Index. Caldeira, T. P. R., , 138n9 Calderón, Felipe, 54

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1 Index Alliance of Housing Movements, 21 Andean culture, 104 apartheid, 124, Apaza, Julian, 119n2 Arequipa, Peru, 7, 24n14 Argentina see also Buenos Aires infrastructure services in, Autoridad del Centro Histórico, 49 50, 55 6, 58n4 black market, 46 7 Bogotá, Colombia, 22, 187 8, 190 5, 197, 200 1, 227 8, 230, 235 Bolivia, 8, 20 citizenship in, , cocaine trade and, 62 3 construction in, 73 5 drug production in, El Alto, indigenous persons in, land markets in, 73 6 natural resources in, 120n12 politics, 105 7, , Santiago Segundo, 103 4, vecinos, Brazil urban policies, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6, 9, 22 3, 24n7 crime in, 38 gas programme in, housing prices, 235 participatory budgeting in, quality of life monitoring in, 230 building occupations, business-improvement districts (BIDs), 56 Caldeira, T. P. R., , 138n9 Calderón, Felipe, 54 Cali, Colombia, 22, 187 8, 193, 194, 198 9, 200 Camacho, Manuel, 58n4 Canada, 169 Caracas, Venezuela, 128 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 159 cars, 44 Casarão Santos Dumont, cities of hope, 4 citizen participation, 42 3, 53 see also social movements citizen security, 53, 261 citizenship, 14, 20, 123, 129, differentiated, indigeneity and, insurgent, 15, 117, 145, transformation of Bolivian, city of walls, 4, 17 see also segregation civil disobedience, 21, 145, 151 2, Civilizacíon y Barbarie (Sarmiento), 4 civil society, 47 9, 114, 131 closed communities, 9 10 closed condominiums, 24n6, coca, 61 3, cocaine, 19, 61 3 cocaine trade in Bolivia, construction activity and, 71, 73 5 economic effect of, 60 1, 63 9 effects of, 71 3 employment in, 63 6 money laundering and, 66 9 production data, 71 3 coleros, 22 collective action, 42 3, 47 8, 53, 105, , 127, 145, 160 1, 188 9, 195, 200 Colombia, 22 cocaine trade and,

2 266 Index Colombia continued crime and violence in, 186 7, inequality in, 187 politics in, , taxation in, violence reduction in, colonial cities, 6 colonialism, 3, 5 6 common good, 125 community policing, 43 Cómo Vamos system, Constitution Plaza, 44 construction, 71, 73 5 contingent democratization, 134 6, 137 coproduction, corruption, 38, 42, 49 50, 53, 55 crime, 8 9, 16, 37 9, 60, 186 see also violence in Colombia, 186 7, combating, 53 4 economic consequences of, 46 7 fear of, 43 5, 51 Mexico City, 45, 53 politics and, property values and, 60 crisis of governance, culture of poverty, decentralization, 7, 113, 120n11 deliberative democracy, democracy, 20 1, 53 deliberative, participatory, representative, 125 democratization, deregulation, 7 de Soto, Hernando, 167 differentiated citizenship, disembedding, 9 10, 24n7 downtown areas, 44 6, drug trade, 16, 19, 38, in Bolivia, economic effect of, 60 1, 63 9 land markets and, 63 6 money laundering and, 66 9 roots of, 61 3 dystopian representations, 4, 11, 17 Ebrard, Marcelo, 49, 54, 58n4 economy effect of drug trade on, 60 9 impact of violence and insecurity on local, 46 7 El Alto, Bolivia, 20, El Salvador, 38 employment in cocaine industry, 63 6 money laundering and, 66 7, 77n6 Empresas Públicas de Medellín (EPM), environmental sustainability, 44 Eurostats, 227, 228 extraordinary events, 125, Fajaro, Sergio, 192 3, 198 farmers markets, fear, 41, 43 5, 51 feriantes (street vendors), 21 2 ferias libres, fiscal reforms, fortified enclaves, 9 Fox, Vincente, 48 9 fractured cities perspective, 5, 18, 96 7, 124 free market, 7 Fundación Pro Vivienda Social (FPSV), 206 gangs, 16, 186, 243 gas programme, gastrointestinal diseases, 210 gated communities, 9, 24n6, 43, 83 4, 97n4, 130 1, Geneva, Switzerland, 227 gentrification, ghettoization, 186 Giuliani, Rudolph, 41 globalization, 24n7 governance Colombia, crisis of, democratic, local, 15, 54 7 Mexico City, 54 7 urban, 20 1 grid pattern, 6 Guerrero, Rodrigo, 193

