List of Contributors

Transcription

1 List of Contributors Maxwell A. Cameron is a professor of political science and the director of the Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Todd A. Eisenstadt is a professor of government at American University. José Luis Exeni Rodríguez is a postdoctoral researcher, ALICE Project, Centre for Social Studies (CES), University of Coimbra, Portugal. Eric Hershberg is a professor of government and the director of the Center for Latin American and Latino Studies at American University. Felipe J. Hevia de la Jara is a research professor at CIESAS (Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social), Mexico City. Ernesto Isunza Vera is a research professor at CIESAS (Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social), Mexico City. Alicia Lissidini is a professor of political science at the School of Politics and Government, Universidad Nacional de San Martín in Buenos Aires (UNSaM). Michael M. McCarthy is a PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University. Françoise Montambeault is an assistant professor of political science at the Université de Montréal Thamy Pogrebinschi is a professor of political science at the Institute of Social and Political Studies of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (IESP-UERJ), where she also coordinates the Laboratory for Studies on

2 252 List of Contributors Democracy (LED). She is also Humboldt fellow and a visiting researcher at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB). Kenneth E. Sharpe is the William R. Kenan Jr. professor of political science at Swarthmore College. Mark E. Warren is Merilees Chair and professor of political science at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Jennifer Yelle is a PhD candidate in the Department of Government at American University. Gisela Zaremberg is a professor of political science at FLACSO (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales), Mexico.

3 Index Note: The letter n followed by the locator represents notes in the text. 21 st Century Socialism, 29, 42, 149, 170, 223 Abers, Rebecca, 107, 110, 111, 113 Acción Democrática (AD). see Democratic Action party (Venezuela) accountability, x, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 14, 15, 21, 40, 55, 71, 92, 110, 127, 134, 135, 187, , 222, 232, 234, 235, 237, 240, 244 social, 12, 216 vertical and/or horizontal, 12, 14, 232, 234 ACRA (Asociación de Cooperación Rural para África y América Latina), 36 Actuaries Association (Uruguay), 159 Advisory Council to the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, 84 Afro-Bolivians, 226n Afro-Brazilians, 59, 68 Agenda 21 (Mexico), 80, 82, 83 Among Women Foundation (Nicaragua), 36 Ananias, Patrus, 109 ANCAP (Administración Nacional de Combustibles Alcoholes y Portland) (Uruguay), 160 Andean Democracy Research Network, 231, 246 Antorcha Campesina (Mexico), 38 APF Federal Public Administration (Mexico), 78 Aristotle, 103 Astori, Daniel (Uruguay), Authoritarian, 1, 2, 3, 17, 77, 119, 140, 143, 149, 153, 155, 162, 168, 174, 176, 192, 193, 201, 212, 222, 233, 234, 242, 245 competitive, 7, 233, 234 constitution, 242 socialism, 245 Auto-gobierno (self-government), 16, 126, 136, 167, 199, 207, 211, 212, 215, 216, 221, 222, 226, 232, 236, 237, 239, 244 Autogolpe, 3, 18n Average Wage Index (Uruguay), 160 Ayllu, 226 Aymara, 216 Baiocchi, Gianpaolo, 105, 110, 112, 113 Bar Association (Uruguay), 159 Batlle, Jorge (Uruguay), Batlle y Ordóñez, José (Uruguay), 152 Batllismo, 152 see also Batlle y Ordóñez, José (Uruguay) Belo Horizonte, 13, 15, 100, 101, , 116, 118, 119 Black Friday (Venezuela), 129, 162 Blanco Party (Uruguay), 153 4

