4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Transcription

1 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 General Condition of the Region Geographycal Condition Tuapejat village is a coastal village that is located at the northern edge of Sipora Island, to be precise on 2" 10'LS - 2" 46,7' LS and 99" 35' BT- 99" 34,5' BT. As a coastal village, Tuapejat has a coastal line as long as km with a land area of 178,73 km2. This village belongs to the district area of North Sipora. This village has seven areas, namely: Tuapejat Village, Kampung Village, Karnp Village, Jati Village, Mapadegat Village, Barimanua Village and Pukarajat Village (BPS 2007). Some part of the Tuapejat Village is small islands, namely Siburu island (576.9 ha), Simakakang Island (199.6 ha), PitotogatiHawera Island (392.3 ha), Siteut Island (14.64 ha), Pitojat Besar Island (74.55 ha), Pitojat Kecil Island (12.25 ha) and Coral Island that is well-known as Hantu Island (0.012 ha). The research location is surrounded by sea, some of which is a bay, and its surrounding is grown with mangrove whose condition is still good, which is less than 1 km distant fiom the sea. The existence of these small islands and mangrove forest has protected the area from the wave blow. These small islands are not populated; there are only simple huts that are occupied temporarily by Tuapejat residents and other residents for the purpose of managing coconut trees and clover trees. Between those small islands and Sipora Island there is sea waters which is a bay, but there are four gates that connect them to the wild sea. On one gate on the eastern side there is a lighthouse to give signals to ships that connect the islands, and on the south of this area there is a marsh that undergoes mud sedimentation process and is influenced by tidal waves. In this area there is a mangrove forest spreading to the south of Sipora Island. Around the waters there is coral reef, some of which is still alive. The coral reefs outside the islands grow circling so that they fbnction to break the waves that come fiom the north-west. They protect the islands from wave attack coming from the Indian Ocean. In that area waves come simultaneously and they are relatively high. Therefore, it is often used by tourists for surfing. That area is also the main

2 destination for fishermen from Tuapejat Village to catch coral fish, although the waves are bigger than those in the inner part of the sea waters. Tuapejat is the capital of Mentawai Islands Regency according to the Law Number 49, 1999, concerning the formation of Mentawai Islands Regency. Previously it is a part of Padang Pariaman Regency. In line with the development of a new area, since 1999 until now it has been developed into the capital of the new regency. The Mentawai Islands geographically is in the Indian Ocean, so that the waters in this archipelago has a current system and characteristics of water mass that are very much influenced by the system that is developed in the Indian Ocean. The beach is usually narrow and steep and deep, both on the side of the Indian Ocean and on the mainlands of Sumatera Island. The transition period happens for six months, namely between April and October. In these months the weather in the Mentawai Islands is not often friendly, since there are a lot of storms that are followed by heavy rains. During that time the wind comes from the Indian Ocean to the mainland of Sumatera Island. In this area the yearly precipitation is very high, that is ranging between 2,500 and 4,700 rnrn and the the daily temperature is also high. It is very hot especially during the day (BPS 2007). The lowland area is relatively narrow; its width is approximately 300 meter. It is located between the beach and the hill that is situated on the south and the east. This narrow lowland which is still marshy is spreading along the southwest. Since the residents tend to live in the lowland area the type of housing in Tuapejat Village also follows that, especially after there is an access. The fi-ont part of the houses faces the road, while the back part faces the sea. Some of these houses are situated between the road and coast. The sea has become a place for domestic wastes from houses, such as feces and garbage. The people's households have given contribution to the quality of the inner waters. The housing pattern that is concentrated on the lowland area which belongs to the coastal ecosystem has caused high risk when there is a tsunami which is predicted to happen, although the time still cannot be determined. When a big earthquake happened in 2004 and 2007 most of the people fled to a hilly area.

3 4.1.2 Population In mid 2007, the number of population in Tuapejat Village reached 1,583 persons, where 80% of them is Mentawai ethnic, 14% Meningkabau ethnic, and the rest is other ethnics such as Batak, Jawa and Nias. The ratio between male and female is 46% : 54%. The composition of population according to their earning can be seen in the following Table 6. Table 6 Composition of Tuapejat Village population who work according to main fields of job and sex in 2007 Main fields of job Male Female (%I (%) Male and Female.. Marine fishery Food agriculture Hard tree agriculture Trade Service Industry Others Total ,O Source : Bandiyono and Antariksa (2007) Residents who have employed status are actually less than a half; to be precise 47.7% works on agricultural sector. This means that most of then work outside agriculture, especially in the field of services (23.8%), trade (12.6%) and others such as motorcycle drivers, and port labours. Of those whose main job is in agricultural fields, some of then work on the sea fishery, namely as fishermen, including those that process fish product to become salted fish. The job as a fisherman or labor is usually carried out by men. The women tend to work in the service sector and trade. In the Mentawai community (indigenous people), the role of women to support the family economy is very significant. Activities such as going to the garden, planting, and fishing are their daily activities. The quality of the people, among others, can be seen from the structure of population according to their education. From the data that have been obtained, the level of the people's education is those that age more than 6 years, and is based on the highest education they have pursued. The composition of the people according to their educational level can be seen on Table 7.

4 Table 7 Composition of Tuapejat Village residents aged 6 years or more according to their highest educational level that they have pursued and sex, in 2007 The highest educational level Male Female Male and Female Not go to school yet Not finished elementary level Elementary school graduates Junior-high school graduates Senior-high school graduates and above Total Source : Bandiyono and Antariksa (2007) Prosperity This part shows the level of the people's prosperity in Tupejat Village based on the secondary data from the report of Economic Social Survey of COREMAP Program (CRITC-LIP1 2007). This description was considered important because the level of the prosperity very much influences the destructive force of natural resources. In other words, there is a positive correlation between the people's poverty level and the environmental destruction. Poor people are generally "hungry" for utilizing natural resources in order to survive. Thus, this creates negative impacts on the condition of the environment. The people's income in Tuapejat Viallge comes from fishing, agriculture other than fishery, trade and other sources. The average income of the people in Tuapejat Village can be seen on the following Table 8. The condition of this prosperity can also be seen from data of household income distribution in a month. Most of them earn below five million rupiah or below 18 million per year. Only a few of them or 20.3% earn 1.5 milion rupiah or more per month. The households that have relatively higher income usually work in marine fishery, services, and processing industries.

5 Table 8 Average income per month of the people's households in Tuapejat Village according to types of employment, in Types of employment Average Income (Rp) Marine fishery 1,125,80 Agriculture Services Processing Industries Trade Household head unemployed 1 receiver of Source: Bandiyono and Antariksa (2007) As an illustration about the income of those who work in the fishery sector is the gross income of a fisherman. Traditional fisherman once he goes to the sea during hard season more or less gets 15 kg fish, where its selling price is 15 thouand rupiah per kilo. During a good season when the fish is plenty, their income also increases. In a month their average income can be Rp. 1,075,000. Generally they go to the sea when the weather is considered fine. According to World Bank, one is said to be poor if their annual income is below poverty level for a village area, that is US $ 125 or more or less Rp. 1,250,000. If we use Sayogyo's estimation if the expense per year per capita is below 320 kg rice, the poverty line in Tuapejat Village is Rp. 1,120,000. When the research is going on the price of rice in that village is Rp. 7,500 per kg. For poverty measurement according to to the government today (2007) a family is said to be poor if their income is below Rp. 700,000 for one month or Rp 8,400,000 per year or per capita income per year is Rp. 2,100,000. Thus, at the average the residents of Tuapejat Village are still considered poor (Bandiyono and Antariksa 2007) General Facilities and Infrastructure As the capital of the regency, Tuapejat has been facilitated with the government office centres to serve the people in Mentawai Islands Regency. The road in this capital city is now being built as long as 13 kms, which is made from asphalt and concrete. There is also the same type of road that is being built to Rokot Airport as long as 21 kms. For land transportation there are some public vehcles and motorcycles available there.

6 To get access from the capital of West Sumatera Province to Mentawai Archipelago is about miles. The transportation means that can be used is by ferry (ASDP) KMP Arnbu-ambu from Bungus Seaport and very from Muara Padang Seaport are the two ferries that can be used within hours sailing. They are usually operated 4-5 times a week. For air transportation, there is SMAC airline from Minangkabau International Airport in Padang to Rokot Airport in Sipora, which usually takes 40 minutes. Then there is a boat to Tuapejat, which takes 30 minutes. To connect inter islands to every district there is KM Simasin. To get access for communication there is a house telephone facility from PT. Telkom. Besides, there is also a cellular telephone network that has been operated from the Telkomsel operator. So far the communication access can only be found in the capital of the regency and the capital of dictricts. Figure 3 shows the transportation access from Padang to Mentawai Islands and interislands. 4.2 Potential and Condition of Coral Reef Ecosystem Coral Reefs Of the research locations in the waters around the coast and small islands in Tuapejat, after being surveyed, only 13 stations that can be surveyed and whose data can be collected further. This was related to the health condition and depth of its coral reefs. In the areas of eastern part of Siburu Island, eastern part of Simakakang Island, northern part of Pitojat Kecil Island and eastern part of PitotogatIAwera Island the coral condition was very sorrowful. Based on observation using mantataw methods the percentage of life coral cover was very low, below 10% and its depth is less than 2 meters, and its substrate is sandy. Its growth is in the form of newly-grown small colonies. The area in eastern coast of Tuapejat is a location that is near settlement and the seaport activities, and the condition of life coral cover is also very low. The location of western part of Siburu Island, eastern part of Simakakang Island, western part of Pitotogat Island, Tanjung Mapadegat, and western part of Pitojat Besar Island and Pitojat Kecil Island is a wavy area and a place for surfing.

