsular River Systems Page The Deccan Plateau and Western and Eastern Ghats Page For Andaman and Nicobar Islands: See the excellent film on ISRO Education Portal. The only mud volcano in the world is located here. 10. Maps : Thermal power plants, Minerals, Sea ports Page 21 Geographical features and their location 1. is located from North North, which is a length of 3,214 km from North to South. 2. s extent from 66 0 (degree) East to 98 0 degree East, making its east to west extent 2,933 km. 10x10learning.com Page 1

2 3. Its total area is 3.28 million square km., and it has 2.4 per cent of world s land surface. 4. It is the 7 th largest country in the world. has a mainland coastline of 6,100 km, and 7,517 km in entire geographical coast including the island groups of Andaman and Nicobar in east and Lakshadweep in the west. 5. Longitudinal extend is about 30 degrees, which means a time difference of two hours from Dibrugarh in Imphal in the east to Jaisalmer, Rajasthan in the west. 6. The distance between two longitudes decreases towards the poles, while the distance between two latitudes remains the same. 7. s northern boundary extends up to N, and southern boundary up to N ( read six degrees and forty-five minutes North) in Bay of Bengal. The southern part lies in the Tropics, and the northern part lies in warm temperate zone or sub-tropical zone. This geographical location is responsible for the diversity and the large variations in land forms, climate, soil types and natural vegetation. 8. The standard meridian of all countries is in multiples of For this reason, East is s Standard meridian. s time is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Meridian Time. 9. USA has seven time zones, due to its wide extent from east to west. 10. The difference in time northernmost 11. Mahe in Kerala on west coast, Karaikal in TN, and Yanam in Telangana on east coast, are also part of Puducherry. The natives of Puducherry have a voting right for elections in France also. 12. Why is called a sub-continent? 10x10learning.com Page 2

3 is called a sub continent because it is bounded by the lofty mountain ranges of the Himalayas in the north, Hindukush and Sulaiman ranges in the north west, Purvachal hills in the north east. It has large river valleys of Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri; green forested hills in north eastern and south west; vast sandy deserts or marusthali in Rajasthan. In the south it is bounded by n Ocean, with Bay of Bengal in east with Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Arabian Sea in the West with Lakshadweep group of islands. Its geographical features have enabled it to evolve a unique identity as it has climatic zones from the tropics to temperate zone in the north. Due to these wide ranging geographical conditions, is called a sub continent, being the seventh largest country in the world. ( 141 words; maximum allowed is 150) The Great Himalayan range 1. The Great Himalayan range is approximately 2,500 km from east to west, and its width varies from 160 km to 400 km, north to south. The minimum height of these mountains is above 900 metres from sea level in the east and north east, and 1800 m to 2,000 m in the Siachen glacier in the west. Mount Everest is 8,848 m above sea level. The orientation of the Himalayas are from Jammu and Kashmir up to Darjeeling and Sikkim are oriented in a north - western to south east direction. Thereafter, the Himalayas are oriented in an east- west direction. In Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, they are in north-south direction 10x10learning.com Page 3

4 1.1 The Himalayas have five subdivisions as follows: a. Kashmir or North-western Himalayas: Karakoram ranges with K2 peak and Zoji La pass, Ladakh ranges, Zaskar rang with Nanga Parbat peak, Bara Lacha La and Shipki La pass, and Pir Panjal range with Banihal pass. Important glaciers are Baltoro, and Siachen that have Karewas. Karewas are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with the moraines. They are ideal for cultivation of Zafran, a local variety of saffron. Valley of Kashmir lies between Zaskar and Pir Panjal ranges. Fresh water lakes are Dal lake and Wular lake. Salt water lakes are Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri. Longitudinal valleys between the southern ranges are called duns - Pathankot dun and Jammu dun. Indus is the main river, with Jhelum and Chenab as its tributaries. Jhelum in Srinagar is in its youth stage, and yet meanders through it like a river in its mature stage. This is because Jhelum is a part of the larger Dal lake, that existed earlier. b. Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas : lie between River Ravi in the west and River Kali in the east. Kali is a tributary of River Ghaghara. In the Spiti subdivision of Lahul and Spiti district, of Himachal Pradesh lies an extension of the cold desert of Ladakh range, along with Zaskar and Pir Panjal. These ranges are called Dhaoladhar in Himachal Pradesh, and Nagtibha in Uttarakhand. The Shiwalik ranges, have an altitude between 1,000 to 2000 m, and Dharamshala, Shimla, Kaosani, Kasauli, Mussoorie, Almora, Ranikhet and Lansdowne are located in these ranges. 10x10learning.com Page 4

