Chapter 2 GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JAIPUR CITY

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1 Chapter 2 GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JAIPUR CITY 2.1 LOCATION Jaipur city is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Its municipal boundary of the city extends from 26⁰46' N latitude to 27⁰01'N latitude and 75⁰39'E longitude to 75⁰57'E longitude. The city is surrounded by the Nahargarh hills in the north and Jhalana in the east, which is a part of Aravalli hills ranges. To its south and west the city is surrounded by isolated and discontinuous hillocks. The southern end of the city is an open plain stretching far and wide towards Sanganer and beyond. The city was initially located within the walls with the rocky streets providing an easy drainage system on either side of the city but the later extension of the city took place towards the south and west on the alluvial plains formed in the confluence zone of the Amani Shah Nala in the west and Jawahar Nagar Nala in the east and beyond. 2.2 TOPOGRAPHY The general slope of Jaipur city and its surroundings is from north to south and then to south-east. Nearly all ephemeral streams flow in this direction. Higher elevations in the north exist in the form of low, flat-topped hills of Nahargarh (587 meters). Jaigarh, Amber and Amargarh hills are deeply dissected and eroded. An isolated hillock called Moti Dungri upon which an old royal castle exists is near the Rajasthan University. Further in the south, topographical 39

2 levels of the plain areas varies between 280 meters along Bandi and Dhund rivers to some 530 meters in the north-east of Chomu near Samod hills. The overall trend is a decline of slope from the areas bordering the hills in the north to low lying gentle plains in the south. 2.3 GEOLOGY AND SOIL Jaipur city situated in middle part of Jaipur District in Rajasthan. The area is a pediplain covered with thick alluvium and aeolian deposits of Quaternary age. A few isolated, linear ridges and hillocks trending ENE-WSW to NE-SW form prominent landmarks in the northwestern part of the area. The maximum height near Kalwar is 515m above mean sea level. Meta-sedimentary rocks, metapellites, migmatites and gneisses of Precambrian age occur in some rocky outcrops and also concealed under thick cover of alluvium and aeolian sand. Jaipur city is covered with several soil units and also some other physical features such as sand dunes, rocky outcrops, water bodies etc. Sandy soil with severe erosion and high salinity and shallow skeletal soils are major limiting factors affecting crop choice in the region. Soils of the Aravalli landscape are mainly derived from the argillaceous deposits composed of slates, phyllites and mica schist along with granite and quartzite. 2.4 CLIMATE Jaipur city falls under the semi-arid of climate and experiences a continental type of climate owing to its proximity to the desert and inland location. It is characterized by hot summers and cold winters. The mean temperature of Jaipur is 36⁰C varying from 18⁰C in winter (January) to 45⁰C in summer (June). The normal rainfall of Jaipur is 600 mm nearly 90 percent of 40

3 which takes place in the summer monsoon period from (June to September) and the rest comes from the winter cyclones Temperature and Rainfall The month of May experiences the maximum temperature and January experiences minimum temperature as evident from Figure 2.1. The data is based on 7 observation years recorded by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). Jaipur city recorded the maximum temperature of 45.2 C and minimum temperature of 2.5 C in the year 2001 and the maximum temperature of 45.7 C and minimum temperature of 2.2 C in the year Temperatue in Degree Celsius Mean Maximum Temperature Mean Minimum Temperature (Source: Figure 2.1: Monthly variation in temperature of Jaipur city Heat wave prevails for a few days when day temperature rises 4 C to 6 C above normal. During winter season, minimum temperatures remain at about 4 C to 9 C and fall below 0⁰C when chilly winds (northerly) blow from the Himalayan region. Mist and Fog occur in the morning hours after passage of 41

4 western disturbances. The minimum temperature of -2.2 C was recorded on 31 st January, 1905 and 16 th January, The surge in temperature starts from April and peaks in the month of June. The downward trend in temperatures commences in September and continues up to January. The mean annual rainfall is around 60 mm. Maximum rainfall is mm which occurred in the month of August in Rainfall increases from the month of June when thundering activities start, and July and August are the rainiest months. Monsoon withdraws in the middle of September. Rainfall decreases sharply in October and November. Rainfall in cm Months (Source: Figure 2.2: Monthly average precipitation of Jaipur City Figure 2.2 shows the month wise average rainfall of Jaipur for the period from 2004 to Dust storms occur frequently during summer months leading to increase in particulate matter in the atmosphere. The monsoon season witnesses least pollution due to frequent washout of pollutants along with rains. 42

