Welcome to the Bükk National Park! András Schmotzer research adviser Bükk National Park, Eger - Hungary
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1 Welcome to the Bükk National Park! András Schmotzer research adviser Bükk National Park, Eger - Hungary Biogeographical Process Meeting on the impact of the common agricultural policy on grassland habitats in continental, pannonian and steppic region networking event Eger
2 Topics Nature conservation structure of Hungary Basic facts on Bukk National Park Directorate & Bukk National Park (BNP) Overview on Karst features, biodiversity, threads (natural & socio-economic) Management issues Future plans 2
3 Nature conservation structure of Hungary 10 national park directorates, which manage 1 NP & several protected landscape area & natural protected area & ex-lege sites (alkalic lakes, caves, mires) & Natura 2000 sites ( state side ) Local protected sites are belonging to communities ( municipality side ) 3
4 4
5 What is nature conservation? According to the Act No. LIII. of 1996 on Nature Conservation in Hungary (to Article 36): "Nature conservation management" means any activities aiming at surveying, registering, conserving, guarding, maintaining, displaying or rehabilitating protected natural values or areas. 5
6 What is nature conservation? 6
7 Nature conservation categories 1. Natural areas protected by a specific law (10% of the area of Hungary) national park protected landscape area nature conservation area natural monument 2. Geological heritage sites protected by unique law minerals, mineral groups, fossils artificial cave 3. Ex lege protected natural areas a.) all qualified as nature conservation area bogs alkaline lakes b.) all qualified as natural monument kurgans earth fortifications springs Sinkholes beehive rocks 4. Ex lege protected natural assets caves 7
8 Operating area of BNPD BNP Dir: 1 NP 9 PLAs Natura 2000 national SAC - 60* SPAs - 6* protected planned ha ha ha ha 14 NPAs 39 national monuments 8
9 Basic facts I. National Park Foundation: 1977 NP: hectares Sectors: forest (94.3%); grassland (3,4%); other (2,3%) Strictly protected areas: 25 sites (5.664 ha) Forest reserves: 7 sites (2248 ha; core: 558 ha) Zonation: A ( Wilderness ) B ( Managed ) C ( Developed ) & combinations such as AB, AC zones (not yet approved!) 9
10 Basic facts II. Karst feature Distribution of Karstic bedrocks in Hungary 10
11 Karst bedrocks
12 Basic facts II. Karst feature Distribution of Karstic bedrocks in Hungary Karstic geomorphogy 12
13 Karst geomorphology dry valleys with sinkholes horst karr devil s tilling clump & cave
14
15 Basic facts II. Karst feature Distribution of Karstic bedrocks in Hungary Karstic geomorphogy Springs permanent karst springs & spas (supply one million people) temporary karst springs travertine springs 15
16
17 Basic facts II. Karst feature Distribution of Karstic bedrocks in Hungary Karstic geomorphogy Springs Caves More than 1000 caves - 49 strictly protected (deepest 250 m, István-lápai Cave) 4 opened for public Very diverse features incl. fossil caves with wide opening; active spring-caves; fossil sinkhole-caves (clumps); young, active sinkhole-caves, etc. 17
18
19 Karst biodiversity Flora Factors: petrographically variable mountain between Carpathians & Great Plan mixture flora & fauna with continetal and mountane (subalpine) features Well-researched (flora & vegetation map) Karst Plateau key habitats & biotopes (12 Annex hab. of HD). [1320 species; 18 species only in Bukk Mts.] Flora elements: Tertiary relicts: 3 species Endemics of the Bukk Mts.: 2 species Pannonic endemics: 11 species Carpathian endemics: 13 species 19
20 Is it Carpatian? Answer: NO 20
21 Is it Carpatian? Answer: YES 21
22 Karst biodiversity Flora Vascular plant endemic richness of the Western Carpathian Source: Mráz, P. et al
23 Vegetation profile 1-3=beech w.; 4=ravine f.; 5=calciphilous oak w.;6=turkey oak sessile oak w.; 7=acidophilous oak w.; 8=ravine forest with lime; 9=termophilous oak w.; 10=oak-hornbeam f.; 11=wet alder f.; 12=hayfields & mountain meadows 23
24 Carpathian Monk s Hood (Aconitum moldavicum) J.Sulyok Sadler s Giant Fennel (Ferula sadleriana) J.Sulyok Northern Dragon-head (Dracocephalum ruyschiana) J.Sulyok
25 Karst biodiversity Fauna Well-researched (esp. Avifauna & Lepidoptera) Fauna monograph Examples: Snails: Bielzia coerulans, Trichia unidentata Orthoptera: Saga pedo, Oedipoda coerulescens Coleoptera: Duvalius gebhardti, Rosalia alpina Lepidoptera: Maculinea xerophila, Aricia artixerxes issekutzi; Neptis rivularis, Parnassius mnemosyne Amphibians: Salamandra, Triturus alpestris buekkensis Birds: Rock Bunting, Woodlark, White-backed Woodpecker, Ural Owl, Red-brested Flycatcher 25
26 26
27 Management issues I. Nature conservation management is not carried out by the NP! 2 profit-oriented state-owned forestry enterprises (historic & economic background) Forest management: vegetation map (scale 1:10.000) gives the scientific background for zonation (for each forest units); NP gives pressure to the manager through forestry planning aim: f.p. will be followed by management plan! Special issues: Forest structure is not appropriate (large clear-cutting areas, transformation of the spruce monocultures, etc.) Zonation is not accepted by the foresters (incl. zonal forest) Mental change is necessary! 27
28 Is it management?
29 Management issues II. Grassland management: More than 1000 hectars-detailed inventory (small-scaled) with management tasks is prepared (special management plan for meadows), which gives: Present state of flora & fauna of the meadows; Former management practices; Desirable goals necessary management was determined Better conditions ( forests), because its economic value for the forestry is not significant. (Consensus) Management (mowing) is carried out partly by the NP (own machine stock & external workers) financial background? Grazing subject of the debate! (mostly on the foothills see wooded pastures) 29
30
31 Lifecycle analyse Example: Marsh Gentian (Gentiana pneumonanthe) Month Basal leaves Blossom Fruit ripe Management plan of mountain meadows I.
32 Removing of the scrubs 2. Scrub busting 3. Mowing machinery 4. Scything 5. Grazing 6. Without management 7. Mowing & grazing Management plan of mountain meadows II.
33 Future plans Finishing the management plan process Stabile funding for nature conservational management Involve public for management Develop education on biodiversity Learning good practices! 33
34 Thank you for your attention!
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