5 Shiwalik and dun formations distinguish these ranges. Major duns are Chandigarh- Kalka Dun, Nalagarh Dun, Dehra Dun, Harike dun, Kota dun. Dehra Dun is the largest of all duns with a length of 35 to 45 km and width of 22 to 25 km. In Great Himalayan ranges valleys are inhabited by nomadic groups called Bhotia s, who migrate to Bugyals during summer. Bugyals are grasslands in higher reaches. Valley of flowers is located here. Places of pilgrimages include Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath, Badrinath, Hemkund Sahib, along with five Prayags or confluences of rivers. c. Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas: are flanked by Nepal and Bhutan Himalayas. Known for its fast flowing Tista River, and Kanchenjunga and deep valleys. Jelap La pass is towards Bhutan. Dafla Hills have Bomdi Ka pass. Lepcha tribes inhabit the northern ranges, while lower ranges are known for tea plantations. These ranges along with Arunachal Himalayas have no Shiwalik formations. Instead there are duar formations where tea gardens have been developed, due to their moderate slopes, thick soil cover with high organic content, well distributed rainfall throughout the year, and mild winters. Rich flora and fauna, particularly variety of orchids. d. Arunachal Himalayas : from east of Bhutan to Diphu pass. Important peaks are Kangtu, and Namcha Barwa. Bhramaputra s gorge at Namcha Barwa pass, is one of the deep gorges. Bomdi La pass in Dafla Hills is important. Rivers Kameng and River Lohit. 10x10learning.com Page 5

6 e. Eastern Hills and Mountains: form the border with Myanmar, from north to south, are Patkai Bum ranges, Naga Hills, Manipur hills, Mizo or Lushai Hills. South of the Brahmaputra, from west to east are Garo Hills, Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills. Rivers of Naga Hills are tributaries of Brahmaputra. While two rivers of Manipur and Mizoram are tributaries of River Barak. Barak in turn joins River Meghna. Mizoram has Molassis basin made of soft unconsolidated deposits. f. Manipur has a unique large lake known as Loktak lake surrounded by mountains. Rivers from eastern Manipur are tributaries of River Chindwin, which joins River Irrawady of Myanmar. River Brahmaputra turns almost 90 degree southwards at Dhubri, before entering Bangladesh. The Northern Plains 2. The Northern Plains are 50 to 150 metres above mean sea level, and formed by alluvial deposits of river systems of the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra. They extend 3,200 km. east to west, and are 150 to 300 km wide. The maximum depth of the plains is 1000 m. to 2000 m. Haryana and Delhi form a water divide between the Indus and Ganga river systems. Indus river system flows from northeast towards west, while River Brahmaputra flows from northeast to southwest before it turns almost 90 degree southwards at Dhubri, before entering Bangladesh. Ganga river system, curves towards the east to form the world s largest delta, the Sundarbans in the Bay of Bengal. 10x10learning.com Page 6

7 1. From north to south, the northern plains have three major zones. (a) Bhahar zone is 8 km to 10 km wide at the Shiwalik foothills, with deposits of heavy material of rocks and boulders. (b) Tarai belt is below bhahar, and is about 10 to 20 km wide. Most streams and rivers re-emerge here after disappearing behind the boulders of the Bhahar zone. This is a swampy and marshy area with luxurious natural vegetation and wild life. (c) Bhangar is the old alluvial deposit zone and Khadar is the new alluvial deposit zone. They are in the mature stage of fluvial erosion and deposit landforms, such as sandbars, meanders, oxbow lakes, braided stream channels, and riverine islands. ( in the Brahmaputra valley) These features are created due to periodic floods and shifting of river courses. 2. Important River Drainage Patterns: a) Dendritic pattern resembles branches of a tree as in northern plains b) Radial pattern when river originates on a hill and flows in all directions. Example is River Son from Amarkantak plateau. c) Trellis pattern when primary tributaries of rivers flow parallel and secondary tributaries join at right angles. As in Yamuna and Ganga system d) Centripetal pattern when rivers from all directions flow into a lake or depression, as in Wular and Dal lake in Jammu and Kashmir, 3. River systems in northern plains: 10x10learning.com Page 7