5 Wind Wind is also an important climatic factor affecting the environmental conditions of any region. In Jaipur, the average annual monthly wind speed varies from 3 to 10 kmph. Wind speed reaches its maximum in summers due to dust storms (Figure 2.3). Maximum wind speed recorded in Jaipur was 11.3 kmph on 31 st May, Speed in Kmph Months (Source: Figure 2.3: Monthly average wind speed of Jaipur city in Humidity The higher humidity in urban areas viz. rural areas can be explained by different moisture sources and by different energy balances in their respective environments. Studies being carried out with the rural and urban air humidity differences reveal found that urban humidity is higher than humidity in rural areas (Unger, 1999). This is due to the fact that the moisture capacity in air in urban area is higher than the rural area because of the higher urban temperature. 43

6 Jaipur records the lowest humidity in the month of April. May onward humidity picks up and increases gradually to reach its highest in the month of August. Subsequently it decreases slowly up to the month of November. But again shows an increasing tendency for two months of December and January. Monthly humidity data have been shown in Figure 2.4. Highest relative humidity is in the month of August. Humidity (%) Morning (0300 UTC) Afternoon (1200 UTC) Figure 2.4: Monthly normal relative humidity in Jaipur city (2008) (Source: FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY About 4 percent of total area of district is under forest. Subsidiary edaphically types of dry tropical forest are found in the district where Dhok or Dhokra is the most common tree. Other species found are Adossa, Gurjan, Salar, Jhingha, Babul, Siris, Bar, Gular, Pipal, Shisham Peelu, Hingota, Karaya, Khejra, Kair and Jamun. The timber obtained from the forest is utilized for the manufacture of agricultural implements besides being used for roofing as well as fuel source. 44

7 Table 2.1: Temporal change in area under forest cover in Jaipur city Forest Area (sq. km) Area (sq. km) Area (sq. km) Moderate Dense Forest Open Forest Scrub Total JMC Area (Source: Forest Survey of Rajasthan, India (FSI), 2011) In Jaipur District, total recorded area under forest is 631sq. km, which includes reserve forest protected forest and other forests (FSI, 2009). The forest cover estimated from satellite images of Jaipur city were sq. km in 2011 shown is in Figure 2.5 (a). Total area under forest has decreased by sq. km in the last decade of DRAINAGE SYSTEM The natural drainage of the Jaipur city is largely guided by erosion. Figure 2.5 (b) shows the drainage network of JMC area. Intense gully erosion characterizes the city particularly the northern hilly region. Dhund River and Amanishah nala form a fork like drainage pattern in the confluence zone in which the major part of Jaipur city is situated. The Amanishah nala originates from the western slopes of Jaigarh hills and flows northwards in the upper reaches, turns south and south-west in its middle course and flows towards east with a broad semi-circular course. Further downstream it joins the Dhund River. There is an another small drainage system in the northern foothills which presently discharges the city s waste effluents into an artificially impounded lake called the Jal Mahal (Man Sagar). Jal Mahal Lake is now a large cesspool of effluent waste water changing its profile from muddy water mixed with effluents and sludge during rainy season to a dried large puddle surrounded by parched 45

8 earthen floor during summer season. The Jaipur municipal area has an adequate planned storm water drainage system Surface Water For Jaipur city, most of the surface water sources originate from nearby hills which act as drainage channels for rainwater. The city is drained by a number of seasonal rivers, of which Banganga, Dhundh and Bandi are prominent. There is no perennial surface water source in the city. Amanishah Nallah is a seasonal stream that flow from north to south near the city. Dhund river to the east of the city. Ramgarh Lake was the main source of supply more than 30 years back but has now dried up Ground Water In Jaipur city ground water quality is variable with some areas largely within permissible limits as per Indian Standard (IS) 10500, and concentrations of nitrates and fluorides exceeding limits in other locations. The widespread use of septic tanks throughout the city is possibly one factor contributing to the high concentration of nitrates in the groundwater. The wastewater from soak pits leaches into the ground and contaminates the groundwater strata (LEA & CEPT 2005).The drinking water standards provide for monitoring or regulating only chemicals and metals in water, but not the bacteriological counts (IS 10500). Thus the extent of fecal contamination of tube-well drinking water in the city is not known but the high presence of nitrates could be considered a proxy indicator. 46