7 Fig. 3 The Map of Marine Transportation Line to Mentawai Islands From Padang City, Sumatera Province(Sources : BAPPEDA of Mentawai Island Regency, 2008)

8 In general, the data that have been obtained from 13 observed stations/locations show different results. The percentage of life coral cover that consists of Acropora and Non-Acropora are referents for the health condition of coral reefs. The beautiful scenery of coral reef ecosystem consists not only of hard corals but also of various associations which make up the ecosystem. The ecosystem community makes up a life form that consists of hard coral, soft coral, sponge, coral mushroom, zeontis, and others. From the survey, the life coral cover in the study locations consists of the percentage of hard coral: Acropora and hard coral Non-Acropora. The condition of each station of survey can be seen on Table 9 and Appendix 1 : Table 9 The percentage of life coral cover and life form coral community in the research stations using the LIT method in Tuapejat Waters, the Regency of Mentawai Island Study Location Life Life form S Variety Category Life site coral of coral of life coral cover cover community form (%) (%) 1. Northwest of Siburu Island Medium 2. South of Siburu Island Medium 3. Southwest of Siburu Island Medium 4. Northeast of Siburu Island Medium 5. Southeast of Simakakang Island Good 6. Northeast of Simakakang Island Medium 7. Northwest of Simakakang Island Medium 8. Southeast of Pitotogat island Good 9. North of Siburu Island Medium 10. Northwest of Tuapejat Coastal Good 11. Southeast of Pitogat Sabeu Island Good 12. Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Good 13. Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Good From the observation of the coral reef condition using the LIT method in 13 research stations, it can be seen that the condition of coral reefs that belong to the category "good" is only 6 stations, the category "medium" 7 stations. The division of the category of the life coral cover condition refers to the division by

9 Gomes and Yap (1988), which says that the percentage of life coral cover ranging between 0-24,9% belongs to bad condition; 25-49,9% belongs to medium condition; 50-74,9% belongs to good condition; and % belongs to excellent condiditon. The results of data analysis show that the condition of life coral cover belongs to medium and good categories. The percentage of life coral cover in general was dominated by hard coral Non-Acropora. The coral from the dominant genus Acropora can mostly be found in station 12 and station1 3. Other locations are dominated by Non-Acropora from the genus Porites, Pocillopora, and Heliopora. For further information about the composition of coral cover in each research location, see Figure 4 and Appendix 1. In many areas there are coral reefs which were in bad condition, especially in eastern part of Tuapejat Village, which was a settlement area and a place for activities and infra-structure of the seaport. Destruction was mostly due to fishing which is not environmentally-friendly such was using potassium and bomb.there were many corals that are rubble, destroyed and dead. In the locations which were, based on observation using the mantataw method, considered to be life coral cover, the coral reefs are below 25%, and thus there is no need for further data collection and analysis. The percentage of coral cover that belongs to the category "good" was found in western part of Tuapejat Village. This area was still far from the people's settlement, and there were also some maritime tourism activities such as resort, which directly monitors the condition of coral reefs. In this area there were hard coral colonies, whose size is very small (< 10 cm). This shows the existence of a jouvenil of coral community which is undergoing regeneration. The monitoring results of CRTIC-LIPI(2007 and 2009) showed the increase of life cover of coral reefs ecosystem in northern part of Sipora Island. The northern part of Sipora Island and its surrounding small islands in general are sandy and not so wide, and there is a coral layer which is farther from the beach ( m) the steeper it becomes, with its declivity of 40'- 60'.

10 1% MAP OF CORAL REEF LIFE I Acropora I Non Acropora Dead Scelerectlna Fig. 4 The map of the percentage of life form of coral reefs in each research station

11 In some areas, on the base of its coral layer there are trails that are upright the coast, which show that the wave energy in these areas was quite tremendous. This is also seen from the forms of types of coral that grow there, which in general have a relatively small colony size, and their branches are also uniform. The coral growth was relatively less varied and it has low rugosities. The coral that grows in the depth of 1-5 m is dominated by Pocilloporidae species from genus Pocillopora, Stylophora and Seriatopora, Faviidae species from genus Favia and Favites, and Poritidae species from genus Porites. Pocillopora verrucosa coral is the most dominant type, followed by coral from genus Porites and Favia. The growth of Acropora generally is in the form of small colonies and short branches. In the depth of 5-10 m the growth of coral was more varied, but it was more dominated by that which has massive and encrusting growth. In the depth of meters the growth of coral can hardly be found, and it is more dominated by sand. (CRITC-LIPI2004). The results of Suharsono's research (2002) and CRITC-LIPI(2004) in th.e waters of Mantawai Island show there were 166 types of hard coral from 19 species. The area of coral reef ecosystem that can be found in Northern Sipora (Tuapejat) is km2, which consists of km2 fringing reef and km2 shoal reefs. In general the destruction of coral reefs can be divided into two categories, namely the destruction caused by a natural factor and the destruction caused by human factors (Suharsono 1991). The natural factor that causes coral reef ecosystem destruction in the waters of Tuapejat and Mentawai Island in general were global warming. One of the causes was coral bleaching due to El-Nino phenomena in 1997 (Kumann 2002). This was in accordance with the opinion of Westmacott et al. (2000), which says that the Indian Ocean was an area that is very much influenced by coral bleaching which causes 90% mortality, and includes a huge area. The results of the analysis on coral reef fossil in Mentawai Islands, which was carried out by the coral reef expert from Australian National University, Abrarn et al. (2007), show the fact that mass mortality that occured in 1961, 1994 and 1997 happened simultaneously with the event of the Indian Ocean Dipole

12 phenomena. The long hot season had caused the existence of blooming red tide, which is a phytoplankton. Blooming red tide can cover the waters so that light penetration was blocked, and thus the photosysnthesis process of zooxanthella (green algae) that can make a symbiosis with corals is impeded. The inability to carry out a photosysnthesis process can also cause mortality in green algae, which indirectly also causes mortality of corals with bleaching. This bleaching incident had created the spreading of a new habitat. Coral animal fossils will finally become basic substrates for coral to attach as an initial recovery process of coral reefs. The results of the research carried out by "Pusat Studi Terumbu Karang Universitas Bung Hatta (2001)" found 5 genus coral juveniles fiom 12 families, which are dominated by the Family Agriicidae and Pocilloporidae. Destruction due to a human factor was illegal fishing. Mentawai Island is a fishing ground for fishermen along the western coast of West Sumatera (Kunzmann 2002). Besides, it was also a new settlement along Tuapejat coast, since it becomes the capital of the Regency. The activities that were destructive include coral mining, mutating and bombing (CRITC-LIP1 2004). Since the program COREMAP I1 was carried out in the Regency of Mentawai Islands and coral reef mining was prohibited in 2004 and the Regional Law concerning coral reefs was effective in 2007, the activities of coral mining have not been found anymore. Before 2004 in Tuapejat there were a lot of coral reef mining activities found everywhere. For the matrix of suitability analysis of marine tourism of diving and snorkeling categories, the parameters of the coral reef ecosystem condition that were evaluated are the percentage of coral reef community life form which consists of hard coral, (Acropora and Non-Acropora) and other faunas whose life is associated with coral reefs such as sponge, soft coral, zeonthis and megabenthos Coral Reef Fish Data of coral fish that have been collected include the number of coral fish species and the number of individual type using an actual calculation and the

13 underwater visual census method (UVC). The results of the UVC method that have been carried out in 13 research stations show there were 198 species of coral reef fish that belongs to 33 family. The species of coral reef fish that was mostly found in station 9 is 97 species, where the lowest species was found in station 10, that is 53 species. The highest number of fish was found in station 9, that is 2,322 individuals1350 m2, and the lowest number of fish was found in station 10, that is 608 individuals1350 m2. The existence of fish on coral reefs very much depends on the coral reef it self. Some groups of fish show tendency of increased excessibility in the long run when the condition of coral reef has a high percentage of coral life cover. On the other hand, even when the condition of coral reef has a low percentage of coral life cover, there is also an increased excessibility in some groups of fish. However, this still cannot be adequately explained since research on this is still limited. The number of individuals for each species of coral fish that is found in each station using the UVC method can be seen in Table 10 and Appendix 2. Table 10 The number of fish individual and species per research location based on the calculation using the underwater visual census (UVC) method Site Study Location Number of Species Number of IndividuaY350m~ 1 Northwest of Siburu Island 2 South of Siburu Island 3 Southwest of Siburu Island 4 Northeast of Siburu Island 5 Southeast of Simakakang Island 6 Northeast of Simakakang Island 7 Northwest of Simakakang Island 8 Southeast of Pitotogat island 9 North of Siburu Island 10 Northwest of Tuapejat Coastal 11 Southwest of Tcapejat Coastal 12 Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal 13 Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal

14 The composition of coral reef fish in each research station can be classified into target fish, major fish, and indicator fish. For fiuther information, see the following Figure 5: Study site I Indicator Fish I Target Fish :? Major Fish Fig. 5 Composition of coral fish in the reaserch stations based on the results of the under water visual cencus (UVC) method The excessibility of some species of fish of important economy (target fish) that was obtained from the UVC method in the research locations such Lutjanidae sp, groupher (Serranidae sp.), Caesionidae sp. was 575 individuals1350 m2 in station 8, and the lowest was in station 2 as many as 140 individuals3 50 m2. The indicator fish group such as Butterfly fish (Chaetodontidae sp.) which was used to indicate the health value of coral reefs has the highest excessibility in station 6, as many as 88 individuals/350 m2. The lowest excessibility is found in station 5 as many as 29 individuals1350 m2. The major fish group was mostly found in station 11 as many as 1,786 individuals1350 m2, and the lowest was found in station 10 as many as 402 individuals1350 m2. The species that were mostly found in almost each research station are Chromis ternatensis, Chromis dimiata, Chromis viridis, Chromis caudalis, Neopomacentrus azysron. As a whole the results of the UVC method in 13 research stations show that the number of individual fish that was censused is 42,925 individualskectare. The Chromis ternatensis species has the highest excessibility, that is 5,105 individuals

15 hectare, followed by Chvomis vividis species with an excessibility of 3,312 individualshectare. The excessibility of major fish, target fish, and indicator fish from all research stations is 32,934 individualsha, 8,481 individualsha and 1,509 individualsha respectively, so that the ratio between major fish, target fish and indicator fish is 22 : 6 : 1. This means that for each 29 fish that was found in the waters of Tuapejat and its surrounding the possible composition is 22 individuals of major fish, 6 individuals of target fish, and 1 individual of indicator fish. For further information about the composition of each station, see Figure 6 and Appendix 2. The research results of CRITC-LIP1 (2004) using the underwater visual census (UVC) method that are carried out in 9 permanent transect stations show that there were 157 species of coral reef fish, including in 25 family, with the excessibility value of 12,263 individualshectare. Chromis ternatensis is the species of coral reef fish that has the highest excessibility compared to other species of coral reef fish, namely 1,502 individualshectare, and then followed with Chromis iomelas (619 individualshectare) and Neopomacentrus azysron (546 individualshectare). In terms of composition, it shows that the excessibility of major fish, target fish and indicator fish is 9,219 individualshectare, 2,559 individualshectare and 486 individualshectare respectively. Thus, the comparison of major fish, target fish and indicator fish is 19 :5 : 1. This means that for each 25 fish that was found in the waters of Mentawai Island, the possible composition is 19 individuals of major fish, 5 individuals of target fish, and 1 individual of indicator fish. There is still plenty of indicator fish 'buterfly fish' (Chaetodontidae), which shows that the condition of coral reef is not bad. This is because the existence of buterfly fish is an indicator of coral reef ecosystem that is still healthy. During the reaserch it was found that there are 15 species of buterfly fish (Chaetodontidae). According to Myer and Randall (1983) the existence of kepekepe fish cannot be separated from coral reefs, because this fish is an indicator of coral healthiness. The more diverse the fish species of the indicator fish, the higher the level of coral reef fertility.

16 MAP OF CORAL REEF FISH COMPOSITION a of Bakosurtanal Fig. 6 The map of abundant of fish composition in each study site

17 Data of the composition of coral reef fish excessibility can be used basic data for developing other marine tourisms, such as fishing and diving. To attract investors that will develop marine tourism in Tuapejat, these data can be used as a promotion or a base for new object and new tourism type Mega Benthos Results of reef check benthos (RCB) show that the excessibility of Acanthaster planci, which is a coral polyp-eating animal can only be found in station 6 on the east of Simakakang Island, namely 2 individuals. In other locations these cannot be found. Triton (Charonia tritonis) which is an Acanthaster planci eater cannot be found at all in every research station. Coral mushroom (CMR) can be found in almost all stations except station 1 in the north of Siburu Island. The highest excessibility of CMR is found in station 11 in the west of Tuapejat Village near Barimanua Village, that is 84 individuals/l40 m2. Sea urchin (Diadema setosum) was found in almost every research station, except in station 5 in south of Simakakang Island. The highest excessibility was 304 individuals/140m2 found in station 13 in the west of Tuapejat Village. Kima (Giant clam) was found in a small number. The big size (length >20 cm) 1-3 individuals/140m2 was found in almost every research station, except in station 5, station 10 and station 1 1, and the small size (length <20 cm) was found in almost every research station except in station 8, that is 20 individuals/140m2. Sea cucumber (holothurian) (with diameter >20) was found in stations 3, 4,6,7,8.9 and 13 ranging from 1-5 individuals/140m2, whereas those of small size can only be found in station 6 as many as 2 individuals/140m2. Some species may not be found during observation because of limited observation area (the observation area is 140 m2/transect), so that it is not possible that they can be found outside the transect location. Drupela (snail) was found in 12 research stations. Only in station 5 (Simakakang Island) cannot its existence be found. The highest excessibility was found in staion 12, as many as 141 individuals/140m2. The lowest excessibility was found in station 11, as many as 1 individual/140m2.

18 Banded Coral Shrimp (Stenopus hispidus) was found in 7 research stations 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 and' 13). Its existence was relatively small, ranging between 3-7 individuals/l40 m2. The presence of this type of shrimp tends to be found in locations with good condition coral cover. Lobsters can only be found in 2 stations (1 and 3), each of which is only 1 individuav140 m2. If it was seen from the type of its substrate, stations 1 and 3 have the most coral reefs that have many holes, which are suitable for lobsters to shelter. Complete results of reef check benthos in each research station can be seen on Table 11 and Figure 7. The results of the research carried out by CRITC-LIP1 (2007) show that in the north of Sipora Island the existence of Acanthaster planci was relatively rare. Its predator such as Trithon (Charonia tritonis) cannot be found at all. Acanthaster planci and other species of animals such as gastropoda Drupella rugosa, and sea urchin (Diadema sutosum), are predators of coral. When compared with the percentage of data of life form coral cover it can be seen that in station 13, with life form coral percentage of 60%, the highest excessibility of sea urchin (Diadema sutosum) 304/140m2 was found. The total excessibility of Diadema sutosum is 7,258ha. Diadema sutosum is a macro algae eater. The high population of Diadema sutosum in one area of coral reef ecosystem indicates there has been an overfishing fiom its predator (Reef Check Indonesia 2004). A normal population is important to repair nature balance, between coral and algae in the coral health system. The highpopulation of Diadema sutosum is a negative indicator on the sea waters. In the area where overfishing is carried out, the herbivore fish population is decreasing, and thus the low population of Diadema sutosum also shows a negative indicator. 4.3 Waters Quality Current Speed In general, the current condition fiom the waters of Mentawai Islands until Sibolga (North Sumatera) is influenced by the weather, whereas the effect of the rise and fall of the tides is not dominant.

19 Table 1 1 Abundantly of Mega Benthos in each research station with calculating results using the reef check benthos method Site Study Present No Mega Benthos Frekwensi Acanthasterplanci Mushroom coral (CMR) Diadema setosum (seaurchin) Drupella (snail) Large Giant clam/tridacna (520 cm) -. Small Giant clam /Tridacna (<20cm) Large Holothurian (>20 cm) Pencil sea urchin 1 1 Trochus niloticus Banded Coral Shrimp (Stenopus hispidus) 13 Triton (Charonia tritonis)

20 I La~eHolothurkm I Small Holothurkn I PcncUko Umln Trochurnllitkus i BondedComlShrfmp - Digital Dala of Bakosultanal Figure 7 Abundantly of Mega Benthos in each research station with calculating results using the reef check benthos method

21 The current that moves along Sipora Island and Mentawai Islands is generally affected by the current pattern that happens in the Indian Ocean. This was caused by wind speed that moves along the waters. In the months of July- October in Mentawai Islands there are often storms that can cause the current strong (CRITC-LIPI2004). When the research was carried out the weather in Mentawai Islands was quite good ad the waters was cool. From the results of measurement using the floating drought method the research stations that are located on the west of Tuapejat and protected by small islands that are located in front of Tuapejat Village tend to be weak, such as station 5 (west of Simakang Island) 4 cds, station 8 (south of Pitotojat Island) 6.3 ads, station 3 (west of Siburu Island) 6.7 cds, station 2 (west of Siburu Island) 7.14 cds. On the other hand, in the locations that are facing outside the islands whether it was towards the Mentawai Straits (Mentawai Islands - Surnatera Island) or towards the Sipora Straits (Sipora Island - Siberu Island) tend to be strong, such as station 1,4,6,9,10,11,12, and 13. For further information, see Appendix 5 and Table 12. Table 12 The average current speed in each research location that was measured during theresearch Site Study Location Average of speed current (cmls) 1 Northwest of Siburu Island South of Siburu Island Southwest of Siburu Island Northeast of Siburu Island Southeast of Simakakang Island 4 6 Northeast of Simakakang Island Northwest of Simakakang Island Southeast of Pitotogat island North of Siburu Island Northwest of Tuapejat Coastal Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal 14.29