8 a. River Beas joins River Sutlej. Then, in a north to south sequence, Rivers Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej, join River Jhelum, which joins River Indus. b. Tributaries of Yamuna from Central Plateau regions, in sequence from west to east are River Chambal, River Sind, River Betwa, and River Ken. c. Tributaries of River Ganga after Prayag, in sequence from west to east are River Gomti, River Ghaghara, River Son ( from central plateau) River Gandak, and River Kosi, Thereafter, it flows as River Hoogly into West Bengal and River Padma into Bangladesh. d. Watersheds and river drainage basins in are grouped into three categories: 1. Major river basins with more than 20,000 sq.km of catchment area. There are 14 such basins of the Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the Krishna, the Tapi, the Narmada, the Mahi, the Cauvery, the Pennar, the Sabarmati, the Barak, the Mahanadi, the Subernarekha, the Mahi, Brahmani and Baitarni. 2. Medium river basins with catchment area between 2,000 to 20,000 sq. km. There are 44 medium river basins, the Kalindi, the Periyar, the Megna, the Indus ( up to border) ; east flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar, East flowing rivers between Pennar and Kanyakumari, west flowing rivers of Kutch, Sabarmati, including Luni, west flowing rivers from 10x10learning.com Page 8

9 Tapi to Tadri, West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari. 3. Minor river basins with less than 2,000 sq km. Include many rivers in areas of low rainfall. Important minor river basins drainage into Bangladesh and Myanmar. Origins and tributaries of major river systems in : e. River Indus from a glacier near Bokhar Chu ( N and E) in Tibet at an altitude of 4,164m. It is called Singi Khamban or the Lion s mouth in Tibet. It forms a spectacular gorge near Gilgit in Jammu and Kashmir. In it flows only through the Leh district. It leaves near Chillar in Dardistan region. f. River Jhelum rises from a spring at Verinag, at the foot of the Pir Panjal range. Flows through Srinagar and Wular lake before leaving through a deep gorge. g. River Chenab or Chandrabhaga, is formed by two streams the Chandra and the Bhaga, which join at Tandi, near Keylong in Himachal Pradesh to become River Chandrabhaga. In is flows for 1,180 km. h. River Ravi, rises west of the Rohtang pass in Kullu hills ( Himachal Pradesh) and flows through Chamba valley, and drains the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges. i. River Beas originates from the Beas Kund near Rohtang pass at 4,000 m. Following through the Kullu valley, it forms gorges at 10x10learning.com Page 9

10 Kati and Largi in Dhaoladhar range. It joins River Sutlej near Harike. j. River Sutlej originates in the Rakas lake near Mansarovar at 4,555 m in Tibet. There it is called Langchen Khambab. It flows parallel to River Indus for 400 km before entering. It emerges from a gorge at Rupar and passes through Shipki La on Himalayan ranges, before entering the plains of Punjab. It feeds the canal of Bhakra Nangal project. k. River Bhagirathi: rises in Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh ( 3,900 m) in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. At Dev Prayag, it joins Alaknanda, that rises from Satopanth glacier above Badrinath. River Alaknanda has Rivers Dhauli and Vishnu Ganga as its tributaries that join it at Joshimath or Vishnu Prayag. River Pindar joins Alaknanda at Karna Prayag, and Mandakini or Kali Ganga joins it at Rudra Prayag. From Dev Prayag, the combined Bhagirathi and Alaknanda become River Ganga, that enters the plains at Haridwar. From here it flow south, then south east, joining the River Yamuna at Prayag, and then eastwards, before splitting as Bhagirathi and Hugli. It total length is 2,525 km of which 110 km is in Uttarakhand, 1450 km in Uttar Pradesh, 445 km in Bihar, and 520 km in West Bengal. In, the total area covered by the Ganga basin in 8.6 lakh sq km. The major left bank tributaries of River Ganga are Rivers Ramganga, Gomati, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda. It major right bank tributaries are River Yamuna and River Son. Sagar Island in West Bengal, is the end point of the Ganga river basin. 10x10learning.com Page 10

