Crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and mantids (Mantodea) of the Poľana Mts.: ecology, distribution and conservation

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1 Rovnokrídlovce (Orthoptera) a modlivky (Mantodea) Poľany: ekológia, rozšírenie a ochrana Crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and mantids (Mantodea) of the Poľana Mts.: ecology, distribution and conservation

2 Rovnokrídlovce (Orthoptera) a modlivky (Mantodea) Poľany: ekológia, rozšírenie a ochrana Crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and mantids (Mantodea) of the Poľana Mts.: ecology, distribution and conservation Anton Krištín & Vladimír Hrúz (eds.) Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky, Správa Chránenej krajinnej oblasti Biosférickej rezervácie Poľana & Ústav ekológie lesa Slovenskej akadémie vied State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic, Administration of the Protected Landscape Area Biosphere Reserve Poľana & Institute of Forest Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Zvolen, 2005

3 Odporúčaná citácia monografie The recommended citation of this monograph: KRIŠTÍN A. & HRÚZ V. (eds.) 2005: Rovnokrídlovce (Orthoptera) a modlivky (Mantodea) Poľany: ekológia, rozšírenie a ochrana [Crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and mantids (Mantodea) of the Poľana Mts.: ecology, distribution and conservation]. ŠOP SR, Správa CHKO BR Poľana & Ústav ekológie lesa SAV, Zvolen, 77 pp. Odporúčaná citácia kapitoly The recommended citation of the chapter: SLÁVIK D. 2005: Prírodné pomery skúmaného územia [Natural conditions in the area]. Pp.: In: KRIŠTÍN A. & HRÚZ V. (eds.), Rovnokrídlovce (Orthoptera) a modlivky (Mantodea) Poľany: ekológia, rozšírenie a ochrana [Crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) and mantids (Mantodea) of the Poľana Mts.: ecology, distribution and conservation]. ŠOP SR, Správa CHKO BR Poľana & Ústav ekológie lesa SAV, Zvolen. Autori Authors: Anton Krištín, Vladimír Hrúz, Peter Kaňuch, Dušan Slávik, Jana Galvánková Recenzenti Reviewers: Mgr. Vladimír Gavlas, PhD. RNDr. Ľubomír Vidlička, CSc. Grafická úprava a sadzba Layout & Graphic design: Peter Kaňuch Foto na obálke Cover photo ( Arcyptera fusca): Vladimír Hrúz Kresby Illustrations: Alica Beňová Tlač Printed by: Vydavateľstvo TU vo Zvolene ISBN:

4 Obsah 1. Úvod (Anton Krištín) Materiál a metodika (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Zber údajov Analýza údajov Kvalitatívne analýzy Kvantitatívne analýzy Charakteristika územia a lokalít Prírodné pomery skúmaného územia (Dušan Slávik) Abiotické pomery Biotické pomery Ochrana územia Stručná charakteristika lokalít (Jana Galvánková, Vladimír Hrúz & Anton Krištín) Výsledky a diskusia Štruktúra spoločenstiev Orthoptera a Mantodea Kvalitatívna štruktúra a poznámky k výskytu jednotlivých druhov (Anton Krištín & Vladimír Hrúz) Kvantitatívna štruktúra (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Kvalitatívno-kvantitatívna štruktúra Orthoptera pozdĺž vertikálneho gradientu (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Indikátory výškových stupňov (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Spoločenstvá charakteristických biotopov (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Fenológia spoločenstiev Orthoptera (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Ekosozologický status Orthoptera a Mantodea Poľany (Anton Krištín & Vladimír Hrúz) Ochrana biotopov a druhov (Anton Krištín & Vladimír Hrúz) Genofondovo významné lokality Ochranárske problémy a návrhy na ekologické obhospodarovanie lokalít Súhrn Summary Literatúra...74

5 Contents 1. Introduction (Anton Krištín) Material and Methods (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Data collection Data analysis Qualitative analyses Quantitative analyses Study area and localities Natural conditions in the area (Dušan Slávik) Abiotic conditions Biotic conditons Protection of the area Short description of the localities (Jana Galvánková, Vladimír Hrúz & Anton Krištín) Results and Discussion Structure of assemblages of Orthoptera and Mantodea Qualitative structure and comments on species occurrence (Anton Krištín & Vladimír Hrúz Quantitative structure (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Qualitative and quantitative structure of Orthoptera assemblages along the altitudinal gradient (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Indicator species for altitudinal zones (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Assemblages of the characteristic habitats (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Phenology of Orthoptera assemblages (Anton Krištín & Peter Kaňuch) Conservation status of Orthoptera and Mantodea of the Poľana Mts. (Anton Krištín & Vladimír Hrúz) Species and habitat conservation (Anton Krištín & Vladimír Hrúz) Important gene pool localities Problems in nature protection and conservation measures Slovak summary English summary References...74