4 254 Index Bolivarian circles, 169 constitution, 29 democracy, 123, 146 militias, 171 networks, 139 revolution, 131, 163 social movement, 132 Bolivia, x, 2, 5, 6, 10, 16, 150, 161, 183, 192, 201, , 234, 243, 244, 246 Beni, 244 Constituent Assembly, 211, 214, 215, 217, 225 Constitution of 1967, 207, Constitution of 2009, 149, 207, 208, 209, 211, 215, , 226, 228, 244 Constitutional Reform 1994, 214 Constitutional Tribunal Law, 208 Electoral Regime, , 220, 227 Framework Law for Autonomous Areas and Decentralization, 208, 216, 221, 227, 228 indigenous autonomous communities, x, 209, 216, 221, 224 La Paz, 210, 217, 218 National Constituent Referendum, 218 Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal, 219, 220 Plurinational Electoral Body, 208, 219, 220 Plurinational Legislative Assembly, 208, 220, 221, 225, 227 Santa Cruz, 217, 226, 244 Supreme Electoral Tribunal, 220, 227 Tarija, 217, 244 Transitional Electoral Regime, 219 Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB), 56, 64, 65, 112 Brazil, ix, 1, 6, 13, 21 47, 53 74, 93, 149 advisory councils, 2 Bahia, 22, 42, 43 Belo Horizonte, 13, 15, 100, 101, , 116, 118, 119 Brasilia, 61 citizenship education, 100, 104 9, , , 122 Constitution (1988), 55, 149 Estado Novo, 93 health care, x Minas Gerais, 109, 121 National Conference for Policies for Women, 68 national conferences, x, 9, 10, 14, 54, National Plan for Policies for Women, 68 National Program for Human Rights 3 (PNDH3), 68 northeastern states, 43 participatory budgeting, 1, 5, 10, 15, 99, 100, 101, 102, , 122, 238, 240, 244 Pernambuco, 114, 120, 122 Porto Alegre, 13, 14, 15, 25, 54, 100, 101, 105, , , 116, , 240 public policy councils, 54, 73, 85 Recife, 12, 15, 100, 108, 109, 112, , 240 Rural Municipal Development Councils (Conselhos Municipais de Desenvolvimento Rural CMDR), 22, 24 7, 43 São Paulo, 64 Social movements, 65, 71 Workers Party (PT), 5, 24 5, 42 4, 46, 55, 56, 57, 64, 71, 101, 102, 109, 112, 114, 116, 117, 119 Broad Front (Frente Amplio) (Uruguay), , 172, 174, 175, 177 Broad Front-Progressive Encounter (Uruguay), 155, 159 Bucaram, Abdalá (Ecuador), 3 Buen Vivir (living well), 207, 210, 224, 225 see also Suma Qamaña Burke, Edmund, 181 2, 192

5 Index 255 Cacique (Mexico), 190 Calderón, Felipe (Mexico), 75, 76, 200 CAMUQ Rural Credit Cooperative Central das Associações do Município de Queimadas (Brazil), 43 Canada, ix Caracazo (Caracas riots, Venezuela, 1989), 129, 162 Caravan of Priorities, 102 Cárdenas, Cuauhtémoc (México), 152, 190 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (Brazil), 56, 57 Carter Center (USA), 170 Carter, Jimmy (USA), 155 Catholic Church, 162 Caudillo, 152 CDM Councils for Municipal Development (Nicaragua), 27 9 CEMDA Mexican Center for Environmental Law, 81 Central America, x, 5 Chávez, Hugo (Venezuela), x, 6, 11, 15, 29, 108, 123 5, , , 143 6, 149, , 176, 234, 239, 241, 242, 245 Chile, x, 45, 241, 242, 243, 244 China, ix Christian Base communities, 5 Christian Democratic Party (Uruguay), 154 Citizen Presence (Mexico), 81 citizens and citizenship, x, 3, 4, 6, 