11 l. River Ramganga: rises in Garhwal hills near Gairsain. Flowing southwest through Shiwalik, it enters Uttar Pradesh near Najibabad, and joins River Ganga at Kannauj. m. River Gandhak rises in Nepal Himalayas between Dhaulagiri and Mount Everest. It has two tributaries, River Kaligandak and River Trishulganga. It enters in Champaran district and joins River Ganga at Sonpur near Patna. n. River Ghaghara rises in glaciers of Mapchachungo. Its three tributaries are Rivers Tila, Seti and Beri. It emerges at a deep gorge at Shishapani. River Sarda or Kali or Kaliganga, joins River Ghaghara befire Chhapra, where it joins River Ganga. o. River Kosi: emerges as River Arun from north of Mount Everest in Tibet. After Nepal, River Arun is joined by Son Kosi joins it from west and Tamur Kosi from east, to become Sapt Kosi. p. River Sarda or Saryu rises in the Milam glacier in Nepal Himalayas. In Nepal it is called Goriganga. Along Indo-Nepal border it is called Kali or Chauk, before it joins River Ghaghara. q. River Mahananda : rises in the Darjiling hills, and joins River Ganga as its last left tributary in West Bengal. r. River Yamuna, rises in Yamunotri glacier in western slopes of Banderpunch range ( 6,316 km), and is the longest, westernmost tributary of River Ganga. Its major tributaries on the right bank include Rivers Chambal, Sind, Betwa, Ken. Its left bank tributaries are Rivers Hindan, Rind, Sengar, Varuna. Its water feeds the Agra canal for irrigation purposes. 10x10learning.com Page 11

12 4. Rivers of Central a. River Chambal originates in the Aravallis and has River Banas as its only tributary from the Vindhyan and Kaimur Hills. River Sind, River Betwa, and River Ken flow in the north eastern direction from Aravalli Range, Malwa Plate (300 to 600 m ) and Bundelkhand, to join the Yamuna in the north. River rises near Mhow in Malwa plateau in Madhya Pradesh, and flows northwards through a gorge to Kota in Rajasthan, where Gandhisagar Dam is constructed. From Kota it moves to Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Dholpur and joins the Yamuna. Chambal ravines are its famous features. b. River Damodar rises in Chotanagpur plateau, and flows along its eastern margin through a rift valley. River Barakar is its tributary, River Damodar joins the Hugli in West Bengal. Damodar Valley Multipurpose Project has controlled this flood prone river, that was earlier nicknamed the sorrow of Bengal. c. River Son, originates in Amarkantak plateau in Central, and after a series of waterfalls at the edge of the plateau, it join River Ganga at Arrah, near Patna. 5. River Brahmaputra System: one of the largest in the world. It originates in Chemajungdung glacier near Mansarovar lake in Kailash range. Flowing eastwards longitudinally for 1,200 km in dry and flat southern Tibet, it is called Tsangpo meaning the purifier. 10x10learning.com Page 12

13 6. In Tibet The Tango Tsangpo is its tributary. It carves a deep gorge in Central Himalayas near Namcha Barwa ( 7,755 m.) Emerging in the foothills it is called Siang or Dihang. 7. It enters, west of Sadiya town in Arunachal Pradesh. Flowing southwest from Sadiya, it is joined by two tributaries on the left bank, namely, River Dibang or Sikang, and River Lohit. 8. Thereafter, it is called River Brahmaputra. In Assam, flowing for 750 km, Rivers Burhi Dihing and Dhansari, join it on left bank, and River Subansiri, which is an antecedent river from Tibet, and Rivers Kameng, Manas, and Sankosh join it on the right bank. River Brahmaputra leaves at Dhubri. 9. In Bangladesh, after River Tista joins it on right bank its name is changed to River Yamuna. It joins River Padma and flows southwards in to the Bay of Bengal. The Peninsular River Systems 10. Most peninsular rivers flow eastwards, except the River Narmada and River Tapi that flow west in to the Arabian Sea. The rivers in Central Plateau flow north wards to join the Yamuna and Ganga river systems. Other major rivers are older than the Himalayan river systems. This is indicated by their broader and shallow valleys. Three other geological events in tertiary period distinguish the peninsular river systems. a) Subsidence of the western flank leading to its submergence below the sea. This disturbed the symmetrical plan of rivers on either side of the original watershed. The Western Ghats close to the coast act as a water divide. 10x10learning.com Page 13

