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1 UDK (497.7) Valentina PetRU[EVSKA Terakotni figurini od Stobi so pretstava na Dionis ^etirite celosni primeroci i dvata fragmenta pronajdeni pri iskopuvawata od 1995 godina vo golemata jugozapadna nekropola na gradot se identi~ni me u sebe. Edinstveno ednata figurina se izdvojuva od drugite po bojata na glinata koja e silno crveno pe~ena, a ostanatite se sivo pe~eni. Ova e eden od najinteresnite i najoriginalnite tipovi me u stobskata koroplastika. Prvo, zatoa {to tuka edinstveno ja sre}avame pretstavata na lav, a vtoro, poradi polo`bata na ~ovekot koj sedi na lavot. Toj ne e svrten kon napred tuku {to e mnogu interesno kon zadniot del od lavot vo edna mnogu relaksirana poza. Negovata desna noga se odmara na zadnikot od lavot, a levata e spu{tena na bazata. Ova od edna strana oddava vpe~atok na eden triumfalen gest na nekoj koj uspeal da go skroti razjarenoto `ivotno i da go iskoristi kako trofej, a od druga strana kako eden moment na odmor i opu{tenost koj preo a duri i vo komi~no raspolo`enie, predizvikano od dobro poznatiot efekt na prekumernoto konzumirawe na vinoto. Desnata dlanka postavena na temeto u{te pove}e go zasiluva ovoj vpe~atok. Kako vo celata pretstava taka i na lavot e posveteno mnogu vnimanie vo tretiraweto na detalite. Krznoto e nazna~eno so vre`uvawa, a glavata pomalku ~udna, nalikuva na komi~na maska so {irokata razvle~ena i podotvorena usta, so koja majstorot verojatno sakal da postigne zastra{uva~ki efekt kaj `ivotnoto. No tokmu kako da go postignal sprotivnoto (sl. 4-6), osobeno kaj (sl. 4) kade ustata e najmnogu razvle~ena nagore. Poradi prisustvoto na kantarosot vo levata raka, sam po sebe se nametna zaklu~okot, ovaa neobi~na kompozicija da ja interpretirame kako pretstava na Yevsoviot sin Dionis, na kogo mu se pripi{uva pronao aweto na na~inot na gaewe na vinovata loza i pravewe na vinoto. Isto taka, znaeme deka pokraj panterot i lavot e negovo sveto `ivotno, a vo likovnata umetnost bil pretstavuvan i kako dete, mladi~, ili zrel ma`. Neobi~nata polo`ba na teloto vo polule`e~ki stav, so gorniot del od teloto potkrenat i potpren na laktot, neodolivo potsetuva na ma{kite u~esnici vo scenite so prikaz na gozba, t.n. banketari. Ovaa tema so prikaz na banketari osven na votivnite i sepulkralnite reljefi bila izveduvana i vo terakotnata produkcija. U{te vo 6. vek pne. ja nao ame vo t.n. Afrodita grupa od Rodos na ~ii pretstavi poludrapiran ma` se potpira na leviot lakt, dr`ejki ~a{a vo levata dlanka, ili po~esto riton. Tipot }e se proizveduva i vo 5. vek. 1 Vo makedonsko-helenisti~kiot period na primer, statueti so likot na vaka potpreni ma`i proizveduva Korint vo 3. vek. 2 Me utoa ovaa tema po se izgleda najomilena bila kaj Zapadnite heleni koi gi naseluvale Sicilija, Lokri i pred se Tarent vo 5. i 4. vek pne. 3 Od ovoj posledniov, od eden votiven depozit (nare~en Fondo Giovinazzi), verojatno od nekoe neidentifikuvano svetili{te, poteknuvaat mno{tvo fragmenti so pretstava na bradati ili bezbradi ma{ki figuri, krunisani i so himation koj go ostava gorniot del od teloto nepokrien, odmaraj}i se na edno kline, koi dr`at fijala ili kantaros vo levata raka, dodeka desnata se odmara na svitkanoto 1 R. A. Higins, (1967) 36, ibid, 104, pl.47 A. 3 ibid, 87, 89, 91, pl.39 A, C. 21
2 Terakotna figurina-banketar koj dr`i kantaros, okolu 450 g.p n e. Tarent. Muzej Luvr, Pariz. koleno. Ma{kite figuri od ovie statueti se identifikuvani ili kako heroizirani pokojnici, ili kako bogot Dionis. Me utoa vo vtorata polovina na 5. vek, vo Tarent }e se pojavi tipot na banketar koj }e bide pridru`uvan od edna `enska figura (Persefona, ili pokojnata sopruga), a ponekoga{ i glava na kow, ili edno dete vo uloga na nosa~ na pehar i ona {to za nas e pointeresno, tipot na banketar koj sedi na `ivotni. Vo Muzejot vo Luvr se nao a edna figurina po poteklo od Teba, datirana vo 4. vek pne., koja isto taka go prika`uva Dionis bradat, vo poza na banketar kako java na edno itifali~no magare, ispru`en so nozete kon zadniot del od `ivotnoto, dr`ej}i kantaros vo levata raka. Leviot kraj od himationot na identi~en na~in kako kaj primerokot od Stobi e prefrlen preku levoto ramo i ostaven da pa a nadolu. Me utoa drugiot kraj e zamotan okolu kolkovite. 