Solikamsk. Kirov Perm UDMURTIYA. Izhevsk Yoshkar - Ola. Kazan Naberezhnye Chelny TATARSTAN Kuybyshev Res. Togliatti Samara

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1 Kilometers Miles Solikamsk Kirov Perm Sarov Nizhniy Novgorod MORDOVIA Saransk Volga R. Cheboksary Arzamas Penza CHUVASH Ulyanovsk Volga R. Saratov Izhevsk Yoshkar - Ola MARY EL Kazan Naberezhnye Chelny TATARSTAN Kuybyshev Res. Togliatti Kama R. Samara UDMURTIYA Zhigulevsky Zapovednik & Samarskaya Luka N.P. BASHKORTOSTAN Ufa Orenburg Yekaterinburg Chelyabinsk KAZAKHSTAN FIGURE The Volga federal district of Russia. Map: J. Torguson.

2 TABLE Subjects of Federation of the Volga Federal District Subject Administrative center Population (2006) (thousands) % ethnic Russian GRP/capita (rubles in 2006) Top products and areas of economic specialization within Russia (% of nation s total production for some) Kirov Oblast Kirov 1, ,185 Wood-processing equipment (19%), tires (16%), OS board (14%), defense Permsky Kray Perm 2, ,570 Turbo drills (100%), mineral fertilizer (42%), gas ranges (29%), defense Udmurt Republic Izhevsk 1, ,767 Small engines (11%), cars (4%), trucks (3%), military, beef, dairy Nizhegorodskaya Oblast Nizhniy Novgorod 3, ,162 Buses (65%), trucks (62%), thermoplastics (39%), food processing (17%), cars Mariy El Republic Yoshkar-Ola ,964 Refrigerators (19%), grains, potatoes Chuvash Republic Cheboksary 1, ,242 Looms (76%), bulldozers (27%), beef, dairy Mordoviya Republic Saransk ,573 Power transformers (75%), cistern cars (51%), light bulbs (27%), beef, dairy Tatarstan Republic Kazan 3, ,013 Synthetic rubber (30%), tires (28%), trucks (16%), plastics (14%), agriculture Bashkortostan Republic Ufa 4, ,647 Baking soda (55%), wheelchairs (47%), light bulbs (29%), rubber, oil Penza Oblast Penza 1, ,962 Seed combines (23%), pipeline equipment, sugar (5%), grain Ulyanovsk Oblast Ulyanovsk 1, ,244 Buses (26%), trucks (10%), beef, dairy, grain Samara Oblast Samara 3, ,967 Cars (75%), synthetic rubber (21%), oil refining, beverages, plastics, aerospace Saratov Oblast Saratov 2, ,148 Trolleybuses (49%), synthetic fibers (29%), glass (26%), tractors, refrigerators Orenburg Oblast Orenburg 2, ,586 Nonferrous metallurgy equipment (34%), salt (19%), oil, gas Note. Data from the Federal Service of State Statistics, Russian Federation (2009). To convert gross regional product (GRP) to U.S. dollars, divide GRP by

3 FIGURE Chalk cliffs along the Volga at Samarskaya Luka National Park. Photo: S. Blinnikov.

4 FIGURE Chuvash traditional dress on display at Cheboksary. An offering of bread and salt is a traditional form of hospitality throughout Russia, not only among the Slavs. Photo: S. Blinnikov.

5 FIGURE 1. Large-scale reconstruction of Kazan is under way to provide room for more commercial development in the congested city core. Photo: S. Blinnikov.

6 FIGURE 2. Suyumbike was built in the late 17th century in Kazan, probably as a guard tower. Its tilt from the vertical is 1.8 m near the top. Photo: S. Blinnikov.

7 FIGURE New housing in Samara for people with higher-than-average incomes. Photo: S. Blinnikov.

8 FIGURE Locally made toys are sold directly from the factory to the train passengers at the Trans-Siberian Railroad station in Kirov. Photo: Author.

9 FIGURE The city of Perm a large industrial and military hub in the northeastern part of the Volga region. Photo: Author.