8, 90 1, 124, 214, 218 active, 8, 10, 11, 115, 124 5, 145, 234, 235, 249 and clientilism, 141, 222 comprehensive, 213, 226 and democracy, 54, , 120, 130, 133, 135, 139, 140, 213, 222, 226, , 242, 245, 246, 247 education of, 2, 8, 12 13, 15, 93, 100, , , 121 2, 238, 249 initiative, 9, 12, 15, 236 civil society, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 17, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 34, 36, 42, 45, 47, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 65 6, 70 3, 112, 113, 117, 127, 130, 132, 142, 143, 146, 166, 174, 191, 237, 238 Civil Society Organizations (CSO), 24, 25, 28, 36, 62, 65, 67, 71, 75, 79, 84, 89, 90, 117, 119, 142, 166, 219, 237 Clientelism, x, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 15, 100, 108, 118, 124, 141, 162, 174, 190, 222, 235, 242 CMDR Conselhos Municipais de Desenvolvimento Rural (Brazil), 22, 24 5, 43 CMDRS Consejos Municipales de Desarrollo Rural Sustentable (Mexico), 22, 24, 26 7, 32, 39, 47, CNC National Peasant Federation (Mexico), 25, 201, 202 Cochabamba (Bolivia), 214, 227 CODES Conselho de Desenvolvimento Territorial (Brazil), 25, 43 collective action, 107, 111, 117, 123, 124, 128, 222, 236, 237 Collor (de Mello), Fernando, 3, 56, 57 Colombia, 183 constitution of 1991, 149 Colorado Party (Uruguay), 152 8, 160 1, 175 Comarca (Nicaragua), 28 Committee for the Defense of ANCAP (Uruguay), 159 Committee for the Defense of Water and Life (Uruguay), 159 Committees for Community Promotion of the Progresa/Oportunidades Program (Mexico), 78 Committees for the Defense of the Revolution in Cuba, 140

6 256 Index Communal Councils (Venezuela), x, xi, 2, 9, 11, 15, 22, 29 32, 48, , 143, 145, 163, 167, 231, 237 9, 241, 242, 245, 247 Administrative and Community Finance Unit, 31 Citizens Assembly, 30 Community Coordinating Collective, 31 Executive Unit, 31 Law, 130, 138, 139, 143 Social Audit Unit, 31 CONDEPA (Conscience of the Fatherland) (Bolivia), 213 CONDRAF National Council for Sustainable Rural Development (Brazil), 24 Conferences, national (Brazil), x, 9, 10, 14, 56 72, 238 Conferences, policy (Brazil), 10, 14, 54 72, 73, 138, 237, 238, 240, 244 CONPES Council for Socio-economic Planning (Nicaragua), 28 Consejo Comunal de la Cañada (Zulia, Venezuela), 41 Consejos Municipales de Desarrollo Rural Sustentable (CMDRS Mexico), 22, 24, 26 7, 32, 39, 47, Conselho de Desenvolvimento Territorial (CODES Brazil), 25, 43 Conselhos Municipais de Desenvolvimento Rural (CMDR Brazil), 22, 24 5, 43 Cooptation, 21, 34, 36 42, 45, 65, 109, 114, , 127, 144, 208 Coordinator of Retirees of the Social Welfare Bank (Uruguay), 157 COPEI - Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente (Venezuela), 29, 129, 163 5, 168, 176 COPLADEMUN Planning Committees for Municipal Development (Mexico), 26, 27, 39, 76 COPLADE Planning Councils for State Development (Mexico), 26, 47, 76 co-production, 11, 15, 123, 125, 127 9, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 146, 238, 245 corruption, 3, 11, 135, 143, 145, 162, 163, 189, 239 Council of Independent Authorities (Mexico), 38 councils advisory,2,14 consultative, 9, 14 Sustainable Development Councils, 14; see also CMDRS - Consejos Municipales de Desarrollo Rural Sustentable (Mexico) see also Communal Councils (Venezuela) Councils for Citizen Participation (CPC Nicaragua), 27 Councils for Municipal Development (CDM, Nicaragua), 27 8 Council for Socio-economic Planning (CONPES - Nicaragua), 28 Councils for Social Participation and Education (Mexico), 82 coups, 3, 150, 154, 163, 168, 169, 176, 213, 244 see also Autogolpe CPC Councils for Citizen Participation (Nicaragua), 27 Cuba, 130, 140, 170, 172, 245 customary practices (also usos y costumbres), 10, 12, 16, 25, 27, 38, , 239 Customary Law Elections, 181 Deliberation, 1, 2, 11, 17, 53 5, 57, 59 63, 65, 66, 70, , 113, 118, 208, 211, 214, 215, 219, 220,