6 Tab. 1. Druhové zloženie a relatívna početnosť (1 4, viď vysvetlivky v kapitolách Materiál a metodika a Výsledky a diskusia) Orthoptera a Mantodea pozdĺž piatich výškových stupňov Poľany, s uvedením minimálnej a maximálnej nadmorskej výšky výskytu druhov (MIN, MAX) a frekvencie ich výskytu na 63 lokalitách (F %). Table 1. Species composition and relative abundance (1 4, see explanations in the Chapters Material and Methods and Results and Discussion) of Orthoptera and Mantodea along five altitudinal zones of the Poľana Mts., with minimum and maximum altitudinal distribution (MIN, MAX) and frequency of occurrence on 63 localities (F %). Druh Species ENSIFERA Tettigoniidae Nadmorská výška (m n. m.) Altitude (m a.s.l.) MIN MAX F % Barbitistes constrictus Isophya camptoxypha Isophya kraussi Leptophyes albovittata Phaneroptera falcata Meconema thalassinum Conocephalus dorsalis Decticus verrucivorus Metrioptera bicolor Metrioptera brachyptera Metrioptera roeselii Pholidoptera aptera Pholidoptera fallax Pholidoptera friwaldszkyi Pholidoptera griseoaptera Platycleis albopunctata grisea Tettigonia cantans Tettigonia caudata Tettigonia viridissima Ephippiger ephippiger Gryllotalpidae Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Myrmecophildae Myrmecophilus acervorum Gryllidae Gryllus campestris Oecanthus pellucens Acheta domesticus

7 pokračovanie tab. 1 Table 1 continued Druh Species CAELIFERA Tetrigidae Nadmorská výška (m n. m.) Altitude (m a.s.l.) MIN MAX F % Tetrix bipunctata Tetrix subulata Tetrix tenuicornis Acrididae Calliptamus italicus Miramella alpina Podisma pedestris Pseudopodisma nagyi Oedipoda caerulescens Psophus stridulus Stethophyma grossum Arcyptera fusca Euthystira brachyptera Gomphocerippus rufus Chorthippus albomarginatus Chorthippus apricarius Chorthippus biguttulus Chorthippus brunneus Chorthippus dorsatus Chorthippus mollis Chorthippus montanus Chorthippus parallelus Chorthippus vagans Chrysochraon dispar Myrmeleotettix maculatus Omocestus haemorrhoidalis Omocestus rufipes Omocestus viridulus Stenobothrus crassipes Stenobothrus lineatus Stenobothrus stigmaticus Stenobothrus nigromaculatus Celkový počet druhov Total number of species MANTODEA Mantis religiosa

8 hispidus), ďatelina lúčna (Trifolium pratense), zvonček konáristý (Campanula patula), hrebienka obyčajná (Cynosurus cristatus), psinček tenučký (Agrostis capillaris), tomka voňavá (Anthoxanthum odoratum) a iné. 25. Hutná 2 časť Genzlová, S až SZ expozícia, sklonitosť 0 25 %, kosené, extenzívne a intenzívne pasené trávne porasty ( m n. m., vybrané plochy 2 ha na cca 10 ha lokality, DFS 7282d). Spásané a kosené lúky zastupujú porasty kostravy lúčnej (Festuca pratensis) s ďalšími druhmi: psinček tenučký (Agrostis capillaris), nátržník vzpriamený (Potentilla erecta), alchemilka (Alchemilla sp.), ďatelina plazivá (Trifolium repens), púpavec jesenný (Leontodon autumnalis), čiernohlávok obyčajný (Prunella vulgaris), zvonček konáristý (Campanula patula), smlz trsťovitý (Calamagrostis arundinacea), mrvica peristá (Brachypodium pinnatum), bôľhoj lekársky (Anthyllis vulneraria) a iné. 26. Kamenistá dolina (obr. 6) izolované lesné lúky a pasienky pozdĺž Kamenistého potoka (napr. Močidlá) v smrekových lesoch. Inverzná poloha zapríčiňuje nízku diverzitu živočíšstva úzkych, prevažne intenzívne pasených lúk (90 %) ( m n. m. 10 ha, DFS 7383b). Najčastejším a dominantným typom mezofilných lúk v tejto časti doliny sú porasty metlice trsnatej (Deschampsia cespitosa) so sitinou rozložitou (Juncus effusus), iskerník plazivý (Ranunculus repens), psinček poplazový (Agrostis stolonifera), alchemilka (Alchemilla sp.), psiarka lúčna (Alopecurus pratensis), kostrava lúčna (Festuca pratensis), kostrava červená (Festuca rubra), nátržník husí (Potentilla anserina), iskerník prudký (Ranunculus acris), túžobník brestolistý (Filipendula ulmaria), kuklík potočný (Geum rivale) a iné. Okrem toho sa v doline vyskytujú rozmanité rastlinné spoločenstvá vodné, močiarne, rašeliniskové, vysokobylinné nivné a svahové pasienky. Obr. 5. Pod Jánošíkovou skalou xerotermné lúky, biotop A. fusca a P. stridulus, a Prírodná pamiatka Jánošíkova skala (Foto A. Krištín). Fig. 5. Pod Jánošíkovou skalou xerothermous meadows, habitat of A. fusca and P. stridulus, and Nature Monument Jánošíkova skala rock (Photo A. Krištín). Obr. 6. Kamenistá dolina pasienky pozdĺž meandrov Kamenistého potoka, biotop P. pedestris (Foto A. Krištín). Fig. 6. Kamenistá dolina valley pastures along Kamenistý potok creek meanders, habitat of P. pedestris (Photo A. Krištín). Obr. 7. Hrochotská Bukovina Chránený areál na ochranu vzácneho spoločenstva 37 druhov rovnokrídlovcov (Foto V. Hrúz). Fig. 7. Hrochotská Bukovina Protected site for conservation of 6 8 rare Orthoptera community of 37 species (Photo V. Hrúz). Obr. 8. Hrochotská Majerová pasienky na J svahoch, vpredu porast Colchicum autumnale (Foto V. Hrúz). 5 7 Fig. 8. Hrochotská Majerová pastures on S slopes, in front with Colchicum autumnale (Photo V. Hrúz). 23