14 b) Upheaval of the Himalayas that caused the subsidence of the Peninsular block and consequent trough faulting. River Narmada and River Tapi flow in this trough fault. Therefore, they lack alluvial and deltaic deposits, and fill the cracks with their detritus materials. c) Slight tilting of the peninsular block from northwest to the south eastern direction. This tilt orients the flow of all river systems towards the Bay of Bengal. d) West flowing small rivers include (1)River Mahi ( 34,842 sq km catchment) (2) River Sabarmati ( 21,674 sq.km) (3) River Bharathapuzha or Ponnani ( 5,397 sq km) longest river of Kerala rises in Annamalai hills. (4) River Periyar ( 5,243 sq.km.) second longest river in Kerala. (5) River Kali nadi ( 5,179 sq km) rises in Belgaum district and falls in Karwar Bay that creates a natural harbour. (6) River Dhaandhar ( 2,770 sq.km.) (7) River Sharavati ( 2,029 sq.km.) rises in Shimoga district of Karnataka forms the Gersoppa or Jog falls e) River Shetruniji rises near Dalkahwa in Amreli district. f) River Bhadra rises near Aniali village in Rajkot district 10x10learning.com Page 14

15 g) River Dhadhar rises near Ghantar village in Panchmahal district h) River Vaitarna rises from Trimbak hills in Nasik district at 670 m. i) River Bedti in Hubli Dharwar and is 161 km long. j) River Mandovi and River Juari are in Goa. k) River Pamba in Kerala is 177 km long and fall in to the Vemobanad lake. l) Talakaveri, Irruppu falls and Abbey falls in Coorg district Karnataka m) SMALL rivers flowing Eastwards: (1) River Penner ( 55,213 sq.km.) (2) River Brahmani (39,033 sq.km) (3) River Subarnarekha (19,296 sq km) (4) River Palar ( 17,870 sq.km) (5) River Baitarni (12,789 sq.km) 11. River Narmada rises from Amarkantak plateau (1,057m.) and is 1,312 km long. Flows through rift valley of Satpura range in south and Vindhayan range in north, to form a gorge in marble rocks and Dhuandhar waterfall near Jabalpur. Its catchment area is 98,796 sq. km. Near Bharuch, it form a 27 km broad estuary to join the Arabian Sea. Sardar Sarovar Project has been constructed on Narmada. 10x10learning.com Page 15

16 12. River Tapi originates from Multai in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. It is 724 km long with a catchment area of 65,145 sq km. 79 % is in Maharashtra, 15% in Madhya Pradesh and 6 % in Gujarat. 13. River Mahanadi system is 851 km long, and originates near Sihawa in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh, and runs through Orissa. 53% of its total catchment area of 1.42 lakh sq km is in Madhya Pradesh and 47% is in Orissa. 14. River Godavari is the largest Peninsular river system, also called Dakhsin Ganga. It rises in Nasik district of Maharashtra, and flows through Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is 1,465 km long with 3.13 lakh sq. km. Catchment area, 49% of which is in Maharashatra and 20% in Chhattisgarh. Its major tributaries are Rivers Penganga, Indravati, Pranhita, and Manjra. South of Polavaram, it forms a gorge and causes heavy floods. After Rajamundri, it splits to form a large delta. 15. River Krishna rises near Mahabaleshwar in Sahyadri ranges. (local name for Western Ghats in Maharashtra is Sahyadri) It is 1,401km long, with 27% of its catchment area in Maharashtra, 44 % in Karnataka, 29% in Telangana. Rivers Koyna, Tungbhadra, and Bhima are its tributaries. Hampi, capital of Vijaynagar with 500 monuments is on River Tungabhadra 16. River Kaveri rises in Brahmagiri hills ( 1,341 m) of Kogadu district in Karnataka, and is 800 km long. Rivers Amravati, Bhavani, and Kabini, are its tributaries. Catchment area is 81,155 sq. km. Northern parts of its catchment area receives rainfall from southwest monsoons during summer, and southern parts from north eastern monsoons during winter, it is a perennial river. Kaveri basin is 3% in Kerala, 41 % in Karnataka, 56% in Tamilnadu. 10x10learning.com Page 16