3 Index 267 gun trade, 38 Guzmán, Mauricio, 199 Habermas, Jürgen, 44 happiness indicators, health impacts, of infrastructure improvements, 205, 207 8, , 216, hedonic price approach, 229, , homicides, 186, 189 housing infrastructure, housing market prices, 229, 231 2, 235 7, , housing movements, in São Paulo, , 260 human development index (HDI), 230 Iberian colonialism, 3, 5 6 identity politics, illegal city, immigrants, 6, 24n5 import substitution industrialization (ISI), 6 7 income inequality, 8 9, 146 income multiplier, 75 indigenous culture, 104 indigenous people, industrial clustering, 6 7 industrialization, 3, 6 7 inequality, 8 9, 20, 80 9, 124, 129, 132, 137, 146, 187, 207 informal economy, 13, 46 7, 166, 167 informal neighborhoods, Information System of Ferias Libres (SIFL), infrastructure improvements, insecurity, 9, 19, 37 8 see also violence-insecurity nexus institutional reforms, Mexico City, 54 7 Instituto Ciudadano de Estudios Sobre la Insecuridad (ICESI), 53 4 insurgent citizenship, 15, 117, 145, international migration, 6, 24n5 irregular urbanization, 21 irregulatory, Johannesburg, South Africa, Katari, Tupac, 119n2 kidnapping, 46 labour markets, 8, 11 labour opportunities, 7, 8 land markets in Bolivia, 73 6 cocaine trade and, 63 6 money laundering and, 66 9 Latin American cities colonial, 6 conceptions of, 4 crime in, 38 40, 186 democratization and, patterns of development, 5 10 physical layout of, 6 quality of life monitoring in, research on, 4 5, 10 16, rethinking, 3 25 violence in, Latin American society, 4 law enforcement, 38, 41 2, 54 see also police Law of the City, 130 1, 138n9 Lefebvre, Henri, 153 life opportunities, 150 life satisfaction approach, , Lima, Peru, 7, 167 8, 230 local governance, 15, 54 7 López, Manuel, 48 9 low-income housing, 61, 83, 95, 97n2, 132, 145, Lula da Silva, Luiz Inacio, 150 Managua, Nicaragua, 9 10 marginality, 11 marginal settlements, 10 Martínez, Julio César, 199 meandering, 153 Medellín, Colombia, 22, 187 8, 192 5, 197 8, 200 1, 230, 235 media politics and, violence in the, 41

4 268 Index mega-cities, 7 mega-projects, 24n6 Mercer rankings, 227 Mexico see also Mexico City politics, 47 50, 54 urban-urban migration, 8 Mexico City, 19 crime in, 38, 45 fear of public spaces in, 43 4 institutional reforms, 54 7 police, 49 50, 54 7, 58n3 politics, public sphere in, 43 6, 51 2 renewal of, 45 6, 51 2 results of changes in, 50 4 social exclusion/inclusion, 52 3 social infrastructure, 40 violence in, 43 6, 260 middle-sized cities, 7 8 migration, 6 8, 11, 24n5 mobility, 19 20, 80 98, conceptualizing, 85 6 practices, urban inequality and, 80 4 Mockus, Antanas, 191 4, 197 modernity, 4 money laundering, 19, 66 9, 75, 77n6 Montevideo, Uruguay, 128, 230 Morales, Evo, 20, 105, 106 More, Thomas, 126 municipal taxes, National Forum for Urban Reform (FNRU), natural gas services, natural resources, 120n12 neighbourhood characteristics, , 243, neighbourhood organizations, in Bolivia, neoliberalism, 14 15, 114, , 167, 169 new urban segregation, see segregation New Zealand, 227, 228 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 43 open-air markets, regulation of, over-urbanization, 4, 11 Paraguay, 8 participatory budgeting, 125 6, 128, participatory democracy, Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), 48 Partido de la Revolución (PRD), 48 Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), 48 patronage politics, 55 peasant wars, Peñalosa, Enrique, 191 2, 194 Pérez, Luis, 192 peripheral areas, , 160 Peru see also Lima, Peru cocaine trade and, 62 3 police, 38, 41 2 community policing, 43 corruption, 42, 49 50, 53, 55 Mexico City, 49 50, 54 7, 58n3 private, 42 policy innovation, , 200 1, 261 political economy problem, 127 politics Bolivian, 105 7, , Colombia, , identity, in the margins of the state, Mexico, 47 50, 54 patronage, 55 of poverty, of signalling, 194 6, 200 urban, 22, 24n8, , 263 violence-insecurity nexus and, pollution, 44 population movements, 6 7 Porto Alegre, Brazil, 126, 128 Portuguese colonizers, 6 post-colonial period, 6 poverty, 8, 38 culture of, politics of, 13 14