4 Vo ovie pretstavi kako da go gledame komi~niot karakter na Dionis, sli~no na pretstavata na Herakle koj java na edno itifali~no magare na negoviot pat kon Olimp, od yidniot mal reljef od Atina. 5 Scenata e simnata od burleskite. Poza sli~na na u~esnik vo gozbite gledame i na skulpturata na mladiot i gol Dionis, koj se potpira na trupot od edno drvo, pronajdena 4 S. Molard-Besk I, (1954) 90, pl.lxiii, C D. Bur Tompson 1, (1966) 14-15, pl.6. Najdena e vo docno helenisti~ki kontekst. Reljefot zboruva za vkusot na atiwanite vo dekoriraweto na ku}ite za vreme na rimskoto vladeewe. 6 I. Aksit, (1993) 65. Terakakotna figurina - Dionis dr`i kantaros, 4. vek pne. Teba. Muzej Luvr, Pariz. vo Fontanata na Trajan vo Efes, denes vo muzejot vo toj grad. 6 Inaku samata tema prikaz na gozba vo R. Makedonija e registrirana na nadgrobnata stela od Herakleja, datirana na preminot od 3-2. vek pne. i stelata od Debre{te od docniot helenizam. Motivot na gozba, so polule`e~ko lice na kline, najrano se pojavuva vo Mesopotamija, od kade }e bide uvezen najprvin vo Jonija, a potoa i na zapad vo helenskata sredina. Samata tema najprvin so votiven karakter, podocna so tek na vreme }e poprimi sepulkralno zna~ewe. 7 [to se odnesuva do gestot na desnata raka na Dionis podignata kon ili zad glavata, toj isto taka ne e nepoznat i go sre}avame na primer kaj terakotata od Mirina, so pretstava na Dionis i Arijadna koi sedat na kamen i panter pome u niv, od vtorata polovina na 1. vek pne. 8 Ovoj relaksira~ki gest proizleguva od tipot na Apolon Likejski ~ija skulptura ja izrabotil Praksitel vo 4. vek pne. Nabquduvaj}i ja glavata na lavot pomisluvame deka koroplastot ili nikoga{ ne videl kako izgleda `iv lav pa namesto zastra{uva~ki predizvikal komi~en efekt, ili pak namerno go pretstavil `ivotnoto kako iskarikirano, osobeno postignuvaj}i ja celta so {iroko razvle~enata usta i isplazeniot jazik kaj (sl. 7 V. Bitrakova Grozdanova, (1987) , T.I - 3, 5. Verojatno pretstavenata gozba na nadgrobnite spomenici e aluzija na veruvaweto za blagosostojbata na onoj svet. 8 S. Molard-Besk II, (1963) 78, pl. 94, b, f. 22
3 Dionis i Arijadna so panter, pome u 50-0 g. Mirina. Muzej Luvr, Pariz. br. 1-3), koi poteknuvaat od grob Ostanatite tri par~iwa od grob 1483 koi iako se proizlezeni od ist kalap i soglasno so toa od istata rabotilnica, nemaat isplazen jazik. No na{ite istra`uvawa i tragawa po minatoto na sli~nite pretstavi na lav, poka`aa deka vakviot komi~en prikaz ne e slu~aen i deka vle~e koreni od poodamna. Imeno, edna pretstava na Kibela koja sedi na lav od atinska Agora i koja hronolo{ki pripa a na periodot pred zvzemaweto na gradot od strana na Sula, odnosno od ran 1. vek pne., poka`uva sli~ni karakteristiki vo obrabotkata na lavjata glava. Kako {to veli D. Tompson, glavata e nekoj spoj na `iv lav i onie ku~iwa nalik na lavovi, koi gi polnele nekropolite od 4. vek pne., so cel da gi za{titat nivnite gospodari. Taa e pove}e ku~e{ka od lavja. ^eloto kako i kaj na{ata figura e nisko, ustata i isplazeniot jazik se isti, nosot e eden triagolnik, samo o~ite kaj atinskiot lav se u{te poneobi~ni i anatomski sosema neto~ni. Za razlika od stobskite koi barem se kru`ni, kaj atinskiot lav tie se dolgi i tesni, kako ~ove~ki. Celata kreatura e apsurdna. 9 Za razlika od lavot figurata na Kibela e mnogu dobro modelirana, a herojskite proporcii na teloto, silnite bedra jasno definirani pod himationot i silnoto torzo koi izleguvaat od masata nabori, spored Tompson se reminiscencija na mnogute figuri od oltarniot friz na pergamonskiot `rtvenik. Manirizmot isto taka e prepoznatliv. I pergamonskite lavovi od frizot i od nekoi drugi pomali reljefi, iako podobro modelirani, imaat pove}e ku~e{ka faca i dobro}udna ekspresija na likot. Taka spored nea, atinskata pretstava e neati~ka kreacija, se ~ini su{tinski aziska, kako istovremeniot oltar. 