TABLE The Soviet Typology of Settlements

Transcription

1 TABLE The Soviet Typology of Settlements Settlement type Russian name Population size % of total population (1994) Largest city Krupnejshij gorod 1 10 million 17% Large city Krupnyj gorod 100,000 1 million 30% Medium city Srednij gorod 50, ,000 8% Small city Malyj gorod 20,000 50,000 8% Town Poselok gorodskogo tipa 5,000 20,000 9% Big village Selo 1,000 5,000 20% Regular village Derevnya <1,000 7%

2 FIGURE Ruins of the ancient Greek city of Chersonesos (6th century B.C.) near Sevastopol, the Crimea, Ukraine. Photo: O. Voskresensky.

3 FIGURE The Borovsk Monastery of St. Paphnuty in Kaluga Oblast, established in the mid-15th century. Photo: Author.

4 FIGURE St. Petersburg is a city of wide streets, canals, big cathedrals, and monuments, most of which were built during the reign of Catherine the Great ( ). Photo: S. Blinnikov.

5 FIGURE The Red October chocolate factory, built in the late 19th century south of the Kremlin in Moscow s industrial zone by T. F. von Einem, a German confectioner. Photo: Author.

6 FIGURE The reconstructed Christ the Savior Cathedral in Moscow. Originally completed by 1882 to commemorate the war with Napoleon in 1812, the cathedral was razed in It was rebuilt on its original site but with modern materials by 1997 (Sidorov, 2000). Photo: Author.

7 FIGURE Panorama of Saratov, a typical large city on the Volga, which was greatly expanded during World War II by the building of factories to accommodate military needs. Photo: S. Blinnikov.

8 TABLE Functional Types of Russian/Other FSU Cities City type Examples Foreign analogues Ancient walled city Novgorod, Pskov, Moscow Paris, France Medieval city built around a monastery Sergiev Posad, Murom Carcassonne, France Old administrative centers Penza, Tambov, Saratov Philadelphia, PA Early industrial centers Tula, Nizhniy Tagil, Ivanovo Pittsburgh, PA Transportation hubs Novosibirsk, Nizhniy Novgorod Chicago, IL Seaports Murmansk, Novorossiysk New Orleans, LA Soviet GULAG centers (mining) Magadan, Karaganda, Vorkuta Fairbanks, AK; Hibbing, MN Soviet new industrial centers Norilsk, Magnitogorsk Gary, IN Science towns and secret cities Obninsk, Arzamas-16 Los Alamos, NM; Argonne, IL Resorts Sochi, Yalta Palm Beach, FL New capital Astana Canberra, Australia

9 TABLE Biggest Cities in Russia in 2002 and 2008 City Population (thousands) 2002 Early 2008 Moscow 10, ,470 St. Petersburg 4, ,568 Novosibirsk 1, ,391 Nizhniy Novgorod 1, ,275 Yekaterinburg 1, ,323 Samara 1, ,135 Omsk 1, ,131 Kazan 1, ,120 Chelyabinsk 1, ,093 Rostov-on-Don 1, ,049 Ufa 1, ,022 Volgograd 1, Perm Krasnoyarsk Saratov Voronezh Togliatti Krasnodar Ulyanovsk Izhevsk Yaroslavl Barnaul Irkutsk Vladivostok Khabarovsk Novokuznetsk Orenburg Ryazan Penza Tyumen Naberezhnye Chelny Astrakhan Lipetsk Note. Data from the Russian census of 2002 ( and the Moj Gorod online encyclopedia (

10 FIGURE The center of Novosibirsk is less than 100 years old, including a church built just a few years ago to mark the midpoint of Russia along the Trans- Siberian Railroad. Photo: P. Safonov.

11 FIGURE Moscow s four functional zones: (1) the historical core (pre-1800); (2) the old periphery (19th century); (3) the Soviet industrial belt ( ); (4) sleeping quarters and parks (post-1960). Note the slight asymmetry caused by prevailing winds from the west; more factories were located east than west of downtown.

12 FIGURE Yasenevo, a typical late Soviet microrayon, built in the 1980s on the periphery of Moscow. It has multistory apartment buildings, playgrounds, day care centers, schools, clinics, and shops along the periphery. The retail kiosks date from the 1990s. Photo: I. Blinnikova.

13 Grocery Pharmacy Police Childcare Bakery Soccer School Music Hardware Childcare Post office Cafe Childcare Hockey Soccer Childcare Clinic School Grocery Dairy store FIGURE Plan of a Soviet microrayon of 1975, about 800 by 600 m in size. Apartment buildings range from 9 to 22 stories. The small squares are stores, a post office, a café, and so on. There are four child care facilities, two schools (grades K 10), and one health care clinic. Trees, playgrounds, and garages occupy the spaces between the buildings. Such a microrayon would house 15,000 to 20,000 people. Drawing: I. Blinnikova.

14 FIGURE Suburban housing for the rich is proliferating around Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, and some of the other biggest cities. An average house in this development west of Moscow has about 300 m 2 of finished space and was worth between $500,000 and $1,000,000 in Photo: Author.

15 FIGURE A typical small collective farm of the late Soviet period, with two villages stretched along the river, a few fields to the north, a forest, an orchard (large dots), a central office, and a tractor station (shaded blocks in the middle). The old village church (on the left near the cemetery) was remodeled into a club. Homes have small garden plots next to them. Between the homes and the fields are communal potato plots.

16 FIGURE A typical Siberian village house (Novosibirsk Oblast). The street in front is not paved. The house has electricity and sometimes natural gas, but no running water or flush toilet. Photo: Author.

17 FIGURE A typical village in Central Russia (Ivanovo Oblast) lined up along a main street, which in this case runs parallel to the Volga River. (1) The Volga River; (2) ferry dock; (3) vegetable plots; (4) abandoned agricultural fields overgrown with shrubs and birch trees; (5) the former school and library. Houses with open squares are occupied by local people; houses with shaded squares are used as summer cabins by city residents; houses that were abandoned and burned down are marked with an x.

18 FIGURE Nomadic Kazakhs continued to live in yurts until the mid-20th century. Photo: Author.