9 Figure 2.5: (a) Forest cover in JMC area and (b) Drainage network of JMC area 47

10 2.7 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS The population in Jaipur city has increased more than 10 times in the last 50 years. In 1900 the population of city was only 1.6 lakh. In 2001 Jaipur Municipal Corporation had population of lakh which reached to lakh in Regarded as one of the fastest growing cities in the country, it has an average annual growth rate of 2.38 percent as compared to the national urban growth rate of approximately 2 percent in The annual average population growth rate from 1971 to 1981 was in the range of 3.67 and 3.73 percent. Thus population growth rate was the highest in the year 1981 but it declined sharply by 2.69 percent in 2001 and percent in The current sex ratio of Jaipur city stands at 909 females per 1000 males. The city population is increasing at a rate of 2 percent every year. Table 2.2: Rate of population growth in Jaipur City ( ) Years Total Population Growth rate (%) Annual average growth rate (%) , , , , ,015, ,518, ,322, ,046, (Source: Census of India 1941, 1951,1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 & 2011) Population Distribution The total population of Jaipur city according to the 2011 census is 3.04 million and has shown a consistent increase in the past 50 years. Table 2.2 shows the trends of city s population growth over past eight decades. The distribution of 48

11 population is very uneven at ward level. Detailed ward wise population distribution of 2000 and 2011 has been enclosed as Appendix 2 & 3. Inter-ward contrasts are due to varying size of the wards and wide variations in their resource bases. The population has increased by 7.2 lakh (Figure 2.6) during the past decade. The area of JMC from 200 sq. km in 1991 to 218 sq. km in 1991 and further to 288 sq km in 2001 due to the addition of Bagru, Bassi and Chomu tehsils in the municipal area. 86 percent of the total population lives in the JMC area, of which 14 percent lives in the walled city. While the proportion of population living within the JMC has increased (primarily due to expansion in area), the proportion of population in the walled city has declined in This can be regarded as positive phenomenon as the walled city is already very densely populated Population in lakhs Years (Source: Census of India 1981, 1991, 2001 & 2011) Figure 2.6: Growth in population size of JMC area The walled city has a spatial extent of only 6.7 sq. km housing nearly four lakh people. A per 2011 census the population of walled city has declined in 2011 as compared to The reason for this is out movement of inhabitants 49

12 from the area to new residential colonies being developed in peripheral part of the city for better living environment Population Density Population density is an important measure to analyze population distribution. Jaipur city s population density of 6523 persons sq. km is much higher than 1981 population density (2624 persons sq. km). Figure 2.7 clearly shows that the population density of the walled city area is persons sq. km in 2013 as decreased by persons sq. km in The total area of the walled city is 6.7 sq. km (2.32 percent of the total area of JMC) in This is despite the fact that density has declined from 1991 to Figure 2.7 shows the population density of JMC area as a whole for different years. It is evident that the rest of the JMC area has relatively low population density. But in 2011 it was higher as compared to In 2001 population density of JMC was 5027 persons sq. km which increased phenomenally by 1566 persons sq. km to 6593 persons sq. km in Persons sq. km Years (Source : Census of India 1981, 1991, 2001 & 2011) Figure 2.7: Temporal change in population density of JMC area Population Density (JMC) Population Density (Walled city) 50

13 2.7.3 Population Growth Rate Population growth is the change in the number of inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time. If the population of a given area increases in a specific period of time, it is called positive change. At present, in most parts of the Jaipur city, the population change is almost invariably positive. The Jaipur city population has been growing at varying rates ever since Over the period from 1951 to 2011 overall increase in the city s population has been 5 times as per census report. Annual average growth rate (%) Years (Source: Census of India, 1951,1961,1971,1981,1991,2001 & 2011) Figure 2.8: Temporal changes in annual average growth rate of population The population of Jaipur city grew at an accelerated rate which rose from 3.67 percent in 1971 to 3.46 percent in 2001(figure 2.8). After 1971 it has been observed declining trend. In 2011, the average annual growth rate of population declined to 2.38 percent. The major growth has occurred outside the walled city area. The population growth within the walled city was nearly equal to that of the rest of the JMC area between However, between , the walled city has witnessed a decline in population growth rate as compared to 2.38 Annual average growth rate 51