7 Index 257 democracy breakdown, 3, 244, 246 citizens, 6, , 120, 130, 133, 135, 139, 140, 213, 222, , 242, 245, 246, 247 communitary, 16, 149, 207, 210, , 220 1, 224, 244, 246 delegative, 234 demodiversity, 208, 215, 219, 222, 225n direct, xi, 7, 14 16, 17 18n, 76, , 163, 166, 171 5, 207, 208, 211, 214, 215, 220, 235, 236, 244 electoral, 5, 7, 8, 54, 212, 213, 214, 224, 234, 237, 239 intercultural (Bolivia), 207 8, 210, 216, 219, 221, 225, 227 liberal, xi, 7, 55, 72, 152, 193, 207, 212, 214, 216, 233, 235, 245, 249 participatory, xi, 5, 7, 16 18, 28, 29, 32, 43, 53 5, , 108, 120, 122, 130, 145, 149, 164, 167, 170, 174, 176, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 215, 218, 220, 228, 234, 235, 236, 240, 245 7, 249 plebiscitary, 4, 173, 234 7, 241 polyarchic, 7 post-liberal, 207, 211, 221, 235 protagonistic, 11 quality of, 3, 17, 106, 234, 241, 247 representative, x, 1, 2, 3 5, 7, 16, 17, 28, 29, 32, 43, 53 5, 59, 60, 62, 65, 110, , 119, 125, 126, 129, 135, 138, 142, 146, 149, 151, 154, 173, 207, 214, 215, , 232 6, responsiveness, x, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 63, 65, 69, 234, 235, 239 school for, 100, 103, 105, 108, 113 Schumpeterian, 8, 233 support for, 4 transitions, 2 tutelary, 155 Democratic Action party (Venezuela), 29, 129, 162, 164, 165, 168, 169, 176 Democratic Coordinator (CD) (Venezuela), 164, 169, 173 Dulci, Luiz (Brazil), 57, 72 Ecological Groups Pact (Mexico), 81 Ecuador, 2, 5, 150, 161, 183, 228 El Alto (Bolivia), 214 Elections, 8, 9, 28, 29, 127, 130, 133, 138, 231 4, 236, 237, 239, 245, 246, 249 competitive, ix, 7, 25, 233, 234, 245 El Salvador, 240 Environmental Studies Group (Mexico), 81 Exclusion, 2, 15, 100, 137, 139, 141, 242 EZLN Zapatista National Liberation Army (Mexico), 75 see also Zapatista movement Fatherland for All (Patria Para Todos) (Venezuela), 169, 176 Fedecámaras (Venezuela), 164, 169 Federal Electoral Institute (Mexico), 88 Federation of OSE workers (Uruguay), 159 Fernandes, Sujatha, 131 Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) (Venezuela), 163, 165, 169 FONDAS National fund for Socialist Agrarian Development (Venezuela), 40 Fondo III (Fund III, Mexico), 26 Fox, Vicente (Mexico), 76, 94, 200 Franco, Itamar (Brazil), 56, 57 Free Bolivia Movement (MBL), 213 Frente Amplio. see Broad Front (Frente Amplio) (Uruguay) Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN), 27 9, 31, 33, 34, 35 7, 242 FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional), 27 9, 31, 33, 34, 35 7, 242

