4/28/17. Clicker Question. Clicker Question. #37 Floods IV (Case Histories-Mississippi River Flood, 1993; Red River of North Flood, 1997)
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1 GEOL 118 Final Exam Format similar to exams 1 and 2 Covers Lectures #27 40 (Global Climate Change I - Meteorite Impacts III) Web Exercise #6 - Due by 1 pm, Monday (5/1) 8:00 AM, Thursday, May 11 th Location HERE Bring Photo ID Optional Question/Answer Session Location and time TBA Official University of Illinois policy will be followed for requests for a conflict final exam time. Specifically, you must have a verifiable official University excuse such as three final exams in 24-hour period to schedule a conflict final exam for GEOL 118. If you have another final exam scheduled for the same time, then it is probably a combined section (or conflict) final exam and you must take a conflict exam in that course in accordance with Student Code. How long do the worst DOWNSTREAM floods last- like the ones on the Mississippi River along the west side of Illinois? A. Several minutes B. Several hours. C. A day or two. D. Weeks. How are floods along the Mississippi River changing over time? A. The river s maximum water levels have tended to become less over time as more and more levees have been built higher and better, all along the river. B. The river s maximum water levels have tended to become higher over time as more and more levees have been built higher and better, all along the river. C. The river s maximum water levels have not changed over time because levees don t affect the amount of water; they just hold it back. #37 Floods IV (Case Histories-Mississippi River Flood, 1993; Red River of North Flood, 1997) Road flooded in West Alton, MO during Mississippi River flood of 1993 Case History - Mississippi River Flood, 1993 During summer of 1993, record floods plagued upper part of Mississippi River. Worst flood disaster in US (and Illinois) history (weather records begun in mid 1800s) Mississippi flood was truly great in terms of area affected, number of rivers which recorded record stage and discharge, amount of damage, flood duration (weeks to months). Mississippi River near Alton, IL Property damage $12-16 billion; ~50,000 homes seriously damaged or destroyed, 54,000 people evacuated from homes 1
2 Case History - Mississippi River Flood, 1993 PBS Nova Intro: ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.flood/the-great-floodof-1993/ Mississippi River Flood, Cause High rainfall over large area for 6 month period before flooding, then many intense rainstorms in June, July, August (5-30 cm in 1 day) Stationary front over Midwest, warm moist 1993 monthly rainfall vs. average - Gulf of Mexico air mixed with cold Canadian air Upper Mississippi River Basin US weather pattern for June and July, 1993 ABC News: s-midwest-rain Hardin, IL: DJ2E Mississippi River Flood, 1993 Area of flooded streams; annual peak discharges of selected river locations Worst hit areas were Iowa, Missouri, Illinois; Many locations measured record discharge, 46 stations recorded >100 year flood Mississippi River Flood, 1993 Satellite Views of St. Louis area vs Mississippi River Flood, 1993 Many levee failures; 82% of those built by US Army Corps of Engineers held, only 22% built by local communities held - ~1,000 failed levees Failed levee near Jefferson City, MO How did the large, federal levees likely affect the smaller, locally built levees in the flood of 1993? A. The existence of the large levees probably increased the risk for smaller levees to fail. B. The existence of the large levees probably decreased the risk for smaller levees to fail. C. The existence of the large levees has no effect on the smaller levees- what happens in one area doesn t affect another. Failed levee upstream of Valmeyer, IL 2
3 Mississippi River Flood, Damage Damage to agricultural land (sand eroded from river channel, deposited over crops in floodplain, also massive soil erosion) impact on transportation (many bridges over Mississippi River closed, interstate highways, river barges, railroads, airports were all closed) Bridge over Mississippi River at Quincy, IL Mississippi River Flood, Commercial + Residential Damage Damage to farmlands Mississippi River Flood, Agricultural Damage Levee failure: atch?v=vmzbwzzcxzm Mississippi River Flood, Damage to Valmeyer, IL levee district - area protected by single levee. Individual districts are in shape of letter c Levee broke upstream of Valmeyer, IL; floodwaters picked up speed, overtopped next levee. Wall of water crashed into Valmeyer, causing major damage. US Army Corps of Engineers determined that onrushing floodwaters would soon overtop next levee + flood historic town of Prairie Du Rocher; deliberately broke levee at southern point to send floodwaters northward to slow down onrushing water from north House Carried by Floodwaters - Valmeyer, IL House Interior - Valmeyer, IL 3
4 Video - Valmeyer aftermath (Flood!, NOVA/PBS, 31-32:40) Started here on 4/28 Levee Destroyed to Save Prairie du Rocher, IL Mississippi River Flood, Damage to Des Moines, Iowa Largest US city to lose its water supply due to flooded water treatment plant. >250,000 people lost drinking water for 12 hot days. Damage in Des Moines alone was ~ $716 million Floodwaters from Raccoon River cover downtown Des Moines, Iowa + Des Moines Water Works on July 11, 1993 rt Weakened Levee with Sandbag Support Weakened Levee with Sandbags Overtopped Levee 4
5 Levee Break Flooded Buildings Flooded Gas Station Mississippi River Bridge near Quincy, IL How did the system of levees along the Mississippi River upstream from Quincy* affect the height of the flood waters AT Quincy? *Not including levees that broke AT Quincy. Mississippi Flood, Topographic Map St. Louis Area Illinois River flowed backward A. Did not affect the flood levels. B. Most likely decreased the height of the flood waters C. Most likely increased the height of the flood waters St. Louis protected by 52 foot floodwall 5
6 Mississippi Flood, Topographic Map Alton, Grafton, IL Locations Grafton, IL - After (no levee) Downtown Grafton Grafton, IL - Before Downtown Grafton House with High Water Mark - Grafton, IL 6
7 So we should not allow towns to be located in the flood plain, right? Flood Mitigation in Public Policy - Relocation Give government aid for high-risk communities to move, e.g., Valmeyer, IL About $45 million for about 400 homes Breaking ground in 1994 on new Valmeyer location Valmeyer after 1993 Mississippi flood The new, improved Valmeyer location (400 feet above floodplain!) Emergency Sandbag Levee (700 long, 9 high) - Alton, IL 7
8 Case History - Red River of the North Flood, Spring 1997 Red River of North begins near where North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota meet and flows north, forming border between ND and MN. Empties into Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada. During April 1997, area experienced worst flood disaster for area due to heavy winter snowfall (3.5 times average), then blizzard in April (~25 cm) and quick warming caused snow melt to fill river. Frozen ground enhanced runoff; farther north, Red River was still frozen so nowhere else for floodwater to go How long was the Red River at Fargo above flood stage? Flooding in downtown Grand Forks, ND A. About 10 days B. About 20 days C. About 50 days Aerial view of southwest Fargo, ND Aerial view north of Fargo, ND 8
9 Red River of North at Georgetown, MN bridge Flooded farm northwest of Fargo, ND 9
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