9 Výškový stupeň m n. m. 27. Hrochotská Bukovina (obr. 7) CHA a blízke okolie do 100 m od hranice, lesná lúka v bukovo smrekových lesoch s gradientom od vlhkých bylinných porastov až po teplé pasienky, sklonitosť 0 40 %, J, JZ expozícia plocha extenzívne pasená ovcami ( m n. m., cca 1 ha, DFS 7382b). Druhy pasienkov psica tuhá (Nardus stricta), plevnatec položený (Danthonia decumbens), kostrava červená (Festuca rubra), púpavec srstnatý (Leontodon hispidus), ľubovník škvrnitý (Hypericum maculatum), nátržník vzpriamený (Potentilla erecta) a druhy vlhších stanovíšť ďatelina plazivá (Trifolium repens), žltohlav najvyšší (Trolius altissimus), ostrica prosová (Carex panicea). 28. Hrochotská Majerová (obr. 8) rozsiahla lesná lúka, diverzifikovaná skupinami a solitérmi drevitej a krovitej vegetácie, prevažne intenzívne pasená (70 %) s košarovaním, menej kosená (20 %), sklonitosť 5 40 %, J a JZ expozícia, ( m n. m., DFS 7382b). Na väčšine plochy sa vyskytujú rôzne typy porastov tomky voňavej (Anthoxanthum odoratum) a psinčeka tenučkého (Agrostis capillaris) so zastúpením ďalších druhov ako psica tuhá (Nardus stricta), zvonček konáristý (Campanula patula), rebríček obyčajný (Achillea millefolium) a iné. 29. Horná Chrapková plocha charakteru lesných lúk, prevažne intenzívne pasená (70 %), z časti pastvou devastovaná, v depresiách sa nachádzajú neobhospodarované mokrade, sklonitosť 0 20 %, JZ expozícia s často plošinovým charakterom ( m n. m. vybrané plôšky a transekty 2 ha z 10 ha, DFS 7382d). Plochu charakterizujú druhy ako psinček tenučký (Agrostis capillaris), kostrava žliabkatá (Festuca rupicola), zvonček konáristý (Campanula patula), kostrava červená (Festuca rubra) a druhy mokradí pichliač zelinový (Cirsium oleraceum), mäta dlholistá (Mentha longifolia), lipnica pospolitá (Poa trivialis) a iné. 30. Vrchslatina lokalita má charakter izolovanej horskej osady v smrekových lesoch s prevažne kosenými lúkami (80 %), s menšími racionálne v oplotkoch pasenými plochami, s prvkami horskej flóry. Vlastnú monitorovanú plochu tvorí lúka a rúbaň na okraji hospodárskych smrekových lesov, ktorá sa nachádza pri ceste Hriňová Čierny Balog asi 500 m V od konca osady ( m n. m., Z až JZ expozícia, 0 30 % sklon, 2 ha, DFS 7383d). 31. Biele vody lokalita má charakter horskej osady s rekreačnou funkciou, jedná sa prevažne o neobhospodarované (60 %) alebo raz ročne kosené lúky, Z až JZ expozícia, % sklon, ( m n. m., vybrané plochy 2 ha z plochy asi 30 ha, DFS 7383d). Zastúpenie druhov: psinček tenučký (Agrostis capillaris), trojštet žltkastý (Trisetum flavescens), púpavec srstnatý (Leontodon hispidus), bedrovník lomikameňový (Pimpinella saxifraga), ďatelina lúčna (Trifolium pratense), skorocel kopijovitý (Plantago lanceolata), psica tuhá (Nardus stricta) a iné. 32. Kozí chrbát izolovaná lesná lúka v smrekových a bukových lesoch na J svahu Poľany, asi m Z od lokality Javorinka 2, v minulosti (do r. 1994), extenzívne pasená, v súčasnosti sčasti kosená, J a JV expozícia ( m n. m., 2 ha, DFS 7382d). 33. Úplaz (Pod Sedlom, Nad Hukavkou) svahové lúky v bukových a smrekových lesoch, extenzívne až intenzívne pasené, miestami so strhnutými eróznymi svahmi bez vegetácie JV expozícia, ( m n. m., 2 ha, DFS 7383c). Pasienkové 24