22 Data from the CRITC-LIP1 (2004) research that used the ADCP (Accoustic Dopler Current ProJiler) method show that the current speed on the east of Sipora Island ranged between 5 dsecond, with dominant direction to the north-west. The current speed that was relatively high, reaching 50 cdsecond, was found in the depth of 60 m to 100 m, with its dominant current to the northwest. From the depth of 100 m until near the bottom the current speed is relatively weak, less than 20 cdsecond, with dominant direction to the north-west and south. The current speed in Sipora Straits (Sipora Island - Siberu Island) reached 70 cdsecond. The current direction during the rise condition is to the north in the waters near Sipora Island, and ihen to the south in the middle of the straits, and finally dominant to the north on the south-east of Siberut Island Depth and brightness When measuring the depth and brightness carried out on the coral sloping area with the depth of 3-15 m, it shows that the bottom of the waters could still be seen. The color of the water is still natural, namely between light green and dark blue. Light green color is mostly found in the location that is relatively close to the coast (more or less 25 m), while dark blue color is found farther from the coast ( m). Brightness is a measurement to find out to what extent the sunlight can penetrate into the waters. As a whole in each research station brightness research reaches loo%, where the bottom of the waters can still be seen until 15 m deep. To get further information about the depth and brightness of waters, please see the following Table 13. Rise and fall of tides in the waters of Mentawai Islands does not affect very much on the depth of the waters. Results ftom the CRITC-LIP1 (2004) measurement show that rise and fall of the average level of sea surface (MSL) in the waters of West Sumatera is m. Thus, change of the waters depth during rise averagedly increases 0.45 m and during fall is also 0.45 meter. For further information, see Figure 8.

23 Tabel 13 Depth and brightness of waters in each research station Site Study Location Clearness (%) Northwest of Siburu Island South of Siburu Island Southwest of Siburu Island Northeast of Siburu Island Southeast of Simakakang Island Northeast of Simakakang Island Northwest of Simakakang Island Southeast of Pitotogat island North of Siburu Island Northwest of Tuapejat Coastal Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Figure 8 The average level of sea surface waters (MSL) in the waters of West Sumatera (Source: Rachrnat, 1999) The tresholds value (NAB) of the brightness is > 3 m for fishery, > 5 m for coral reefs, and > 6 m for tourism (KMNLH, Number 51, 2004). In general the

24 waters brightness that is measured in each research station is suitable for fishery business, maritime tourism, and it also supports the coral reef ecosystem life. 4.4 Suitability of Areas for Developing Snorkeling and Diving Tourism objects Marine tourism that is potential to be developed in the coral reef ecosystem area is snorkeling and diving. Suitability weighting for waters area near the coast and small sland for snorkeling diving tourism is carried out by considering the limiting facors which consist of brightness, cover of life form coral, diversity of coral fish, waters depth, current speed, and the width of coral spreading. These limiting parameters are given weight and score. The weighting scale in all parameters is based on the level of importance for snorkeling and diving activities. Parameter of waters brightness has the highest score because it influences the snorkeling and diving tourism, so that tourists can see clearly the beauty and condition of coral reef ecosystem. For the coral itself brightness is a determining factor of light penetration for its survival. The life form coral community cover is an attraction to tourists to enjoy the marine beauty. Clean waters can invite people to see the beauty of marine life. Coral reef fish diversity which is colorful and of various sizes is another attraction that can be enjoyed by visitors. The current speed is a factor that is related to the safety of diving visitors. The analyzing results of suitability matrix which was based on the index value of suitability of 13 locations in the area of coastal waters and small islands in Tuapejat Village can be seen on Table 13 and Table 14. To get fkther information about suitability analyzing results for snorkeling and diving tourism, see Appendix 6 and Appendix 7. By considering the condition and evaluation for each parameter that can determine snorkeling and diving tourism and the scoring and weighting results, the land suitability for tourism is divided into the following groups.

25 4.4.1 Suitability for Snorkeling Tourism Analyzing the suitability of snorkeling tourism was carried out only on the coral reef area which averagedly has a depth of 3-6 m. The results of analyzing the area suitable for marine tourism of snorkeling category can be seen on Table 14. Table 14 Study Site Analyzing results of suitability matrix for maritime tourism of snorkeling category Index of Tourism Suitability Explanation Location Suitability Category (ITS) 1 Northwest of Siburu Island S2 Suitable 3 Southwest of Siburu Island S2 Suitable 6 Northeast of Simakakang Island S2 Suitable 10 Northwest of Tuapejat Coastal S 1 Very Suitable 12 Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal S 1 Very Suitable Analyzing results of suitability matrix for marine tourism of snorkeling category that was carried out in the oral reef area in the waters of Tuapejat show that there was an area which has a category of Very Suitable, that is in station 10 on the west coast of Tuapejat Village (Jati Village). There are 4 locations that have a category of suitable. The level of brightness in each station reached 100%. Based on the percentage of cover life form of coral reefs the area that is very suitable is that of "good" category is >50%. The area of "madium" category is 25-50%. Diversity of life form types (number of genus) each station averagedly has fewer than 12 genus. Based on types of coral fish each station averagedly has more than 50 species. The current speed in each location is below 15 cmlsecond. The ITS value of snorkeling tourism is between and There are two areas of "very suitable ' category and three areas of "suitable" category. The areas that are potential for marine tourism location for snorkeling category that have been analyzed have a depth of less than 6 meters. The purpose of snorkeling tourism is tourists can enjoy marine life from the water surface

26 using snorkel, and they can also dive without scuba equipment until the depth of 3-6 meters for a few minutes by holding their breath. According to The British Sub-Aqua Club (2001) the depth of coral reef waters in general which is suitable for snorkeling is 3-6 meters, minimum waves and there are things that they can see, such as a spread of beautiful coral reefs. The area less than 3 meters deep was not recommended fcr snorkeling tourism. This is related to the effects on its coral reef ecosystem. Coral reefs that exist on the area of less than 3 meters deep will be destroyed trampled by tourists. The tourists' fins will directly step on and break the corals. Therefore, it was not recommended. This is in line with the purpose of developing marine tourism of ecotourism-base, namely how to minimize the tourists' activities' destruction on natural resources. The depth above 6 meters is related to the view distance from the surface which is no longer optimal. It is recomended to use squba equipment. Allison (1996) reported that most destruction on coral reefs in Maldive. Plathong et al. (2000) also carried out a research in GRR concerning the effects of snorkeling on coral reefs. Tourists that are snorkeling will stand or step on the coral reef colonies if the depth of the area is less than 3 meters. For snorkeling tourism management, the area where tourists cannot stand (>2 m) will reduce destruction effects Suitability for Diving Tourism Areas that were potential for marine tourism of diving type that have been analyzed have a depth above 3 meters. The purpose of diving tourism is to enable divers to enjoy the marine beauty from the waters using scuba equipment. The analyzing results of suitability matrix for marine tourism area of diving category can be seen on Table 15. The analyzing results of suitability matrix for marine tourism of diving category that has been carried out in the coral reef area of Tuapejat waters show that all locations can meet requirements for diving tourism. "Very suitable category (ITS>83%) was found in 6 stations, namely station 5, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13. "Suitable" category (ITS = 5043%) was found in 7 locations, namely station 1,2,3,4,6, 7 and 9).

27 Table 15 Analyzing results of suitability Matrix for maritime tourism of diving category Index of Study Tourism Suitability Explanation Location Site Suitability Category (ITS) 1 Northwest of Siburu Island S2 Suitable 2 South of Siburu Island S2 Suitable 3 Southwest of Siburu Island S2 Suitable Northeast of Siburu Island Southeast of Simakakang Island Northeast of Simakakang Island Northwest of Simakakang Island Southeast of Pitotogat island North of Siburu Island Northwest of Tuapejat Coastal Suitable Very Suitable Suitable Suitable Very Suitable Suitable Very Suitable North of Pitojat Sabeu Island Very Suitable Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Very Suitable 13 Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal S 1 Very Suitable Level of brightness in each station reached 100%. Based on the percentage of cover life form of coral reefs, the area that is very suitable is the one with "good" category (>50%). The area that is suitable is in the "medium" category (25-50%). Diversity of life form (number of genus) each station averagedly has fewer than 6-12 genus. Based on species number of coral reef fish each station has a number of speacies above 50. The current speed in each location is below 5 cmlsecond. Arifin (2008) said that requirements that are needed for marine tourism especially diving are, among others: (I) percentage of coral cover, (2) waters brightness, (3) types of life form, (4) Species number of coral reef fish, (5) current speed, and (6) depth of coral reefs. a. Brightness Bright water is the main requirement thatrnust be fullfiled in diving tourism activities. The brighter the waters, the more beautiful the sea park that can be enjoyed by tourists will be. Coral reef areas with brightness value between % are very suitable locations for diving tourism. Coral reef areas with brightness value between 20 and 50% are still feasible for diving tourism.