14 JMC area which has increased partly due to migration and also due to expansion in the JMC area Migration Pattern Jaipur city attracts population from all parts of the state. The proportion of in-migrants to the total population of the city in 1991 was 29 percent which decreased to 27 percent in However the absolute number of migrants to the city has been increasing. From 1991 to 2001 nearly 2 lakh migrants were added to the city increasing the number of migrants from 4 lakh to 6 lakh. The characteristics of migration have been briefly assessed in the following sections Total Percentage Rural Urban Years (Source: Census of India 1991, 2001, 2011 & CDP report 2001) Figure 2.9: Comparison of rural-urban migrants in 1991, 2001 and 2011 The rural urban migration pattern shows that almost equal of number of people from both villages and different towns and cities came to Jaipur in the census year As per 2001 census the in-migrants from urban area increased to 53.4 percent and the share of rural in-migrants decreased to 46.6 percent (Figure 2.9). This implies that population from lower order urban centers are migrating to Jaipur for better opportunities. 70 percent of the in-migrants to Jaipur were from Rajasthan in 1991 and 30 percent from other parts of the 52

15 country. In 2001 the state share decreased by 2 percent and the national figure rose to 32 percent. Nearly 35 percent migrants in 1991 were from within Jaipur district and nearly 65 percent from other districts of the state. In 2001 the indistrict figures decreased by 10 percent and outside-district figure grew by 10 percent. Trends suggest that Jaipur is gaining importance as a favored destination not only within the state but also at the national level. The main force causing migration to the city have been employment, marriage and members moving along with the households which include mostly the old, the females, children and domestic helps. Employment accounts for nearly one-fourth of the total migrants to Jaipur. The second important reason for migration is marriage. However, the number of in-migrants in this category has decreased from 28 percent in 1991 to 17 percent in The increase in number of in-migrants is due to increase in number of jobs especially in commerce and services and in industries to a lesser extent. As per the Master Plan 2011 nearly 36 percent of the migrants work in the informal sector Other Socio-Economic Characteristics In 1981 and 1991 Jaipur was an urban agglomeration (UA) consisting of the JMC, Sanganer Municipality, and Amber Notified Area Committee (ANAC). In 2001 the city lost the UA status and became a Municipal Corporation. Since Jaipur was not as UA in 2001, all socio-economic data are of the JMC. Its literacy rate as per the 2001 census was 78 percent, consistent with the national trend and higher than in 1991 (70 percent). The workforce participation rate in 2001 was less than one-third (30 percent), which is lower than the national average but higher than that for municipality in 1991 (28 percent). Main workers constitute 81 percent of total workers. The percentage of JMC s marginal workers (out of total workers) was only 0.71 percent in 1991 but increased to

16 percent in 2001, which shows increasing incidence of unemployment. The classification of workers in different categories shows that the share of the cultivators and agricultural laborers in the total workers increased from 2 percent in 1991 to nearly 5 percent in TRANSPORT Figure 2.10 shows the transport network of the city. National Highway No.8 links Delhi to Mumbai, National Highway 12 links to Kota, and National Highway 11 links Bikaner to Agra, passing through Jaipur. RSRTC operates bus services to all the parts of Rajasthan and New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Jaipur is well connected to Delhi and all main cities viz. Alwar, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Coimbatore, Chennai, Chandigarh etc through railway network. Figure 2.10: Road and railway network of JMC area 54

17 REFERENCES Census of India, Census of Rajasthan (1981) August, Census of India, Census of Rajasthan (1991) August, Census of India, Census of Rajasthan (2001) August, Census of India, Census of Rajasthan (2011) August, Census of India, 1951, 1961, 1971,1981,1991, 2001 & City town Planning Department (2008) : City developments plan report of Jaipur. Jaipur Development Authority (2009) : Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Jaipur, Survey Analysis Report (CMPJ). FSI, Jaipur (2009): The state of forest report 2009, Rajasthan: Forest Survey of India,GovernmentofIndia. IMD, India (2011) netaccessed Unger, J., (1999) : Urban-rural air humidity differences in Szeged, Hungry. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 19, pp Websites