10 Obr. 17. Rozšírenie Leptophyes albovittata na Poľane. Fig. 17. Distribution of Leptophyes albovittata in the Poľana Mts. Obr. 18. Rozšírenie Phaneroptera falcata na Poľane. Fig. 18. Distribution of Phaneroptera falcata in the Poľana Mts. Obr. 19. Rozšírenie Ephippiger ephippiger na Poľane. Fig. 19. Distribution of Ephippiger ephippiger in the Poľana Mts. 37

11 Obr. 23. Rozšírenie Pholidoptera friwaldszkyi na Poľane. Fig. 23. Distribution of Pholidoptera friwaldszkyi in the Poľana Mts. Obr. 24. Rozšírenie Miramella alpina na Poľane. Fig. 24. Distribution of Miramella alpina in the Poľana Mts. Obr. 25. Rozšírenie Podisma pedestris na Poľane. Fig. 25. Distribution of Podisma pedestris in the Poľana Mts. 41

12 Rovnokrídlovce a modlivky Poľany: ekológia, rozšírenie a ochrana 46 Text.indd :44:14

13 Miramella alpina (Kollar, 1833) F = 16 %; p3; eu; CH; c,veur; VII X; travinno-bylinné porasty mezických až mokrých lesných lúk a svetlín, a tiež pasienkov a okrajov lesov v chladnejších polohách. Na rozdiel od predošlého druhu sa vyskytuje presne opačne, tzn. preferuje vyššie nadmorské výšky od 910 do m n. m., pričom zatiaľ nebol zistený vôbec na J svahoch Poľany, a to ani v celej oblasti Prednej a Zadnej Poľany (obr. 24). Zistený bol len na sever a východ od Kysliniek, na vyslovene horských lesných lúkach a lesných okrajoch a svetlinách, napr. v spoločenstve druhov Pseudopodisma nagyi, I. kraussii, Omocestus viridulus (napr. Ľubietovský Vepor, Krížne, Nad Veporskými skalkami, Bukovina), pričom max. početnosť sme zaznamenali na lokalite Krížne (20 30 ex./ 0,1 ha, ). Je to typický predstaviteľ vysokohorskej alpínskej fauny (obr. 39), idúci na hranice večného snehu, napr. v Belianskych Tatrách bol registrovaný vo výške m n. m. (CHLÁDEK 1986) a vo švajčiarskych Alpách až 2530 m n. m. (THORENS & NADIG 1997). Podisma pedestris (Linnaeus, 1758) F = 6 %; p3; xe-me; CH-GE; EUS; VII X; nízke travinno-bylinné porasty suchých až mezických lúk, pasienkov a úhorov s výskytom obnaženej pôdy a skál (obr. 40). Na Poľane má vyslovene ostrovčekovité rozšírenie s preferenciou vyšších montánnych polôh (obr. 25). Zistený bol zatiaľ na 4 lokalitách od 750 (Kamenistá dolina Močidlá, , 2, lgt. Hrúz) do m n. m. (Predná Poľana, , 1 ). Najpočetnejšie sme ho zistili na obnažených vápencových pôdach pri chate na Hrbe (5 6 ex./ 0,1 ha, ) a na lesnej lúke pri Vrchslatine (7, 7 / 0,1 ha, ). Pseudopodisma nagyi Galvagni et Fontana, 1996 F = 24 %; p4; xe-me; cveur; CH-TH; VII X; travinno-bylinné porasty suchých až mezických lesných lúk a svetlín, a tiež pasienkov a okrajov lesov v chladnejších polohách (obr. 41). Tento druh (do r považovaný prevažne za druh Pseudopodisma fieberi Scudder, 1897) sme zistili od 850 do 1210 m. Podobne ako druh M. alpina sme ho nezistili v J časti Poľany, ani v oblasti Prednej a Zadnej Poľany. Pomerne pravidelne sa vyskytuje vo východnej časti Hrochotskej doliny, na tzv. medvedích lokalitách (Dolná Zálomská, Dolná a Horná Sihla, Šafránička) a na sever od týchto lokalít (obr. 26). Najvyššiu početnosť druhu sme zistili v oblasti Nad Veporskými skalkami, Pod Ľubietovským Veprom, na lokalitách Krížne a Dolná Sihla, kde početnosť dosahovala koncom júla 2001 až okolo 100 ex./ 0,1 ha. Na zachovalých lokalitách je to charakteristický druh montánneho spoločenstva spolu s druhmi A. fusca, P. stridulus, Ph. fallax, M. brachyptera, M. alpina, Stenobothrus stigmaticus a i.; LR:nt 2, druh je podobne Obr. 33. Decticus verrucivorus samica (Foto A. Krištín). Fig. 33. Decticus verrucivorus female (Photo A. Krištín). Obr. 34. Metrioptera bicolor samica (Foto A. Krištín). Fig. 34. Metrioptera bicolor female (Photo A. Krištín). Obr. 35. Pholidoptera aptera samec (Foto V. Hrúz). Fig. 35. Pholidoptera aptera male (Photo V. Hrúz). Obr. 36. Pholidoptera friwaldszkyi samec (Foto V. Hrúz). Fig. 36. Pholidoptera friwaldszkyi male (Photo V. Hrúz). 47