28 Coral reef areas with brightnes value less than 20% is considered 'not suitable'. b. The percentage of coral community cover, life form and coral fish types Coral potential that can be utilized for diving tourism consists of hard corals, soft corals, and other biotas that are associated with coral reefs. these communities have attraction values for tourists because thay have varied morphology and interesting colors. Coral parameter that is used for diving tourism suitability is the percentage of coral community cover and life form types. High percentage of coral cover and variety of life form and coral fish are a determining factor of a coral reef area as a diving tourism location. c. Current speed Current speed is related to safety and comfort of the tourists when diving. Relatively weak current is an ideal requirement for diving tourism. Strong current can endangerthe safety of tourists. The best current speed for diving tourism is 0-17 cmls (Arifin et al. 2002). d. Depth of coral reefs Depth of waters determines growth and existence of corals. Nybakken (1992) said that the effect of depth is related to environmental factors such as light, water movement, temperature, and salimity. In general depth that is still suitable for coral growth ranges between 10 and 15 meters. Results fiom analysis using suitability matrix for diving and snorkeling tourism also show that thre was an area that is "very suitable" and "suitable" for both categories. To avoid overlapping of areal utilization and to reduce its carrying capacity, it is best to choose only one, considering its allotment which according to ST1 can fullfil the requirements for both tourism activities. Areas for snorkeling tourism should beprioritized on the depth of 3-6 meters, while the depth of more than 6 meters is prioritized fro diving. Suitability for each location according to the types of tourism can be seen on Table 16.

29 Table 16 Study Site Allotment of the area based on types of tourism according to areal suitability Location Explanation 1 Northwest of Siburu Island Suitable to snorkeling 2 South of Siburu Island Suitable to diving 3 Southwest of Siburu Island Suitable snorkeling 4 Northeast of Siburu Island Suitable to diving 5 Southeast of Simakakang Island Very suitable to diving 6 Northeast of Simakakang Island Suitable snorkeling 7 Northwest of Simakakang Island Suitable to diving 8 Southeast of Pitotogat island Very suitable to diving 9 North of Siburu Island Suitable to diving 10 Northwest of Tuapejat Coastal Very Suitable snorkeling 1 1 North of Pitojat Sabeu Island Very suitable to diving 12 Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Very Suitable snorkeling 13 Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Very suitable to diving Besides those parameters, some supportingltypical factors and limiting factors that can be become the bases for developing marine tourism in each location can be seen on Table 17. Table 17 Supportingltypical factors and limiting factors for developing tourism of diving and snorkeling categories in Tuapejat No. Location Supportingltypical factors Limiting factors 1 South-west of Dive operator for diving (Aloita During North season the Siburu Island Resort). current is quite strong a Close to Setan (Ghost) Island with its By sea transportation (boat) fishing area Plenty of Giantfly fish for divers to hunt fish 2 South of Siburu Dive operator for diving (Aloita A place for fishermen to Island Resort). anchor their boat during Typical coral reefs dominated by stormy weather Genus Porites By sea transportation (boat) Close to water spring in Siburu Island 3 North-west of Dive operator for diving (Aloita Sering dijadikan perahu Siburu Island Resort). nelayan sebagai tempat sauh a Typical coral reefs dominated by jangkar pada saat musim Genus Heliopora (blue corals) badai During research found specific fish Pakai transportasi laut i.e.pegasus fish (boat)

30 Table 17 (Continuation) No. Location Supportingltypical factors Limiting factors 4 North-east of Dominated by coral reefs of Genus By sea transportation (boat) Siburu Island Pocillopora Strong current during North Plenty of Sea stars and Gorgoiiian season The edge facing steep sea Plenty of coral fish 5 South-east of Close to Aloita Resort and A place for fishermen to Simakakang Simakakang Resort anchor their boat during Island Dive operator for diving (Aloita stormy weather Resort). By sea transportation (boat) Typical coral reefs of Genus Porites Ornament fish typical of Mentawai (balong padangl Premnas epigraimma) 6 North-east of Dominated by coral reefs of Genus Strong current during West Simakakang Pocillopora and Acropora season Island Close to Aloita Resort and By sea transportation (boat) Simakakang Resort Dive operator for diving (Aloita Resort). soft coral and sea eels 7 North-east of Dominated by coral reefs of Genus Rather strong current during Simakakang Pocillopora and Acropora West season Island. Close to Aloita Resort and By sea transportation (boat) Sirnakakang Resort Dive operator for diving (Aloita Resort). 8 South-east of Typical coral reefs of Genus Porites A place for fishermen to Pitotogat Idand White sandy beach anchor their boat during Near to artificial coral location stormy weather 9 North of Siburn Dominated by coral reefs of Genus Strong current during North Island Pocillopora and Acropora season Coral of hole form By sea transportation (boat) 10 South-west Dominated by coral reefs of Genus Strong current during West coast of Millopora and genus Porites season Tuapejat (edge plenty of soft coral Genus Milliopora is of Tanjung Jati) Road access to the mainland of stinging Tuapej at 11 North of Pitojat Dominated by coral reefs of Genus By sea transportation (boat) Sigoiso Island Pocillopora and Acropora A new resort is being built 12 Barimanua Dominated by coral reefs of Genus Strong current during West Village (South- Pocillopora and Acropora season west of Acropora tabulate with diameter * 2 m By sea transportation (boat) Tuapejat) Plenty of ornamental fish of blue botana type 13 Tanjung Dominated by coral reefs of Genus Strong current during West Mapadegat Pocillopora and Acropora season (South-west of Acropora tubulate with diameter * 2 m By sea transportation (boat) Tuepej at) *Plenty of ornamental fish of blue botana and cloanfish

31 4.5 Carrying Capacity of Coral Reef Ecosystem to Develop Marine Tourism To sustain the coral reef ecosystem resources for tourism development that are present in the coastal waters and small islands in Tuapejat, it is necessary to determine how much the carrying capacity of tourists that do diving and snorkeling is according to the existing resource potential. Determining the width of the area and borders for diving and snorkeling tourism is based on the diving point during data collection. The areal borders are determined manually by observing/monitoring it from the surface and by circling the area by boat using the Mantataw method. Borders for coordinate point were plotted using GPS. These coordinate points are then analyzed using Map Info versi 7 to find out the width of the area that is going to be the zonation point. This can be seen on Appendix 6. The areas that have different suitability levels, namely very suitable and suitable, are also distinguished in the utilization to admit tourists. According to the recommendation given by Davis and Tisdell (1995); Scheleyer and Tomalin (2000); Zakai and Chadwick-Furman (2002); and de Vantier and Turak (2004), one of the efforts in managing pressure decrease from the activities that can destroy corals is by reducing or limiting the time for tourists to dive and snorkel. Effectively diving in one location in a day is 8 (eight) hours for four trips. This can be reduced until 4 (four) hours with 2 trips a day. This also applies to snorkeling tourism, in which in one day it usually takes 6 hours for two trips. Now it can be reduced until 3 hours for 1 trip only in one day. The results of the analysis on the carrying capacity of the coral reef ecosystem for marine tourism in the coastal waters and small islands in Tuapejat for tourism development (diving and snorkeling) can be seen on table 18 and Table 19.

32 Table 18 Carrying capacities of the area (CCA) based on level of suitability (STI) with time allotment for snorkeling tourism Site1 Zona Location Suitability Wide of Lt CCI CCNear (days Lpnt wt wp wmp Index area(m2) day 300) 1 Northwest of Siburu Island S2 105, ,420 3 Southwest of Siburu Island S2 41, ,900 6 Northeast of Simakakang Island S2 111, , Northwest of Tuapejat Coastal S 1 143, , Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal S 1 109, ,640 CC = Carrying Capacity Table 19 Carrying capacities of the area (DDK) based on level of suitability (STI) with time allotment for diving tourism Wide of Site1 Carryin ~~lyear (days Locatian Suitabllily Area K Lt LpLt Wt Wp WtIWp Zona Index g 300) (m2) Cavacity South of Siburu Island Northeast of Siburu Island Southeast of Simakakang Island Northwest of Simakakang Island Southeast of Pitotogat island North of Siburu Island North of Pitojat Sabeu Island Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal CC = Carrying Capacity