10 Sli~na e i pretstavata na panterot od grupata so Dionis i Eros od Mirina, od po~etokot na 1. vek n.e. potpi{ana od Difil. 11 Za vreme na, i posle negovata ekspedicija do Indija, kaj Dionis stanuva obi~aj da bide pridru`uvan od edna triumfalna povorka. Ukrasen so lozovi granki i br{len, toj obi~no e prika`uvan na edna kola vle~ena od panteri. Ovoj bog koga e vo prisustvo na `ivotno, po~esto e prestavuvan so panter otkolku so lav. Vo Mirina toj ~esto e prika`uvan vo grupa so maliot Eros i panter, koi stojat pokraj nego, dr`ej}i kantaros vo desnata raka, 12 ili go gledame zaedno so Arijadna ka~eni na eden slon. 13 Od aspekt na postavenosta na bogot vo odnos na `ivotnoto, bliska na na{ite figurini e i scenata na Dionis sednat na panter, od mozaikot od Ku}ata na Dionis vo Pela od 9 D. Bur Tompson 1, (1966) 4, pl.1, kat. br. 1. Ovaa scena kade Kibela java na lav e najneobi~noto par~e od ovoj depozit nare~en Cisternata na Kibela. Se ~ini nevozmo`no istata raka da gi modelirala apsurdniot yver i {armantnata ubavica. Ostanatiot del od deloto na ovoj lav e u{te ponerealen od glavata, za razlika od teloto na stobskiot lav koe e pristojno modelirano. 10 ibid, 5-6. Avtorkata objasnuva kako stignal ovoj tip vo Atina i za korenite na nejzinoto poteklo. 11 B. Boda, (1953) 15-17, pl. 6, kat.br. 14. Panterot e ra~no napraven. 12 S. Molard-Besk II, (1963) 77, 78, pl. 93, pl. 94, a, c, d, e. Primerocite se proizlezeni od ateljeata na Difil i Papias od krajot na 1. vek pne. Dolniot del od teloto e zamotan so draperija, a gore e prefrlena edna nebrida preku desnoto ramo. 13 ibid, pl.95, c. Datirana e vo sredinata na 1. vek pne. Slonot, otkrien od Aleksandar za vreme na negovite osvojuvawa, tuka ja evocira pobedonosnata ekspedicija na Dionis vo Indija, koja }e ja osvoi so snagata na svoeto oru`je. 23
4 krajot na 4. vek pne. Tuka mladiot bog sedi na grbot od panterot svrten kon levo. Negovoto telo kako i kaj stobskite figurini e svrteno kon zadniot del od `ivotnoto, no glavata predadena vo profil gleda kon glavata na `ivotnoto. So desnata raka go pregrnuva vratot na panterot, a vo levata dr`i tirs. Voop{to vo Pela, koja ne e mnogu oddale~ena od Stobi, po~ituvaweto na Dionis e potvrdeno so golemiot broj figurini na ovoj bog i negovite pridru`nici sileni i satiri. Negoviot kult se povrzuva so golemata praksa na zemjodelie vo regionot na Pela, potvrdeno so otkritijata na kultivacija na vinoto naslikano na prirodni karpi i so otkrivaweto na rabotilnici za proizvodstvo na amfori vo koi se transportiralo vinoto (Parmeniskos grupa). Vinata na Pela bile pro~ueni vo antikata. 14 Mo`ebi i vo ne mnogu oddale~enoto Stobi, vo ~ija {to okolina denes se gai najpoznatoto makedonsko vino, kultot kon Dionis vo minatoto imal isti koreni kako i vo Pela. Fakt e deka Dionis bil osobeno po~ituvan vo Stobi, kako i voop{to vo Povardarieto i Pelagonija, za {to svedo~at nekolkute statui od 2-3. vek, satirite vo bronza, terakotite so pretstava na Prijap i Silen, kako i reljefite na koi toj e prika`an so negovata pridru`ba i natpisot kade se spomenuva negov visok sve{tenik, arhimistet, otkopani vo ovoj grad na dvete reki. Vpro~em ne treba da go zaboravime nitu kultot kon pajonskiot Dijalos, koj sekako ostanal vre`an vo se}avaweto na lokalnoto naselenie. Po~etok na 1. vek n.e. e datata na ovie figurini od Stobi koi zasega unikati, bez identi~ni analogii vo anti~kiot svet, se edinstveni pretstavnici vo bogatata paleta na tipovi figurini posveteni na Dionis. So samoto toa, pokraj mno{tvoto razni tipovi na terakotni statueti, kako na temata bo`estva taka i od `anrot iskopani vo Stobi, tie pridonesuvaat vo izdignuvaweto na ovoj grad vo zna~aen centar za terakotna produkcija, koj sekako imal svoe vlijanie po{iroko vo regionot. Impozantnata brojka od nad 580 dosega iskopani