14 Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg, 1815) F = 57 %; p3; xe-me; CH-GE; EUS; VI X; nižšie travinno-bylinné porasty obhospodarovaných i opustených xerických až mezických lúk, pasienkov a polí. Na Poľane je to druh strmých svahových lúk a obnažených skalných a eróznych svahov, pričom bol zatiaľ zistený až do výšky m n. m. (Koliby nad lokalitou Veporské skalky, , napr. aj s druhom P. nagyi), i keď napr. v Alpách vystupuje až do m n. m. (THORENS & NADIG 1997). Často obsadzuje ako jeden z prvých druhov obnažené pôdy v rámci iniciálnych sukcesných štádií (napr. po rekultivácií a odstránení porastov borievky Juniperus communis aj s pôdou na lokalite Príslopy). Chorthippus dorsatus (Zetterstedt, 1821) F = 49 %; p2; eu; CH; EUS; VII X; nižšie travinno-bylinné porasty obhospodarovaných i opustených vlhkých až suchých lúk a pasienkov. Druh podobný druhu Ch. albomarginatus je nachádzaný v podobných biotopoch ako on, no zatiaľ bol zistený len do nadmorskej výšky m n. m. (lúky pod Drábovkou a Žiarec). Preferuje údolné podmáčané lúky (napr. lúky v údolí Hučavy a Bystrého potoka), extenzívne pasené lúky a okraje mokradí a pramenísk. Chorthippus mollis (Charpentier, 1825) F = 25 %; p2; xe-me; CH; EUS; VII X; nižšie a riedke travinno-bylinné porasty obhospodarovaných i opustených mezických až suchých lúk a pasienkov. Tento menší druh rodu podobný druhu Ch. biguttulus, s výrazne odlišným hlasom, je podobne ako sesterský druh Ch. brunneus viazaný na prehriate J orientované svahy Poľany. Bol zistený menej početne ako ostatné druhy rodu a do výšky m n. m. (Javorinka, Vrchdetva, Príslopy, max. 6 8 / 0,1 ha), hoci napr. v Alpách vystupuje až do výšky m n. m. (THORENS & NADIG 1997). Chorthippus montanus (Charpentier, 1825) F = 22 %; p2; hg; CH; EUS; VII X; travinno-bylinné porasty vlhkých obhospodarovaných lúk a pasienkov, okrajov lesa a úhorov. Prísne vlhkomilný druh je podobný druhu Ch. paralellus no značne vzácnejší, viazaný na ostrovčekovite rozšírené vlhkomilné rastlinné spoločenstvá pobrežnej vegetácie potokov, podmáčaných plôch a pramenísk na Poľane. Zistili sme ho vo všetkých výškových stupňoch, najvyššie na rašelinisku Žliebky (1 350 m n. m.) na Prednej Poľane (v poraste Eriophorum angustifolium), kde sa vyskytoval paralelne napr. s druhmi M. brachyptera a O. viridulus. Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) F = 100 %; p4; eu; CH; PAL; VI X; nižšie travinno-bylinné porasty obhospodarovaných i opustených vlhkých až suchých lúk, pasienkov a polí. Druh je asi najčastejším a najpočetnejším druhom zástupcom radu Orthoptera pozdĺž celého vertikálneho gradientu Poľany, vyskytol sa aj na Obr. 37. Tettigonia cantans samec (Foto P. Kaňuch). Fig. 37. Tettigonia cantans male (Photo P. Kaňuch). Obr. 38. Ephippiger e. ephippiger samec (Foto P. Kaňuch). Fig. 38. Ephippiger e. ephippiger male (Photo P. Kaňuch). Obr. 39. Miramella alpina samec (Foto P. Kaňuch). Fig. 39. Miramella alpina male (Photo P. Kaňuch). Obr. 40. Podisma pedestris samica (Foto P. Kaňuch). Fig. 40. Podisma pedestris female (Photo P. Kaňuch)