8 258 Index Fujimori, Alberto (Peru), 233 FUNDACOMUNAL (Fundación para el Desarrollo y Promoción del Poder Comunal, Venezuela), 40, 42, 133, 137, 139 Fung, Archon, 8, 106, 107, 124, 244 FUNICA (Nicaragua), 36 García, Alan (Peru), 3 García Linera, Alvaro (Bolivia), 225 Gas War, 214 Germany, ix GPC Citizen Participation Cabinets (Nicaragua), 22, 27 31, 35 6, 40 Harnecker, Martha, 170 Helmke, Gretchen, 100, 108 Hirschman, Albert O., 8 9, 22, 150, 152, 153, 154, 160, 162, 231 inclusion, x, 7, 8, 10, 57, 63, 66, 99, 102, 105, 107, 139, 141, 222, 235, 239 ethnic, 4 India, ix indigenous peoples, 16, 58, 59, 82, 126, 149, 163, 207, 209, 211, , authorities, 10 autonomous communities, x, 16, 30, 149, 207, 210, 217, 220, 221, 224 communal justice, 10 governance, viii, 12, 25, 182, 187, 199, 200, 216, 221, 237, 239, 244, 246, 249 informal institutions, 11, 108, 109, 113, 117, 119, 233 informal representation, 62, 70 1 Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI Mexico), 11 12, 14, 25 6, 34, 38 9, 75, 92, 139, 184 6, 189, 190 2, 193 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 168 International Labour Organization, 168, 183 Internet, 61, 166, 199 Japan, ix Jefferson, Thomas, 181 Judicial Officials Association (Uruguay), 159 Karl, Terry Lynn, 130, 141, 145 Lacalle, Luis Alberto (Uruguay), 157, 160 law, 11, 12, 16, 26, 27, 29, 30, 39, 232, 236, 237, 241, 244, 246, 249 Community Council Law, 130, 138, 139, 143 customary, vi, 10, , 239 rule of, 8, , 232, 236 Leftist Liberty Front (FIDEL) (Uruguay), 154, 174 legal pluralism, 221 Lema e Silva, João Paulo, 114 Levitsky, Steven, 100, 108, 121, 233, 247, 248, 249 LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered), 58, 59, 66 Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio (Brazil), 24, 54, 55 7, 59, 63 4, 68, 73 Madres of the Plaza de Mayo (Argentina), 5 Mansbridge, Jane, 65, 103, 104, 121 March for Dignity and Land (Bolivia), 217, 225 Marginalization, 22, 46 MAS Movement Toward Socialism (Bolivia), 46, 183, 208 Menem, Carlos (Argentina), 3 Mexican Center for Environmental Law (CEMDA), 81 Mexican Ecological Movement, 81 Mexico, 11 12, 13, 14, 16, 21 47, 75 93, 152, , 239, 241 3, 248, 249 advisory councils, 2, 14 Chiapas, 85, 182

9 Index 259 community councils, 75 constitution, 75, 192 consultative councils, 9, 14, indigenous authorities, 10, 199 Oaxaca, 22, 25, 26, 39, 46, PRI, ruling party, 11 12, 14, 25 6, 34, 38 9, 75, 92, 139, 184, 186, 189, 190 2, 193 San Juan Ñumi, 38 Veracruz, 87 Migrants Organization (Mexico), 38 migration, 25, 26, 129, 155, 198, 199 index of migration intensity, 203 Military rule, 5 Mill, J.S., 8, 12, 103 Minas Gerais, 109, 121 Ministry of the Communes and Social Protection (Venezuela), 135, 139 Ministry of the Environment (Mexico), 14 Ministry of Participation (Venezuela), 138 Missions Mercal (Venezuela), 170 Misión Barrio Adentro (Venezuela), 170 Misión Sucre (Venezuela), 31 Robinson (Venezuela), 170 mobilization, 5, 34, 40, 53, 68, 70, 109, 110, 114, 116, 117, 123, 136, 137, 170, 177, 195, 201, 202, 203, 207, 214 Monitoring Committee for the Implementation of Participatory Budgeting (Brazil), 111, 113 Morales, Evo, 183, 208, 219, 234, 244 Mother Earth/Madre Tierra, 224, movements Chavista, 31 environmentalist, 81 feminist, 81, 224 indigenous, 81 insurrectionary, 5 new social, 81 rural, 24 social and popular, 4, 30, 65, 71, 117, 119, 131, 145, 223 Movement Toward Socialism (MAS Bolivia), 46, 183, 208 Movimiento V República (Venezuela), 163, 165, 169 municipal government, 1, 6, 14, 21 33, 35 9, 41 9, 50 1, 59, 60, 62, 69, 76 7, 88, 101 2, , 117, 127 8, 136, 139, 142, 151, 183 5, , 197 8, 201, 203 4, 212, 214, , 223, 225, 227, 238, National Coordinator to Annul the Statute of Limitations Laws (Uruguay), 159 National Democratic Action (ADN) (Bolivia), 213 National Electoral Commission (Venezuela), 165, 169 National Institute for Ecology (Mexico), 81 National Institute for Women (Mexico), 88 National Organization of Retirees (Uruguay), 158 National Party (Uruguay), 154, , 175 National Peasant Federation (CNC Mexico), 25 National System for Democratic Planning (Mexico), 76 neoliberal, 5, 92, 129, 173, 196, 200, 214 economic policies, 4, 6, 212, 213, 214 participation, 6 networks, analysis of, 13, 22 3, 34 networks, governance, 129, 137, 139 networks, informal, 113, 137 New England town halls, 103 New Space (Nuevo Espacio, Uruguay), 158, 161

10 260 Index Nicaragua, 12, 21 47, elections, 28 Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN), 27 9, 31, 33, 34, 35 7, 242 Leon, 22 Liberal Party, 28 Nueva Segovia, 22 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), ix, 24, 59, 79, 82, 84, 85, 87, 132 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 80, 81 Notaries Association (Uruguay), 159 Oaxaca Electoral Institute, 197 O Donnell, Guillermo, 4, 12, 154 5, Olson, Mancur, 123 Organization of American States (OAS), 170, 228 Organization of Mothers and Relatives of the Detained-Disappeared (Uruguay), 157 Ostrom, Elinor, 142 Pachakutik Party (Ecuador), 183 PAIR Program for Comprehensive Use of Natural Resources in Marginalized Indigenous Zones (Mexico), 81 Paraguay, 149 Parish Government (Gobierno Parroquial) (Venezuela), 139, 142 participation antidemocratic, 7 citizen education, x, 100, 103 6, 107, 109, 111, 113, , 120, 121, 237 Citizen Participation Cabinets, 22, 27 collaborative state-society governance, 131 constrained, 75, 91 cooptation, coopting, 21, 34, 36 42, 45, 65, 109, 114, , 127, 144, 208 Councils for Citizen Participation, 27 direct, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 16, 17, 55, 99, 101, 103, 107, 120, 124, 142, 150, 167, 181, 207, 211, 222, 231, 233, 235, , 245, 246 electoral, 2, 7, 10, 154, 182, 241 forms of, x, 1, 6, 9, 101, 127, 128, 142, 144, 145, 231, 234, 236, governance ix, 121 grassroots, 7, 44 innovation, x, xi, 11, 16, 55, 221, 240 institutionalized,1,3,6,8,9,12,13, 17, 71, 99, 100, 106, 113, 125, 237, 238, 246 local, 21 neoliberalism and, 6 participation aristocracy,, 44 partisanship, 112, 125, 129, 137, 138, 140, 239, 240, 242 popular, 1, 5, 6, 8, 11, 15, 17, 29, 30, 31, 40, 129, 142, 144, 212, 214 vs representation, 6, 11, 14, 16, 28, 32, 54, 55, 70 1, 129, 181, 184, 186, 188, 190, 207, , 222 3, 232 6, 240 3, participatory budgeting, 231, 237, 238, 242, 247 in Brazil, 1, 5, 10, 15, 99, 100, 101, 102, , 122, 238, 240, 244 in Venezuela, 30, 127, 140 Participatory Innovation and Representative Democracy in Latin America (By Selee and Peruzzotti), 3 parties, political, 1, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 22, 25, 32, 34, 53, 54, 64 5, 69 71, 101, 105, 112, 116, 118, 119, 129, 151, 153 6, 164, 166, 171, 172, 208, , 216, 244 party systems, 3, 10, 21, 32, 34, 45, 223, 232, 234, 249