5 Index 269 power relations, 135 pre-columbian societies, 3, 5 primacy effect, 6 7 private security, 42, 47, 50 1 privatization, 44 property rights, 161 property values, 60 public goods, 23, public spaces, 135 fear of, 43 4 renewal of, 51 2 public sphere, 43 6, 51 2, public transportation, 44, public utilities, 197 8, quality of life (QoL) indices, 230 quality of life monitoring, hedonic price approach, 229, , life satisfaction approach, public decision-making and, Quality of Life Report, 227, 228 real estate cocaine trade and, 63 6 money laundering and, 67 9 Redes Solidarias programme, 22 3, regulations, on open-air markets, representative democracy, 125 Residential Leasing Programme (PAR), 159 residential segregation, 20, 80 4, 97n3, 132, , 166, respiratory diseases, 208, 210 right to the centre, right to the city, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil crime in, 38 slums of, Rio del Plata, Argentina, 169 robberies, 45, 46 rural-urban migration, 6 7, 8, 11 rural zone, 148 Salazar, Alonso, 193 San José, Costa Rica, 230, 235, 239, 243 Santiago de Chile, 9, 21 2 ferias regulation in, income distribution in, 82 low-income housing, 83 mobility issues in, segregation in, 81 4 Santiago Segundo, Bolivia, 103 4, São Paulo, Brazil, 21, 124 building occupations, crime in, 38 downtown areas, growth of, 160 housing movements of, income inequalities, 146 Master Plan for, participatory democracy in, peripheral areas, , 160 population of, 146 segregation in, slums, social mobilization in, urban policies, secondary cities, 7 8 security citizen, 53, 261 private, 42, 47, 50 1 security-industrial complex, 50 1 segregation, 9 10, 16, 20 1, 80 4, 97n3, 129, 130 1, 137, , 154, 166, sensationalism, 41 separate but equal development, 124, shantytowns, 10 16, 17 signalling, politics of, 194 6, 200 Slim, Carlos, 45, 58n4 slums, 10 16, 17, social consequences, of violenceinsecurity nexus, 40 3 social development index (SFO), 230 social exclusion/inclusion, 52 3, 86, 96 7, 154 social justice, social mobilization, 21, 42 3, 53 social movements, 14 15, 21, 24n14, social services, 8 social stigma, 150

6 270 Index socioeconomic segregation, 20 1 South Africa, 124, 133 4, 161 Spanish colonizers, 6 spatial segregation, 80 4, , 154 Special Zones of Interest (ZEIS), 132 squeegee men, 42 state margins, street market regulation, 21 2, street vendors, 42, subaltern class, 106, 128 suburban infrastructure, 44 suburbanization, 51 2 supermarkets, 165 6, , sustainable urban development, 23 taxation, television, Toscana, Alejandra Moreno, 58n4 UMM, see Uniao de Moradores Municipaes (UMM) unemployment, 8, 37, Uniao de Moradores Municipaes (UMM), 21, United Kingdom, 169 United States, 169 Urban Audit system, 227, 228 urban culture, 3 urban development holistic approach to, 23 key issues in, patterns of Latin American, 5 10 policies, 17 research agenda for, separate but equal, 124, sustainable, 23 urban imagination, 4 5 urban inequality, 80 4 see also inequality urban infrastructure, 150, urbanism, 43 urbanization, 3 5 see also urban development costs-benefits of, 260 drug trade and, 60 1 urban life, quality of life monitoring, urban mobility, see mobility urban planning, 169 urban policies Brazil, 130 1, innovation in, , on open-air markets, quality of life monitoring and, to reduce violence, urban politics, 22, 24n8, , 263 urban poverty, 8 urban primacy, 7 urban renewal, 45 6, 51 2 urban-urban migration, 8 utopian representations, 4, 11, 17, vecinos, 20, Vespucci, Americo, 61 2 Vienna, Austria, 227 violence, 9, 15 16, 19, 22, 37 58, 129, 260 reduction, in Colombia, responses to, 41 3 violence-insecurity nexus, economic consequences of, 46 7 institutional framework for enabling progress on, 54 7 political consequences of, spatial consequences of, 43 6 urban social consequences of, 40 3 water supply, 44 water war, 120n12 youth gangs, 16, 186, 243 zero tolerance, 41 2 zona de mineros, Zurich, Switzerland, 227