15 Rovnokrídlovce a modlivky Poľany: ekológia, rozšírenie a ochrana 51 Text.indd :44:34

16 df = 3, p < 0,05) s narastajúcou nadmorskou výškou bol zistený iba u kobyliek (Ensifera). Avšak všeobecne, v rámci prvých troch výškových stupňov ( m n. m.) boli počet druhov a ich početnosť relatívne vyrovnané (obr. 46), i keď sa nejednalo o rovnaké druhové zloženie. Pokles počtu druhov aj relatívnej početnosti od výšky m n. m., kde už chýbajú vyslovene termofilné druhy (napr. Ph. falcata, E. ephippiger, O. pellucens, C. italicus) je okrem klimatických faktorov pravdepodobne tiež výsledkom nižšej ponuky spektra biotopov. Nad 1060 m sa jedná už iba o lesné lúky a pasienky v smrekových a zmiešaných bukových lesoch. V týchto polohách sa nápadne zvyšuje variabilita relatívnej početnosti Ensifera i Caelifera na lokalitu a zápis. Zvýšenú variabilitu odôvodňujeme rozdielnou plochou a rozdielnou izoláciou jednotlivých lokalít v týchto výškových stupňoch. Niektoré lokality sú silne izolované (Katruška, Brusniansky grúň, Výbohové, Zadná Poľana), iné nadväzujú na rozsiahle lúčne a pasienkové komplexy (Predná Poľana, Drábovka, Veporské skalky), čo spôsobuje rozdielnu mieru genetickej izolácie lokálnych populácií (obr. 46) Indikátory výškových stupňov Zhluková analýza vytriedila na základe výskytu a relatívnej početnosti druhov dve hlavné skupiny druhov, ktoré sa ďalej členia na 6 skupín, resp. gíld. Prvá hlavná skupina zahrňuje eurytopné druhy s vysokou frekvenciou, napr. D. verrucivorus, M. roeselii, Ph. griseoaptera, ako aj vy-sokou relatívnou početnosťou E. brachyptera, Ch. parallelus (A, obr. 47). V tejto hlavnej skupine je vyčlenená aj ďalšia skupina horských druhov, ktoré môžme nazvať montánne eurytopy (B, obr. 47). Tá zahŕňa tiež dve podskupiny, prvá z nich je skupina druhov s nižšou početnosťou napr. I. kraussii, P. aptera, M. brachyptera, druhá je podskupinou druhov s vyššou početnosťou, napr. O. viridulus, S. stigmaticus, Ch. biguttulus a M. bicolor. Druhá hlavná skupina zlučuje na rozdiel od predchádzajúcej viac stenotopné druhy, viazané na špecifické biotopy. Pohorie Poľana charakterizuje hlavne typické spoločentvo montánnych stenotopných druhov. Do neho patria druhy rozšírené na viacerých typických horských lúkach a pasienkoch, s vyššou frekvenciou (C1, obr. 47), napr. P. nagyi, M. alpina ako aj montánne druhy lokálne rozšírené s nižšou frek-venciou (C2, obr. 47) P. friwaldszkyi, M. maculatus a A. fusca. Osobitné postavenie vykazuje skupina tzv. azonálnych druhov (D, obr. 47), z ktorých časť je viazaná viac na vlhšie stanovištia (napr. Ch. montanus, Ch. dispar, Ch. dorsatus) Obr. 47. Klasifikácia spoločenstiev Orthoptera a Mantodea pozdĺž vertikálneho gradientu Poľany na základe prezencie a relatívnej početnosti 57 druhov (A = eurytopné druhy s vysokou frekvenciou, B = montánne eurytopy, C1, C2 = montánne stenotopné druhy, D = azonálne druhy, E = xerotermofilné druhy nižších polôh, F1, F2 = druhy lokálne). Fig. 47. Classification of Orthoptera and Mantodea assemblages along the altitudinal gradient of the Poľana Mts., based on the presence and relative abundance of 57 species (A = eurytopic species with high frequency, B = mountain eurytopes, C1, C2 = mountain stenotope species, D = azonal species, E = xerothermophilous species of lower situated sites, F1, F2 = local species). 58