11 Index 261 partyarchy (Bolivia), 213 partyarchy (Venezuela), 129, 163 Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD Mexico), 190, 191, 198 Party for the People s Victory (Uruguay), 159 Pateman, Carole, 100, 104, 106, 121, 249 Paz, Octavio, 208 PDVSA (Venezuelan Petroleum Corporation), 169 Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 163, 165, 176 Perón, Juan (Argentina), 142, 152 Peru, 149 participation, 2, 234 Petroleum state (Venezuela), 130, 141 Planning Committees for Municipal Development (COPLADEMUN Mexico), 26, 27, 39, 76 Planning Councils for State Development (COPLADE Mexico), 26, 47, 76 Plurinational, 16, 207, , , , Podemos (Venezuela), 169 Popular Action Movement (PAN, Mexico), 81, 92, 190, 191, 200 Popular Democratic Unity (Bolivia), 212 Popular Party (Partido Popular, Venezuela), 167 Porto Alegre, 13, 15, 100, 101, 105, , , 116, , 240 postliberal, 207, 211, 221, 235 PRD Party of the Democratic Revolution (Mexico), 190, 191, 198 PRI Institutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico), 11 12, 14, 25 6, 34, 38 9, 75, 92, 139, 184 6, 189, 190 2, 193 Primero Justicia, 164, 169 Prior Consultations, Law of (Bolivia), Privatize/privatization, 4, 8 PRODERS Programs for Regional Sustainable Development (Mexico), 81 PROFEPA Federal Ombudsman s Office for Environmental Protection (Mexico), 86 PRONAF National Program for Strengthening Family Farms (Brazil), 24, 25 PSDB Brazilian Social Democratic Party, 56, 64, 65, 112 PSUV Unified Socialist Party of Venezuela, 29 30, 31, 40, 42, 138, 139, 144, 171 PT Workers Party (Brazil), 5, 24 5, 42 4, 46, 55, 56, 57, 64, 71, 101, 102, 109, 112, 114, 116, 117, 119 Public Defenders Association (Uruguay), 159 Public Spaces for Social Coordination for Local Sustainable Development (Mexico), 83 Punto Fijo Pact (Venezuela), 29, 129, 130, 138, 144, 162, 163, 167 Quechua, 216 Radical Cause, The (La Causa Radical), 168, 176 Radio Caracas Televisión de Venezolana (RCTV), 171 Ramo 33 (Branch 33, Mexico), 26, 27, 47n Recife, 12, 15, 100, 108, 109, 112, , 240 Referenda and recall, 2, 9, 10, 12, 16, 53, 130, , 167, 168, 170, 172, 173, 174, 211, 214, 236, 237, 242, 246 representation, x, 1, 2, 3 5, 7, 10 11, 16, 17, 28, 29, 32, 43, 53 5, 59, 60, 62, 65, 110, , 119, 125, 126, 129, 135, 138, 142, 146, 149, 151, 154, 173, 207, 214, 215, , 232 6, crisis of, 2, 3 5, 7, 53, 54, 55, 70, 153, 172

12 262 Index representation continued effectiveness of, 4, 8 over-representation, 76 vs participation, 6, 11, 14, 16, 28, 32, 54, 55, 70 1, 129, 181, 184, 186, 188, 190, 207, , 222 3, 232 6, 240 3, see also Democracy, representative responsiveness, x, 3 5, 8, 11, 234, 235, 239 Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) (Bolivia), Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) (Bolivia), rights, 7, 57, 59, 66 7, 136, 155, 160, 163, 166, communitarian, 184, 196, 200, 210 individual, 182, 184, 187, 188, 192, 196, 200, 232 of nature, 228 Rio Summit, 80 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 103 Rousseff, Dilma (Brazil), 72 Ruiz, Ulises, SAFONAAC, Servicio Autónomo Fondo Nacional de los Consejos Comunales (Venezuela), 135 Sala de Batalla (Rooms for Ideological Battle) (Venezuela), 139 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 76, 190 Samper, Ernesto (Colombia), 3 Sánchez de Lozada, Gonzalo (Bolivia), 3 Sanguinetti, Julio Maria (Uruguay), 157, 175 School for democracy, 100, 103, 105, 108, 113 Schumpeter, Joseph, 8, 232, 233 Selee, Andrew and Peruzzotti, Enrique, 3, 234 self-government. see Auto-gobierno (self-government) SEMARNAT Secretariat for Environment and Natural Resources (Mexico), 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87 Siles Zuazo, Hernán (Bolivia), 213 Socialism of the 21 st Century, 29, 