33 If we refer to the the opinion of Scura and van't Hof (in David and Tisdell 1995), it says that the tourists carrying capacity (diving and snorkeling) in one conservation area is about 200,000 persons per year (300 days). If we compare with the above analyzing results, the carrying capacity of this area still meets the requirements. The area that has the highest carrying capacity is station 13 (southeast Tuapejat Village) 174,600 visitor per year. Besides, based on the condition of the coral reefs, it belongs to the "good" category. The complexity and beauty of coral reefs have made them interesting and useful resources for ecotourism. However, some coral types are easily broken and subject to destruction, so carrying out a study about carrying capacity of sustainable diving in the coral reef area and destruction caused by diving and snorkeling activities is important in its management (Davis and Tisdell 1995). Hawkins and Roberts (1997) recommended figures 5,000-6,000 divers per site per year can show the carrying capacity of sea conservation to support diving and snorkeling tourism, depending on the number of diving location that can be used. In line with that, Dixon et al. (1993) suggested limited 4,000-6,000 diving per location per year. It is assumed 300 days per year diving at certain locations, the recommended figure from Dixon et al. (1993); Hawkins and Roberts (1997). Diving activities using diving equipment without being guided, lack of expertise and low knowledge about conservation can destroy coral reefs. Fee from diving can help management/rehabilitation of coral reefs. Management that is more active is needed to reduce detructions due to diving activities. Simple measurement that is applied to dive operator through diving guide can reduce destruction due to diving. This includes monitoring from underwater guide when the diver contacts the coral reefs. Size of diving groups can affect the diving guides to carry out monitoring. The smaller the group, the better the coral reefs will become (Berker and Robert 2004). From the viewpoints of ecology, socio-economy, and esthetics, the carrying capacity of maritime tourism, in this case the total number of divers/snorkelers that can be accommodated in one area is directly related to the availability of qualified diving location; the areas which have high diversity of species, and the number of coral fish and other organisms with small human

34 impacts. With limited areas, from neglected areas until the ones often visited by tourists, the focus of attention is on the rest of the area of highly qualified. In this case, the importance to maintain good condition areas cannot be forced excessively. The total maximum of divers/snorkelers as a whole must be controlled through monitoring and changing the regulations to handle impacts related to diving, directly or indirectly, so that the areas will recover and be free from disturbances (de Vantier and Turak 2004) Zonation Planning to Develop of Diving and Snorkeling Tourism After an analysis of suitability in the area of marine tourism for diving and snorkeling was carried out, the next step is developing the marine tourism area around Tuapejat, namely establishing zonation planning for developing the area. In this zonation the Geographic Information System is used, by using software Map Info versi 7.0. In this Geographic Information System, the geographical data and text data (attributes) were related geographically so that they become georeferencied. GIs was very helpful to aid the jobs that are closely related to spatial and geoinformation fields. GIs can be used as an instrument in making the urban planning of an area, both in the coast and on the land (Yousman 2004). By using this GIs it will be easier to make rooms or zones of utilizing the coral reef ecosystem areas for maritime tourism of diving and snorkeling categories based on the results of analyzing the suitability and carryng capacity of the previous area. Planning of this zonation can be used as a guide or recommendation for the establishment of policy to make use the coastal areas and small islands in Tuapejat. Based on the establishment of coastal areas in the Regency of Mentawai Island, the waters areas of south-west of Sipora Island (Tuapejat Village) and the south-east (Bosua Village) are planned to become conservation areas. The protection areas were determined as the core zone on the west of PitotogatlAwera Island, while other areas were used as limited utilization areas for tourism and fisheries (BAPPEDA 2008).

35 The width of the Marine Conservation Area (MCA), which is known as a6'fu1ly Protected Area ", is about ha or 5,130,000 m2. The conservation area that is planned for Tuapejat waters is 25,652,700 m2. The utilization area is planned for marine tourism, catchment fishery, domesticated fishery, and seaport. With reference to the recommendation given by Robert and Hawkins (2000), when the coral reef area was for maritime tourism, 10-20% of the coral reef area must be used as a 'tfully protected" area. Thus, the area that can be utilized is about 90-80% of the total area. This means the area whose carrying capacity will be analyzed is about 90-80%. The results of the carrying capacity analysis in this discussion determine the "jiully protected" area that is 20% of the total area. For further information, see Figure 9. The areas that are suitable are analyzed with the matrix analysis of suitability. Then the points in the form of coordinate for width of the area are analyzed by Geographical Information System (GIs), using software Map Info versi 7.0. From the results if GIs zonations for developing marine tourism areas were established based on the categories such as diving and snorkeling. After each zonation was suitable with its suitability and type of of its marine tourism category, a map of zonation is made for developing the coastal areas and small islands in Tuapejat Village for marine tourism of diving and snorkeling. There were two areas in Siburu Island that can be used as the area of snorkeling, that is on the south-west and south, the category of which is "suitable". As for diving, there are 3 areas, with category "suitable", that is on the north-west, north-east, and south-east. In Simakakang Island there were 2 resorts that have been built, namely Aloita Resort (foreign investment) and Simakakang Resort (local investment). Aloita Resort has a dive operator, where diving has been included in their promotion and tourism business. Around Simakakang Island there are 3 tourism zones for diving and snorkeling. The south-east of Simakakang Island was a location very suitable for diving tourism, while on the north-east and north-west is an aarea developed for diving tourism of "suitable" category. Furthermore, the north-east of Simakakang Island is also suitable to be developed as an area for snorkeling tourism.

36 ,I.. I -. MANAGEMEN PLANNING OF SPATLAL PLANNING COASTAL, MARINE AND SMALL ISLAND MENTAWAI ISLAND I MAP Of CCUSERVATDN ZONATION RAN '1- ISLAND MENTAWAI ISLAND OOTRET PLANNINO OF CONSERVATION ZONE - / h of DistrW mrh* consewatlon Marinssnrauary 1 I National Park M.p 1 ulr.dc lour=.% ea~lll+8tw *=+ern (Jt-R?!,...",.- l"," o( I,,, *ln.-u8..ru,,a.-.l *.* I.-a *Y I t", muhi m.rr,n., 4 s..e.,,, c*,,.,!*,d s-8" ",-*,I, Y a,.. I.,. ".,Fl.",,.>,,.'tl.,>~.r~I.l.~~l3mr".' "C-i-..., *,,.,,",,,R."M" SITUATION I I WEST SUMATtM PROVNCE,. /,.,,",'. -..', '. -,I',-, -,.&'. \r,'!.. /' '-7', ' -'.,. ".,".>... ",,I I'.. f I., reyw!lltlvk&bimitevl IEr' Cnl Wl IIFI4TI.rlnl / -, -, -81 K A' (.,P CL I I i *F. F6r.r 3,T"i \. - Figure 9 Map of zonation of conservation area in Sipora Island (Source: BAPPEDA Mentawai Islands Regency 2008).

37 In Pitotogat Island there was one zone that is very suitable to be developed as an area for diving tourism, that is on thesouth-east. On the north of this island there are a lot of coral reefs, because most of it is covered with sand. Thus, it is suitable for swimming and sunbathing. On the south of this island is a Marine Conservation Area (DPL).on the west side of this island there is a surfing location which has 3-5 m waves, and it is routinely used for surfing tourism. On the west side of Pitojat Besar Island and Pitojat Kecil Island there was also a 3-5 m wave, and it is used for surfing tourism. On the north the coast is sandy, and to the middle there is coral reef, but the condition is not so good. Based on the analysis there is one zone that was suitable to be developed as diving tourism object, namely on the north of Pitojat besar Island. On the west coast of Tuapejat Viallge there are 3 zones to be developed for diving and snorkeling tourism. Tanjung Jati (Jati Village) was a zone that is very suitable to be developed for diving and snorkeling tourism. The west of Barimanua Baru Vilage is also a zone that is suitable for diving and snorkeling tourism, while on the south-west of Barimanua Baru Village there is a very suitable zone to be developed for diving and snorkeling tourism, where there is a spread of a very beautiful Acropora. The map of zonations in each island around Tuapejat is presented on Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and Evaluation of Visual Aspects of Coral Reef Ecosystem In this stage a spatial analysis was carried out in the form of landscape visual evaluation which is a method to determine the quality of landscape and its relation with the development of maritime tourism. The method used for visual evaluation of a landscape is the procedure of Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE). The results of this visual quality by respondents were scores for each photo. In this research there were 39 photos which represent 13 stations on the research locations. Each research station was represented by 3 photos, which was a spread of corals, coral fish and typical marine biotas.