figurini i mno{tvoto tipovi od koi del se plod na fantazijata na stobskite koroplasti, u{te edna{ go izdignuvaat Stobi vo rangot na pozna~ajnite kulturni gradski centri od rimsko vreme. Koristena Literatura - I. Aksit, (1993), Ýlhan Akþіt, EPHESE-Kuşadasi-Prіene-Milet-Didyma, Istanbul (1993). - V. Bitrakova Grozdanova, (1987), Vera Bitrakova Grozdanova, Spomenici od helenisti~kiot period vo SR Makedonija, Skopje (1987). - B. Boda, (1953), Bernard Baudat, Terres cuites de l école française d Athènes, BCH LXXVII/I, Paris (1953) D. Bur Tompson, 1, (1966), Dorothy Burr Thompson, Three centuries of hellenistic terracottas, Hesperia vol. XXXV / Number 1, Princeton (1966) R. A. Higins, (1967), R.A. Higins, Greek Terracottas, London (1967). - S. Molard-Besk, I, (1954), Simone Mollard-Besques, Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre - cuite grecs, étrusques et romains I, époques préhellénique géométrique, archaïque et classique, Paris (1954). -S. Molard-Besk, II, (1963), Simone Molard- Besques, Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre cuite grecs et romains, Myrina II, Paris (1963). - M. Siganidou-M. Lilimpaki-Akamati, (2003), Maria Siganidou-Maria Lilimpaki-Akamati, Pella capital of Macedonians, Athens (2003). 14 M. Siganidou - M. Lilimpaki-Akamati, (2003) 50, 65, fig
5 Sl. 1. Sl. 2. Sl. 3. Sl. 4. Sl.5. Sl
6 Valentina Petru{evska TERRACOTTA FIGURINES FROM STOBI WITH DEPICTIONS OF DIONYSUS Summary From the impressive number of 580 terracotta figurines, which were excavated during several campaigns at Stobi our most well known site from the Antiquity, six figurines depict Dionysus, the god that was venerated from ancient times by the Macedonian population on this territory. The six figurines are identical and most probably were produced from a same mold, but with slight modifications, mainly in the treatment of the lion's head. The depiction is unusual because the god is shown as a semi- reclining figure on the lion's back with a kantharos in one hand, he is turned towards the rear part of the animal with the right leg set on his hip. The depiction is reminiscent of the "banquet" scenes that were common and produced in earlier periods.a similar depiction of Dionysus is the find from Thebes from the 4 th century BC which is know housed in the Museum Louver and displays the comic features of this god in a particular "banquet" position riding a donkey. At Pella, on the mosaic in the House of Dionysus the god is conveyed in a resembling arrangement riding on a panther, he was especially venerated here and testimonies are the numerous finds of terracotta figurines depicting him and his companions.the right hand placed behind his head heightens the humorous mood which derives from the wine drinking episode, and this gesture is well known from the sculpture of Apollo of Lycia made by Praxiteles. This same position of the hand is also found on the terracotta's from Myrina that were made by Diphilos showing Dionysus accompanied by Ariadne and panther dating from the early 1 st century AD. The comic impression of the mood is enhanced by the sticking tongue. This depiction manner of the animal is not odd, but a recollection of the lion portrayals from the Pergamum sacrificial altar which continues later on in art, till the depictions of the panther from the group with Dionysus and Eros from Myrina by Diphilos, as well as the depiction of Cybela sited on a lion from the Agora in Athens from the 1 st century BC. For now no analogies for the six identical depictions from Stobi which date from the 1 st century AD can be found. These terracotta's along with the other findings from the town which are dedicated to the god Dionysus and his companions are supplementary testimonies for the veneration of this god in this town set on two rivers, but also in the region of the flow of the River Vardar, Pelagonia, Paeonia and generally in Macedonia. 26
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