Tourism and Dictatorship

Transcription

1 Tourism and Dictatorship

2 Major tourist destinations of Spain. Reproduced by permission of Joel A. Przybylowski.

3 Tourism and Dictatorship Europe s Peaceful Invasion of Franco s Spain Sasha D. Pack

4 TOURISM AND DICTATORSHIP Sasha D. Pack, Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. Permissions Map: Major tourist destinations of Spain, by permission of Joel A. Przybylowski. Table 4.2: Tourist entries to Spain (with passport), by country of origin, , from Rafael Esteve-Secall and Rafael Fuentes García, Economía, historia, e instituciones del turismo en España (Madrid: Pirámide, 2000), 135. Reprinted by permission. Table 5.4: Foreign arrivals (thousands) and % increase from previous year in six European countries, , from Walter Hunziker, Vision générale des problèmes de croissance du marché touristique internationale, Revue de tourisme, 21:1 (Jan. Mar. 1966). Reprinted by permission. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pack, Sasha D. Tourism and dictatorship : Europe s peaceful invasion of Franco s Spain / Sasha D. Pack. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Tourism Spain History 20th century. 2. Europeans Spain History 20th century. 3. Spain History Republic, I. Title. G155.S6P dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: September

5 To Yda and George

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7 Contents List of Tables Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations ix xi xiii Introduction 1 Mass Tourism as International Relations 5 Spanish Modernization and European Tourism 9 1 Travel and Tourism in Spanish History 17 Peripheral Identity 17 Travel and Modernization in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 20 Tourism and Regenerationism 24 Tourism and the Early Franco Regime, Tourism and International Engagement, Tourism as Commerce and Diplomacy 43 Tourism and Border Security 53 3 From Nationalist Propaganda to Consumer Diplomacy 57 Preparing for Mass Tourism in the 1940s 57 Hotels and Consumer Diplomacy 61 The Ministry of Information and Tourism 64 4 Breakthrough, Tourism and Economic Stabilization, American and European Pressures 87 West European Border Liberalization: Cooperation and Competition 91 The Charter Flight Take-Off 96 Acceleration of Seaside Development,

8 viii Contents 5 Tourism and the Politics of Development, The Ministry of Information and Tourism under Manuel Fraga 105 Tourism and the Development Plan 116 Extending Development 120 Domestic Infrastructure and Image Abroad Touristic Consciousness 137 The Erosion of Difference 139 Reviving the Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela 153 Diversification and Local Participation 155 Labor, Entrepreneurship, and Professionalization 159 Domestic Tourism Disillusionment and Reorientation 169 Disillusionment 169 Reorientation 182 Tourism in Transition 187 Conclusion: Tourism and the European Challenge 191 Notes 197 Bibliography 249 Index 265

9 List of Tables 2.1 Total tourists entering Spain with a passport from selected countries (% change from previous year), DGT production of tourism advertising literature by language and theme, 1952 (%) Foreign tourist entries compared to national tourism revenue, Tourist entries to Spain (with passport), by country of origin, Hotel capacity in selected provinces, Tourism in Spanish foreign trade, Balance of payments by item, Spain, ($ millions) Scandinavian tourists to Spain (% change from previous year), Foreign arrivals (thousands) and % increase from previous year in six European countries, Hotel capacity (total beds), 1963 and CCS survey results on water supply and sanitation in coastal municipalities, Foreign and Spanish tourists as percent of total tourist population in the Balearic Islands, Expenditure per foreign tourist in Spain, ENTURSA hotel openings,

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11 Acknowledgments This book would not have been possible without the generosity and encouragement of my mentors, colleagues, friends, and family. Jordi Getman-Eraso, Brian Bunk, and Carl-Gustaf Scott, classmates of mine at the University of Wisconsin, helped me to shape the direction of this project from its early stages. The research was funded with generous grants from the University of Wisconsin Department of History, the University of Wisconsin Center for German and European Studies, the Tinker-Nave Foundation, the Bradley Foundation, and the Fulbright Program. I owe gratitude to numerous scholars and friends in Spain who exposed me to new perspectives and guided me through the challenges of conducting international research. They include Paloma Aguilar, Cecilia Calvo, Elisa Chuliá, Lorenzo Delgado, Carlos Madrid, Pablo Martín Aceña, Carmelo Pellejero Martínez, Florentino Rodao, Esther Sánchez, Nigel Townson, and Patricia Zanhiser of the Spanish Fulbright office. Philip J. Stern was similarly helpful during my research stint in Britain. Archivists at the Archivo General de la Administración, the Archivo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, the Filmoteca de Madrid, and the Instituto de Estudios Turísticos were especially helpful in locating sources to complete the research. Émilie Bournaud and Ana María Garrido helped gather material for this project in Paris and Madrid, respectively. Three figures retired from the Ministry of Information and Tourism warmly received me to discuss their experiences: Don León Herrera Esteban and Don Francisco Girón Tena of Madrid, and His Excellency Don Manuel Fraga Iribarne, President of the Xunta de Galicia, of Santiago de Compostela. Joel A. Przybylowski of the University of Wisconsin Department of Geography contributed his cartographic skills. For their tolerance and stimulating conversation throughout, I am grateful to Erin K. Rowe and Tanya J. Tiffany. For careful reading and thoughtful criticism of various drafts, I thank Alda Blanco, Laird Boswell, Andreas Daum, R. Geoffrey Jensen, Rudy J. Koshar, Daniel Kowalsky, Ramya Sreenivasan, Jeremi Suri, Jonathan

12 xii Acknowledgments Zeitlin, and two anonymous reviewers. My colleagues at the University at Buffalo have opened several new avenues of historical inquiry to me, from which I hope this book has benefited. Stanley G. Payne has provided indispensable wisdom and support throughout and has been a remarkable teacher and mentor. Finally, I wish to thank my parents, George and Yda, for their love, support, and for never doubting my motives in this whole undertaking.

13 List of Abbreviations ATESA CCS CIT DGEAT DGPT DGT ENTURSA ICA IEAL IEME IET INI IUOTO NO-DO OEEC PNT SGT SNT Autotransporte Turístico Español, S.A. (state transportation services firm) Comisión Central de Saneamiento (Central Sanitation Commission) Centro de Iniciativa y Turismo (Center for Initiative and Tourism) Dirección General de Empresas y Actividades Turísticas (Directorate General of Tourist Enterprises and Activities) Dirección General de Promoción de Turismo (Directorate General of Tourism Promotion) Dirección General de Turismo (Directorate General of Tourism) Empresa Nacional de Turismo, S.A. (National Tourism Company) International Cooperation Administration Instituto de Estudios de Administración Local (Institute for Studies of Local Administration) Instituto Español de la Moneda Extranjera (Spanish Foreign Exchange Institute) Instituto de Estudios Turísticos (Institute of Tourism Studies) Instituto Nacional de Industria (National Institute of Industry) International Union of Official Tourist Organization Noticiarios-Documentales (state newsreels) Organization for European Economic Cooperation Patronato Nacional de Turismo (National Tourism Patronate) Subsecretaría General de Turismo (Undersecretariat General of Tourism) Servicio Nacional de Turismo (National Tourism Service)