38 CORAL REEF SUITABLE FOR MAWNE ECOTOURISM DMNC AND SNORKELING Suitable for diving PULAU SIBURU - Digital Data of Bakosurtanal - ResuHAnalysls Fig. 10 The map of suitability area to marine tourism for diving and snorkeling category in Siburu Island, Tuapejat

39 COWL REF SUITABLE FOR MARINE ECOTOUWSM DMmj AND YIOW(ELWG Very Suitable for diving Suitable for diving Suitable for snorkeling PULAU SIMAKAKANG Digital Data ofeakosuitanal - Result Anawls Fig. 11 The map of suitability area to marine tourism for diving and snorkeling category in Simakakang Island, Tuapejat

40 Fig. 12 The map of Suitabilty Area to marine torism for diving and snorkeling category in Pitotogat Island, Tuapejat

41 Expl.: ST1 = Suitability Tourism Index, CC = Carrying Capacity (person/day,) WoA = Wide of Utilization Area, S1= Very Suitable, 52 = Suitable Fig. 13 The Map of suitability area to tourism and snorkeling category in coastal of Tuapejat

42 Fig. 14 The map of suitability area ti tourism for diving and snorkeling category in Pitojat Island, Tuapejat

43 Fig. Fig. 15 The map of zonation plan to develop of marine tourism for diving and snorkeling in Tuapejat, Mentawai Island District

44 The photos were evaluated by 50 respondents, where during the research there were 20 foreign tourists (40%) and 30 local tourists researchers, divers and tourism apparatus from marine and fishery (60%). Out of 50 respondents there were 35 person who are accustomed to diving and and have diving certificates (70%) and 15 laymen (30%). The average values that were obtained from respondents evaluation were then input into the SBE formula. All the visual scores for each photo can be seen on Appendix 11. The highest score shows that the landscape is considered to be thost chosen and the most beautiful, whereas the lowest score shows a bad landscape that is not preferred. From the analyzing results using the SBE formula in each landscapelphoto from each research station, it can be seen that the tendency of respondents is they like landscape location with life form coral cover in good condition ( %). They also like unique marine biotas that have "good" category. The SBE scores for each photo can be seen on table 20. Table 20 The estimation of SBE scores Skor f cf cp Z Skor f cf cp Z Skor f cf cp Z 1 1 SO SZ = 4.12 SZ = SZ= 13.5 Z= Z= Z= SBE = ( ) x 100 SBE :( ) x 100 SBE ~( ) x 100 Distribution of SBE scores was then presented in the form of scatter diagram in Figure 1 6.

45 Landscape foto Figure 16 Distribution of SBE scores from landscape photos of coral reef ecosystem that have been evaluated The results of SBE calculation show that the highest score is and the lowest is 0.00 on Table 21 and Appendix 12. On Table 21 it can be seen that station 13 which is located on the southwest of Tupejat Coast (Barimanua Village) has the highest SBE score, where three photos of its landscape has a percentage above 3, while station 1 on the north-west of Sburu Island has the lowest SBE score. The results of SBE scores per photo shows picture 23 has the highest SBE score (104.22). This is related to the condition of life form community of its coral which is high (74.90%). If we compare with photo 1 with its low SBE score (0) in the location whose coral community is average (37.73%). This shows that tourists have tendency to be interested in the good condition and its coral community cover. The distribution was then classified into 3 groups: those with the highest SBE scores, those with average scores, and those with low scores, using the simplified rating based on Hadi (2001) which reffers to Khakim's (2009) formula:

46 Table 21 SBE scores of each landscape' photo and each research station -- SBE Value of Site Landscape Average of Ranking Study Location Landscape SBE % SBE of SBE (station) Foto Value Northwest of Siburu Island South of Siburu Island Southwest of Siburu Island Northeast of Siburu Island Southeast of Simakakang Island Northeast of Simakakang Island Northwest of Simakakang Island Southeast of Pitotogat island lo l2 Northwest of Tuapejat Coastal South of Pitojat Besar Island Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal Southwest of Tuapejat Coastal The SBE scores are based on the categories using that formula can be seen on the following Table 22:

47 Table 22 The classification of SBE scores is based on the highest, average and low categories SBE Value Category Low Medium High From the results of the classification that uses simplified rating, each photo of landscape with its SBE score shows the condition of cover, structure, characters of the coral reef in each location, as can be seen on Table 23. From the classification of SBE scores above it can be seen that the level of remarshens' interest to the highest group is quite plenty, namely 23 landscapelphotos (58.97%), whereas the level of respondents' interest to the average group is 11 landscapelphotos, and the level of the respondents' interest to the low group is 5 lanadscapelphotos (28.21%), and the level of the respondents' interst to the low group is 5 landscapelphotos (12.82%). Thus it can be concluded that most respondents have high interest to landscape/photos of the coral reef ecosystem in Tuapejat. This means that the coral reef excosystern is quite interesting and it can be developed into an object of marine tourism for diving and snorkeling categories. If this is put into a graph (Figure 17) that shows relation between SBE scores and the life form condition of the coral reef ecosystem. On the other hand, the SBE scores of coral fish and other biotas show even distribution between high SBE scores and average SBE scores. The most significant aspect of the coral reef life form is its visual and beautiful performance and its diversity in color and type, which is very suitable for the activities of maritime tourism of diving and snorkeling categories. Diversity and uniqueness and color of coral fish give its own attraction to remarshens.

48 Table 23 SBE scores on each characteristic of the coral reef ecosystem Class of SBE SBE Value Quality of lanskap (Foto) Coral reef (Heliopora & Porites) Coral reef fish (Premnas epigrairnma) Coral reef fish (lion fish) Coral reef (Acropora) Coral reef fish Other biota (Chrismas tree worm) Soft coral Coral reef fish (cloan fish) Soft coral (Syarcophyton sp) Coral reef (blue coral/heliopora) Coral reef fish (lion fish) HIGH Marine biota (Ascidian) Coral reef (Acropora tubulate) Other biota (pegasus fish) Other biota (nudybranchs) Coral & fish Soft coral (sea anemon) Coral reef fish Soft coral (Sinaluria sp) Soft coral (Gorgonian) Other biota (Sea star) Other biota (Polyclad flatworm) Coral reef fish Coral reef (Porites) n fish) Continuation (Table 23) Location Station 8P. Pitotogat Station 5P. Simakakang Station 7P.Simakakang Station 131Dusun Barimanua Station 13/Dusun Barimanua Station 12/Dusun Barimanua Station 13IDusun Barimanua Station 6P.Simakakang Station 9P.Siburu Station 3P.Siburu Station 3P.Sibu1-u Station 11P.Pitojat Sabeu Stasiun 12/Dusun Barimanua Station 3P.Siburu Station 7P.Simakakang Station 8P. Pitotogat Station 9P.Siburu Station 9P.Siburu Station 2P.Siburu Station 4P.Siburu Station 4P.Siburu Station 5P.Simakakang Station 11P.Pitojat Sabeu Station 5P.Simakakang Station 10/Dusun Jati Other biota (Giant clam) Station 2P.Siburu Coral reef (Pocillopora) Station 6/P.Simakakang MEDIUM Coral reef fish Station SIP. Pitotogat Coral reef (Porites) Station 2JP.Siburu 51.OO Coral reef fish (Blue Botana) Station 12Dusun Barimanua Coral reef (Acropora) Station 11R.Pitojat Sabeu Other biota (nudybranchs) Station 1 O/Dusun Jati Other biota (Black-blotched ray ) Station 6P.Simakakang Coral reef (Pocillopora) Station 7P.Simakakang Other biota (moray) Station 1P.Sibw-u Coral reef (Pocillopora) Stasiun 4P.Siburu LOW 6.56 Coral reef fish Station 1P.Siburu 2.89 Coral reef (Millopora) Station 10Dusun Jati 0.00 Coral reef (Pocillopora) Station 1P.Sibw-u

49 Other species of marine biotas that exist in the coral reef ecosystem, such as worms, sea snails (nudibranch) are also an interesting attraction, especially to marine photographers. Figure 17 Composition of SBE Score remarshens' interest to Coral Reef Community Object If we compare with the areal suitability level for maritime tourism, it can be seen that the research locatiodstation with "very suitable" category of both diving category and snorkeling category have high and average SBE scores. The results of research carried out by Khakim (2008) show that what makes high SBE scores is its high visual performance with "very suitable" category for tourism. The results of white sandy visual landscape (organic boast) are higher than those of marine sediment visual landscape (muddy sand). There many researches use this SBE method in calculating the visual scores. This is because the SBE procedures are effective and reliable (Ribe 2005). 4.8 Policy for Developing a Marine Tourism Area Developing the marine tourism area especially for diving and snorkeling tourism on the coastal areas and small islands in Tuapejat, the Regency of Mentawai Island, needs a guide of area development that can be described in the form of a development policy. To determine this policy of development, SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) analysis must be carried out using

50 SWOT matrix. SWOT analysis will give qualified direction, good policy through the synergism of internal and external factors that are owned by related management institutions (PEMDA). From the results of SWOT analysis for maritime tourism development in the waters of Tuapejat Village for diving and snorkeling categories, it can be concluded that the first stage is identifying the influencing internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and the influencing external factors (opportunities and threats). The influencing internal and external factors in doing the coral reef ecosystem resource management for diving and snorkeling tourism in Tuapejat Village, the Regency of Mentawai Islands, are the results of discussion among the officers and staff of Marine and Fishery Office; Office of Youth, Culture and Sport; Regional Development Planning Agency; Coral Reef Resource Agency and related management of tourism stakeholders. Then each factor is given weight and ranks such as those in Appendix 14. The determining internal and external factors are presented on Table 24 and Table 25. Table 24 Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix for developing maritime tourism of diving and snorkeling categories in Tuapejat Internal Strategic Factor Weight Rating Score Comments Strength S1 : the existence of rehabilitation and COREMAP management program of coral reefs program S2: the existence of Regional Regulations and Regional Strategic Planning of Coral Reef Regulation and Management Strategic Planning S3: the existence of institutions that manage the SKPD marine resources and tourism S4: layout of marine, coast and small islands Area 's purposes Weaknesses W1: limited human resources (quality and Frame of ought quantity) to manage coral reefs W2: lack of supporting facilities and *a Facilities structure for managing coral reefs W3: lack of monitoring fiom legal apparatus on Activities coral reef resources W4: lack of promotion about coral reef resources Promotion for marine tourism W5: lack of coordination in managing coral reefs Performance TOTAL

