Agenda. Part I! Trailbuilding! Foundations" Part II! Essential Elements! of Sustainable Trails" Part III # Designing! Sustainable Trails"

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3 Agenda Part I! Trailbuilding! Foundations" Part II! Essential Elements! of Sustainable Trails" Part III # Designing! Sustainable Trails"

4 IMBA"s mission is to protect# create# and $ enhance quality trail experiences for $ mountain bikers worldwide%$

5 IMBA Trail Care Crews have led more than $ &#''' trailbuilding projects$ Hospital Hill# WA$

6 Trailbuilding Foundations$!Historical Perspective$!Modern Perspective$!Sustainable Trails$ Warton# NJ$

7 Hungry Mother SP# VA$

8 Fingale# Italy$

9 Wales# Great Britain$

10 CBC Trail# British Columbia$

11 A sustainable trail allows users to enjoy a natural area with:$! Minimal impact to the ecosystem (Environmental)$!Minimal user con*ict (Social)$! Minimal maintenance (Economic)$

12 One of the most common causes of trail failure is erosion$ Trail erosion is caused by a combination of trail use# water# wind and gravity%$

13 Examples of+ Trail+ Failures$

14 Think Water$ &%! Water always goes downhill+,% With enough volume andor velocity water will move soil (erosion)+.% Water doesn"t like to change directions+ /% Water clings to surfaces and itself$

15 Water starts to channelize gaining volume-velocity and picking up sediment$ An obstacle abruptly changes the direction of the water causing it to dump sediment behind the object$ The water continues to erode soil on the down hill side of the obstacle$

16 Fall Line$! The steepest! route of descent! down a slope$! Water will travel+ down the fall line$ Cattle trails# NE $

17 The Contour Trail$!Erosion resistant and low maintenance$!keeps users on the trail$!keeps water o0 the trail$

18 Sheet Flow$

19 Fall Line$ Contour$

20 Essential Elements of Sustainable Trails$ Lykens# PA$

21 An Understanding of Grade$ Rise$ 10 Feet$ Grade$ 10%$ Run$ 100 Feet$ x 100 = 10%$ Grade = 10%$

22 (DEGREES)$ % (PERCENT)$

23 2 Ingredients of Sustainable Trail Design$ 1&! The Half Rule$ 1,! The &23 Rule$ 1.! The &'3 Rule$ 1/! Grade Reversals$ 12! Outslope$

24 1 &! The Half Rule$! Keep the grade of the trail less than half the grade of the side slope (fall line)$! This keeps water from diverting down the tread + Australia$

25 Measure the side slope (fall line)$ Sideslope 4 &53$,$ Max% Trail Tread Grade 4 63$ Las Vegas# NV$

26 Las Vegas# NV$

27 1,! The &23 Rule $ Maximum Sustainable Grade Rule$

28 Ninham Mtn# NY$

29 Exceptions to the &23 Rule $ Natural Rock$ Armored Sections$ Built Structures$

30 1.! The &'3 Rule$

31 The &'3 Rule:$!When laying out trail# keep the overall grade under &'3$!This allows up to &23 grade trails to accommodate grade reversals and avoid obstacles$ Rise 4 &$ Run 4 &'$ GRADE4$ &$ &'$

32 1/! Grade Reversals$ Creating Watersheds Along the Trail$

33 Grade Reversals$ Grade Reversals

34 Grade reversals also help create a complete trail experience$ MacKenzie River Trail# OR$

35 12! Outslope$ Outslope Trail tread should be outsloped by 23 for sheet $ow of water$

36 Designing Successful Trails Hospital Hill# WA$

37 Trail Users$ Know Your Trail Users TRAIL RUNNERS$ EQUESTRIANS$ HIKERS$ MOUNTAIN BIKERS$

38 Control Points$ Deciding Where the! Trail Should Go$ Positive Control Points$ Negative Control Points$

39 Scenic Overlooks$ Unique Natural Features$ Historic Sites$ Water$

40 Low!lying & Environmentally$ Sensitive Areas$ Fall Lines$ Examples of Negative Control Points$

41 Trail Flow" Understanding *ow can help reduce erosion and user con*ict$

42 Open and Flowing Trail Flow

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44 Tight and Technical

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46 Poor Flow - abrupt transitions from one type of flow to another.

47 Corrals and Chokes! Tools for Blending $

48 Corral Rocks and Chokes$ Choke Corralling rocks. New more enjoyable trail. Old straight trail.

49 Conceptualize Loops" Conceptualize Loops Massanutten Ridge# VA$

50 Stacked Loop Trail System$

51 Stacked Loop Trail System$

52 Stacked Loop Trail System$

53 Core Loop $

54 Stacked Loop Trail System$

55 Hybrid Loop$ Optional lines add challenge but preserve 7easy line8$

56 Stacked Loop Trail System$

57 Outer Loop! Tight & Technical$

58 Stacked Loop Trail System$

59 Skills+ Parks$ Presque Isle# ME$ Nature Walk+ Trails$

60 Stacked Loop Trail System$

61 Conclusion / Wrap-Up! Environmental!Enjoy nature with minimal impact! Social Facets of Sustainability!Minimal user conflict!greater constituency! Economic!Decreased maintenance costs!tourism dollars

62 The End!