17 Waterfalls: Kutralam falls and Athirappilly Falls in Kerala; Unchalli falls, Dudhsagar falls in Goa, Sathodi falls in western ghats; Bishop Falls and Beadon falls in Manipur, Dum Dum falls in Nagaland; Dudhsagar Falls Molem National Park, near Panaji, Goa Jog falls on River Sharavati, Karnataka, 829 feet, in Shimoga and North Kanara district 10x10learning.com Page 17

18 1. Ranges in Western and Central, and the Deccan Plateau are from 900 m to 300 metres above sea level. The Central plateau is 150m above the Northern Plains and ranges from 700 to 1,000 m. It slopes towards the north and north eastern direction, as seen from the flow of rivers. 2. The Western Ghats ranges are higher and more continuous than the Eastern Ghats. Their height increases from north ( 1,500 metres) to south. They are known by local names such as Sahyadri in Maharashtra, Nilgiri hills in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, Anaimalai hills and Cardomom hills in Kerala. Anaimudi (2,695 m) is the highest peak in Anaimalai hills and Dodabetta ( 2,637 m) is the highest peak in Nilgiri Hills. In the Eastern Ghats, Javadi hills, Palconda range, Nallamala hills, Mahendragiri hills. The two Ghats meet at the Nilgiri hills are important ranges. 3. The Aravalli Range, is 600 to 900 metre above the mean sea level, and has Rajmahal hills to its east. High and has River Luni flowing towards the Rann of Kutch, and River Sabarmati, flowing into the 10x10learning.com Page 18

19 Gulf of Khambhat. Rivers Mahi, Narmada from Vindhya Range, and River Tapi from Mahadeo Hills and Ajanta range also flow into the Gulf of Khambhat. The Gir Range below the Kathiawar Peninsula is also 900 m. High range in the west. 4. The Satpura range made up of scaped plateaus is to the south of Aravali ranges, and form the northernmost part of the Peninsular Plateau. It extends to Jaisalmer in the West with longitudinal sand ridges and crescent shaped sand dunes called barchans. It has metamorphic rocks such as marble, slate, gneiss. In the east the Plateau extends to form the Shillong and Karbi-Anglong plateau. The central peninsula is made of a series of patland plateau such as Hazaribagh plateau, Palamu plateau, Ranchi plateau, Malwa plateau, Coimbatore 5. River Chambal originates in the Aravallis and has River Banas as its only tributary from the Vindhyan and Kaimur Hills. River Sind, River Betwa, and River Ken flow in the north eastern direction from Aravalli Range, Malwa Plate (300 to 600 m ) and Bundelkhand, to join the Yamuna in the north. 6. Ranges towards the central east. Baghelkhand is drained by River Son, that joins River Ganga in the north. Ramgarh Hills and the Chota Nagpur Plateau have large reserves of mineral resources. Maikala Range near the edge of Mahadeo Hills are part of the huge fault between Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya pleateau, that has the three sub ranges of the Garo hills, Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills. In Assam, it extends as Karbi Anglong hills Meghalaya plateau is also rich in mineral resources like coal, iron ore, sillimanite, limestone, uranium. Heavy rain have eroded this plateau and 10x10learning.com Page 19

20 Cherrapunji has a bare rocky surface devoid of any permanent vegetation. 7. In the western Deccan Peninsula, Satmala Hills are 1567 m high, with Lalsubai peak at 1646 m. The Western Ghats range is above 900 metres above sea level from 20 0 N to 8 0 N. The Anai Malai hills are perpendicular to the Western Ghats and have Anai Mudi at 2695 metres as its highest peak. Cardamom Hills are the southernmost range 8. The Eastern Ghats have Garhjat Hills with Malaygiri peak in the north or River Mahanadi, Telangana Plateau in the upper valley of River Krishna with Nallamala range on its southern banks. The Northern Circars in the Easter coastal plains lie between the deltas of River Mahanadi and River Krishna. The Chilika Lake and Mahendragiri peak, 1501 metres above sea level, are located here. The Coromandel Coast extends from delta of River Krishna to south of the delta of River Kaveri. 9. Bylakuppe, near Coorg, has the largest Tibetan settlement in South, famous Tibetan monasteries Namdroling and Sera. 10. For Andaman and Nicobar Islands See the excellent film on ISRO Education Portal. The only mud volcano in the world is located in Andaman 10x10learning.com Page 20

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22 Minerals are localised resource. Many are potential resources as they are to be used in future. Industry is located near the minerals sources 10x10learning.com Page 22

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