42, 149, 170, 223 Social Security Workers Association (Uruguay), 158 Social Workers Association (Uruguay), 159 Solidaridad National Solidarity Program (Mexico), 76 Spain, 185 Storing, Herbert, 181 structural adjustment, 4, 156, 212 Suma Qamaña, 207, 210, 224, 226 see also Buen Vivir (living well) Súmate (Venezuela), 173 Supreme Court (Bolivia), 219, 227 (Uruguay), 160 (Venezuela), 165, 176 Technical Team for Research Assistance and Social Action (Brazil), 118 TEPJF Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 196 Tequio (Mexico), 186, 187, 188 TIPNIS Territorio Indígena Parque Nacional Isiboro-Sécure, 221 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 103 Transparency, 15, 21, 75, 83, 93, 106, 222, 223 Trust, 12, 113, 137 UCPAST Coordinating Unit for Social Participation and Transparency (Mexico), 83 UCS Civic Solidary Union (Bolivia), 213 UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 81 UNDP United Nations Development Program, 6, 80, 82, 83, 213, 225 6, 228, 232 Unified Socialist Party of Mexico, 81 Unified Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), 29 30, 31, 40, 42, 138, 139, 144, 171

13 Index 263 Union Confederation (Uruguay), Union Confederation (Venezuela), 163, United States, 46, 181, 184, 187, 199, 200, 201, 202 Uruguay, , constitution, 150 1, 154 democratic performance, x participation, direct, 2, 149 referenda and recall, 2, 10, 15 Usos y costumbres. see Customary practices (also usos y costumbres) Vatican II, 5 Venezuelan Worker s Confederation (CTV), 167 Venezuela, x, 1, 2, 5, 9, 13, 21 47, 123, 124, 126, 129, 130, 135 8, 140 7, , , 234, 236, 238, 241 3, 245 Caracas, 128, 132, 136, 139, 143 Chávez, Hugo, x, 6, 11, 15, 29, 108, 123 5, , , 143 6, 149, , 176, 234, 239, 241, 242, 245 community councils, x, 2, 9, 11, 29 32, 123, 124, 128, 131, 134, 138, 140, 143, 145, 163, 231, 237 9, 241, 242, 245, 247 Constituent Assembly, 163, 166 Constitution (Bolivarian), 29, 150 1, 161, 167, 171 COPEI Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente (Venezuela), 29, 129, 163 5, 168, 176 Democratic Action Party, 29, 129, 162, 164, 165, 168, 169, 176 direct democracy, 163, 166 7, 173 elections, 29 intermediation, 40 missions, 170 National Assembly, 169, 171 participation, direct, 2, 124, 142 Punto Fijo, 29, 129, 130, 138, 144, 162, 163, 167 referenda and recall, 2, 15, 130, 161 representative democracy, 29 Zulia, 22, 40 violence, political, 46 voice, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 22, 40, 46, 62, 69, 76, 77, , , 131, 140, 141, 145, 146, 150, 152 6, 160 1, 163, 174, 222, 231 4, , 242, and exit, 9, 11, , 145, 152 4, 156, 161, 163, 231, institutionalized, 9, 12, 17, 231, 234, 235, , and loyalty, 153 4, 156 vertical and/or horizontal, 12, Volonté, Alberto (Uruguay), 158 voting, 7 10, 34, 45, 61, 64, 71, 155, 160 1, 172, 177, 183, 188, 198, 199, , 217, 222, 227, 232, 235, 239 by illiterates, 10 in policy conferences, 61 Wampler, Brian, 101, 110, 117, 122 Washington Consensus, 212 Water War (Bolivia), 214 Worker s Party PT (Brazil), 5, 24 5, 42 4, 46, 55, 56, 57, 64, 71, 101, 102, 109, 112, 114, 116, 117, 119 Wright, Erik Olin, 99, 106, 107, 120, 121 Zapatista movement, 81, 182, 183, 184 6, 193, 199 see also EZLN Zapatista National Liberation Army (Mexico) Zedillo, Ernesto, 76 Zero Hunger (Nicaragua), 28, 36 Zero Usury (Nicaragua), 28, 36 Zumarán, Alberto (Uruguay), 157