51 Table 25 External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix for developing maritime tourism of diving and snorkeling categories in Tuapejat Ovvortunities External Strategic Factor Weight Rating Score Comments 01: Potential of coral reef ecosystem Resources resources 02: The high interest of the visitors to coral Results of SBE reef landscape analysis 03: The existence of investment on marine Building resorts tourism 04: Easy access for transportation Schedule of the amval of flights and ships 05: Increase income of the local governmen Distribution and the communitv Threats TI: Degradation of coral reef ecosystem Destruction of condition resources T2: Potential conflict of land-use Conflict T3: Many illegal fishing activities Activities T4: Lack of the local people's involvement in coral reef management Business atmosphere TOTAL Based on Table 24 and Table 25 above, it is known that the internal factors influence more than the external factors with the ratio 3.44 : SWOT analysis was then carriedout with SWOT matrix by combining the internal factors and the external factors in order to obtain such strategies as give on Table 26. Those strategies are then put in ranks based on the number of scores of the elements, as can be seen on Table 26.

52 Table 26 Strategies for Developing Maritime Tourism of Diving and Snorkeling Categories in the SWOT Matrix Model STRENGTHS (S) WEAKNESSES (W) IFE S1: The existence of rehabilitation and management W1: Limited human resources (quality and quantity) to EFE Strategic Planningof. coral reef management coral reef management S3: The existence of institutions that manage marine W3: Lack of monitoring from legal apparatus on coral and toujsm resources reef resources S4: Layout of the sea, coast and small islands... OPPORTUNITIES (0) 01: Potential of coral reef ecosystem resources To optimalize the activities of the management of the areal Improvement of quality and quantity of human resources and conservation (MMA) in the area of coral reef resources other stakeholders in managing coral reef ecosystein.... utilizing the coral reef ecosystem areas for marine tourism cooperating with marine tourism management THREATS (T) the community support marine tourism tourism among related stakeholders facilitated by the Regional Governemnt TI :. Degradation.- of.... T2: Potential conflict T3: Many illegal fishi stakeholder to avoid conflict and to increase community's local community) in controlling coral reef resources T4: Lack of local community's involvement in To arrange the closing time of the coral reef ecosystem To increase socialization and publication of coral reef managing coral reefs areas at certain time for coral recovery process rehabilitation through promotion activities

53 Table 26 Establishing Strategic ranks - SWOT analyzing strategies Elements Strength (S) Weaknesses (W) Opportunities Strategies SO : Strategies WO: Threath Strategies ST : Strategies WT : These strategic ranks of SWOT analysis result in 17 strategies as can be seen on Table 27. Table 27 Determining the strategy priorities of developing maritime tourism (diving and snorkeling) in Tuapejat SWOT ELEMENTS Relation Score Rank Strategy 1 To determine areal zonations of Sl,S2,S3,S4 01, utilizing coral reef ecosystem for 02,03 diving and snorkeling marine tourism Strategy 2 To socialize regulations and layout of Sl,S2,S3,S4,Tl, the coast to each stakeholder to avoid T2,T3,T4 conflict and to increase community's participation Strategy 3 To increase coordination of marine Wl,W2,W3,W tourism management among related,w5,01, stakeholders facilitated by the 03,04,05 Regional Government Strategy 4 To optimalize the management of Sl,S2,S3,S4, areal conservation (MMA) in the area of coral reef resources Strategy 5 To establish a developing program of S 1, S3, the local community business to 01,02,03,05 support marine tourism Strategy 6 To enhance promotion of snorkeling W4, and diving tourism by cooperating 01,02,03,04,0 with the management of marine 5 tourism Strategy 7 To improve facilities and infia- W2, structure of the management of coral W3,W5,01,03, reef ecosystem resources 05 Strategy 8 To establish regulations about license S3,01,02, and rules for managing and utilizing coral reef ecosystem in the area for marine tourism

54 Table 27 (Continuation) SWOT ELEMENTS Relation Score Rank Strategy 9 To arrange the closing time of the Sl,S2,S3,T3,T coral reef ecosystem areas at certain times for coral recovery process Strategy 10 To improve the quality and quantity W1,W3,W of the human resources and other 01,03,05 stakeholders in managing the coral reef ecosystem resources Strategy 11 To increase monitoring coral reef W3, resources by cooperating with the 01,03,04,05 management of marine tourism Strategy 12 To increase rehabilitation activities S 1, S3,T1, T of coral reef resources that are damaged Strategy 13 To increase the local community's W1,W2,W3,T participation as tourism guides, coast T2,T4 guards, and diving guides Strategy 14 To increase socialization and W4,Tl,T2,T3,T publication of coral reef rehabilitation 4 through promotion activities Strategy15 To increase the roles of W3,Tl,T3,T POKMASWAS in monitoring the coral reef resources From the ranking results, we can wee the prioritized strategies. There are 10 prioritized strategies that need to be carried out for developing marine torusim for diving and snorkeling categories, namely: 1. To establish areal zonations of utilizing coral reef ecosystem for diving and snorkeling tourism according to level of suitability and carrying capacities to avoid conflict of utilization and to increase community's participation 2. To socialize regulations and layout of the coast to each stakeholder to avoid conflict and to increase community's participation 3. To increase coordination of managing marine tourism among related stakeholders facilitated by the Regional Government 4. To optimalize the management of areal conservation (Marine Sentuary and MMA) in the area of coral reef resources 5. To establish a developing program of the local community business to support maritime tourism 6. To enhance promotion of snorkeling and diving tourism by cooperating with the management of marine tourism

55 7. To increase facilities and infia-structure of the management of coral reef ecosystem resources 8. To make regulations about license and rules for managing and utilizing the coral reef ecosystem areas in the area of utilization of marine tourism 9. To arrange the closing time of the coral ecosystem areas at certain time for the coral recovery process 10. To increase the quality and quantity of human resources and other stakeholders in managing the coral reef ecosystem resources Those strategies are a strategic decision, i.e. a high level decision that is designed to reach target. This strategic decision needs to be translated into technical decisions to make it work and have long-term effects. Then with reference to tactical decisions, there needs to be operational decisions, namely low level decisions to make tactical decisions successful. The strategy to develop marine tourism for diving and snorkeling is aimed at biophysic potential which is the condition of the coral reef ecosystem in the form of marine scenic beauty and diversity of coral reefs and other biotas, such as fish, mollusks, crustacea and so on. Marine tourism in Tuapejat must be managed equally, between economic reasons and ecological reasons, in order to ensure the sustainability of the activities. Zoning the areas between those that are suitable and that can fullfil requirements for tourism activities such as diving and snorkeling, the areas that must be closed, and other purposes are very important to manage the areas. This is important in order to avoid conflict of interest and to protect the coastal resources and the sea itself. The existence of the Regional Regulation Number 17, 2008, concerning Coral Reef and layout of coast and sea, the Regency of Mentawai Islands, so far has not been well-known to the community and tourists in Mentawai Islands. Before it is effective, public should be aware and be involved in giving input, to avoid the overlap of utilization and conflict of interest. This is very important for maritime tourism, because it involves investment. They should know which location is planned and used for marine tourism areas, such as diving and snorkeling tourism.

56 A good coordination among stakeholders, government, community and private entities, is very important. Coordination is the key to success of managing coastal resources integratively (ICM). For the government, private entities, and community, coordination is easy to say, but diffult to cany out, since there are still some sectoral egos in each government institution, for example. The existence of Marine Conservation Areas (MCA) and other conservation areas that have been established by the Regional Government and local community must be maintained. The right management system and the management institutions must also be clear, because of the importance of the conservation areas as the main area of sustainable coral reef ecosystem resources. Utilization of a coral reef ecosystem area by the marine tourism management must meet the norms of the resource sustainability. Therefore, the Regional Government through related institutions must make technical regulations about the sustainability of the areas. For example, the carrying capacity of an area that is allowed to get tourists must be controlled by the areal management. Building facilities must also be in accordance with its primary use. In order to domesticate local people where the resources are located, the local people must be involved, starting from management and utilization of the coral reef resources responsibly. To increase the role of community control group (Pokrnaswas) is a form of active participation of the community. To support their economic life, they can also make tourism activities as their source of income. Tourism investors can involve them as tourist guides, dive guides, and other kinds of job. To support tourism activities with the aim of increasing local as well as international tourists, tourism promotion is necessary. The form of promotion can be publication in mass media and electronic media, exhibition on development and tourism. So far tourism for diving and snorkeling has not been carried out by the tourism management (both government and private companies). This is due to limited data about coral reef ecosystem resources. Therefore, related institutions must improve promotion with available resource data. The availability of supporting facilities and infra-structure is also important. The last but not the least in managing a resource is human resources