17 59

18 6. Summary The volcano Poľana with its broken topography and situated at the boundary between the Carpathian and Pannonian fauna is a very suitable territory for ecological studies of structure of various animal assemblages along different altitudinal gradients. This biosphere reserve (> ha) represents well-preserved forested land (ca 90% forest) from oak to spruce forests. However, this territory is also characterised with mountain meadows and pastures, so called poľany, providing specific life conditions for the Orthoptera. The extreme and in forests dispersed patches of grassland required a very wide range of adaptations of the concerned animal insect group. The aim of this study were to: i) analyse the structure of assemblages of Orthoptera and Mantodea in the Poľana Mts. along the altitudinal gradient (following five vertical zones by steps of 200 m, beginning with 460 to m a.s.l.), ii) classify altitudinal gilds and propose indicator species for individual altitudes and habitats, iii) contribute to the knowledge about distribution and conservation status of rare species in Europe, iv) contribute to the phenology of the Orthoptera assemblages in selected localities in different altitudes and different habitat types and, v) point at species and habitats conservation problems connected with various management methods. The research was running over May October , using all available entomological methods and sampling techniques. We examined 63 localities (each 2 3 ha, Fig. on the back cover), and identified in total 56 Orthoptera species (46% of the 121 species representing the Slovak Orthoptera fauna), from six families, 17 sub-families and 33 genera and one mantid species (the average species number per one locality was 25). The most, 28 species belong to the family Acrididae, 20 to the family Tettigoniidae, the remaining species to the families Tetrigidae (3 species), Gryllidae (3), Gryllotalpidae (1) and Myrmecophilidae (1). The species accounts present frequency (F%, n = 63 locations), abundance (p, max. abundance per locality, for the categories, see Table 1 and explanations on p ); ecological characteristics (from the viewpoint of moisture demands); life-form; distribution type; the main period of occurrence of imagoes over the territory (months); habitat in the territory; comments to the species occurrence; in case of protected and endagered species their conservation status in frame of Slovakia and in the concerned area. The occurence of the individual species according to the studied 63 localities is summarised in Appendix 1, the species occurrence corresponding to five vertical zones following the altitudinal gradient of the Poľana Mts. and corresponding to the altitude is in Table 1, the distribution of selected six thermophilous present Figs and six mountain species Figs The most frequent Orthoptera species were four bush-cricket species of Tettigoniidae (Decticus verrucivorus, Metrioptera roeselii, Pholidoptera griseoaptera and Tettigonia cantans) and two grasshopers Acrididae (Euthystira brachyptera, Chorthippus parallelus), occurring in all 63 examined localities (F = 100%, Fig. 45). From this number, two bush-cricket species Ph. griseoaptera and T. cantans are typical species associated with forests. The first species is universally spread from the Danube River to the High Tatra Mts., the second, T. cantans, on the other hand, indicates higher situated (mainly over 500 m a.s.l.), or inversion localities. Frequent occurrence of bush-crickets Isophya kraussii, Metrioptera brachyptera and Pholidoptera aptera 71

19 and grasshopers Stenobothrus stigmaticus and Omocestus viridulus indicates that the study area represents mountain areas of Central Europe. The highest relative abundance (almost in each locality) was only found in two grasshoper species of the sub-order Caelifera Euthystira brachyptera, Chorthippus parallelus. The 11 species with the lowest frequency (i.e. indicated in less than five localities) represented the species with patchy occurrence in Slovakia, or the species non-typical for the habitats of the Poľana Mts.: Podisma pedestris, Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Myrmecophilus acervorum, Conocephalus dorsalis, Pholidoptera friwaldszkyi, Tettigonia caudata, Acheta domesticus, Chorthippus vagans, Stethophyma grossum, Stenobothrus nigromaculatus and Stenobothrus crassipes. Neither the species number nor their relative abundance in grasshoppers (Caelifera) had the expected regularly decreasing trend corresponding to the separate altitudinal zones. Significant decreasing trend in species number (F = 16.9, df = 3, p < 0.05) as well relative abundance (F = 25.2, df = 3, p < 0.05) with increasing altitude was found only in crickets (Ensifera). However, in general, over the first three zones ( m a.s.l.), these variables are quite uniform (49 53 species, Table 1, Fig. 46), in spite of the fact that the species composition is different. The drop in both species number and relative abundance beginning with m a.s.l. where is already evident absence of characteristically thermophilous species (e.g. Phaneroptera falcata, Ephippiger ephippiger, Oecanthus pellucens, Calliptamus italicus, Mantis religiosa, Figs ) is except of the climate conditions, probably also influenced with the lower supply of the habitat types. The studied assemblages were classified using the cluster analysis into two main groups. The first main group comrised the guild of eurytopic species with high frequency as well with high relative abundance (A, Fig. 47). In this main group was selected also another group of mountain species called mountain eurytopic species (B, Fig. 47). This comprised also two subgroups, the first of them is group of species with lower abundance, the second one with higher abundance. The second main group comprised, in contrast to previous main group, more stenotopic species. In the Poľana Mts., there is typical the assemblage of mountain stenotopic species comprising species spread over mountain meadows and pastures with quite high frequency (C1, Fig. 47), as well as species with local occurrence and lower frequency (C2, Fig. 47). Separate position has the group of so called azonal species (D, Fig. 47), from which one part is associated with fairly wet sites, the other prefer drier, bare grounds. The group E (Fig. 47) mainly represents xerothermophilous species of lower situated sites. The special position in this cluster have Meconema thalassinum, Gomphocerripus rufus and Tettigonia viridissima, restricted on oak and mixed beech forests and their edges up to m a.s.l. The last groups consist of local species, spread over 1 2 localities only (S. grossum, C. dorsalis, S. nigromaculatus, T. caudata), or the species difficult to found using common methods, with low relative abundance (Barbitistes constrictus, Isophya camptoxypha, Tetrix spp., F1 and F2, Fig. 47). Several euryecous brachypterous species mainly occur as macropterous in higher situated localities over m a.s.l. in higher numbers (> 20%, M. bicolor, M. roeselii, E. brachyptera, Ch. parallelus), several of them are rare (M. brachyptera and females of Ch. dispar). 72

20 Based on the similarity between the species spectra (species presence), we have specified the following two main groups of localities. The first group comprises localities of lower altitudes (up to m n. m.) The group A (Fig. 48) includes 13 localities of southern slopes of the Poľana Mts. representing primarily xerotherm meadows and pastures reaching up to 660 m a.s.l. (eight localities) and to 950 m (five localities ) with occurrence of xerothermophilous species associated with shallow warm substrates, e.g. C. italicus, L. albovittata, O. caerulescens, M. religiosa. The second group (B, Fig. 48) also represents 13 localities similarly situated in medium altitudes from 670 (Hrochotská dolina 1) to m a.s.l. (Vrchdetva). Lower situated localities are in inversion sites inside the caldera of the Poľana volcano, higher situated localities of this group are in the area of rather warm meadows and pastures on the southern slopes of the mountain. The group C (Fig. 48) consists of the group of localities in peripheral valleys and at peripheral ridges on eastern, northern and north-western slopes of the Poľana Mts. Very specific is the group D (Fig. 48) consisting of only three localities in isolated forest meadows situated in fairly warm zones in oak and oak-beech forests. The last group (E, Fig. 48) is the most numerous, consisting of 19 localities, similar mainly by their localisation in the two highest altitudinal zones from to m a.s.l. This group includes mountain meadows and pastures in spruce and mixed beech forests and in colder ridge and top areas. The species number and composition, their relative abundance and phenology distinctly vary with altitude on slopes with the same exposure. In the locality Hrochotská Bukovina with the altitude centre of 890 m a.s.l. we identified in total 37 species, and in the higher situated plot Predná Poľana with the altitude centre of m a.s.l. only 22 species (Table 2). The species number on the lower situated plot varied over the season from 13 (May) to 34 (August), on the upper situated from 5 (May) to (June August, Fig. 49). In the studied area of the Poľana Mts. we identified altogether five species included in the Red List of the Slovak Orthoptera (15% from 33 in the List). From this number, one species was classified as endangered (EN, Ph. friwaldszkyi), one vulnerable (VU, T. caudata) and three less endangered (LR:nt A. fusca, P. nagyi and S. grossum). However, only two Orthoptera species (E. ephippiger and S. grossum) and one Mantodea species (M. religiosa) are protected acording to the Regulation No. 24/2003 Z. z. At the end of the work we define the main problems concerning species and mountain habitat conservation and present some proposals for the specific protection measures. 73

21 Rozmiestnenie študovaných 63 lokalít Poľany (stredné Slovensko) podľa 5 výškových stupňov. Localisation of 63 study localities in the Poľana Mts. (C Slovakia) corresponding to five altitudinal zones.

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