THE BALKANS SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR

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1 A THE BALKANS SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR R. J. CRAMPTON An imprint of Pearson Education London New York Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Hong Kong Cape Town New Delhi Madrid Paris Amsterdam Munich Milan Stockholm

2 CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF MAPS xi xii PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS MAPS xix xx xxv Part I COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS AND CIVIL WAR: THE BALKANS INTRODUCTION 3 2 YUGOSLAVIA, The Second World War and foundation of communist power 12 Communist power entrenched: October 1944 to November Communist power legitimized: the November 1945 elections and the January 1946 constitution 19 Unrestrained communist power in Yugoslavia, External affairs from the end of the war to the breach with Stalin, ALBANIA, The foundation and growth of the communist movement 39 The consolidation of communist power, November 1944 to March The beginnings of the revolution from above, March 1946 to June Albania's external alignment, BULGARIA, Bulgaria during the Second World War 51 Factors in Bulgarian politics, From the coup of 9 September 1944 to the postponement of the elections in August vii

3 THE BALKANS SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR From the postponement of the elections in August 1945 to the Grand National Assembly elections of October From the elections of October 1946 to the fifth party congress in December ROMANIA, Factors in Romanian politics, From the coup of August 1944 to the installation of the Groza government in March The crisis of February March From the installation of the Groza government to the elections of November The completion of the communist takeover, November 1946 to March GREECE, Internal conflicts in Greece during the Second World War 89 Left and right in Greece, The December events, 'Anarchic Banditry': from the Varkiza agreement to the elections of March The drift to civil war: from the elections to the declaration of the provisional government, March 1946 to December The Greek civil war, December 1947 to August Part II THE BALKANS DURING THE COLD WAR, INTRODUCTION YUGOSLAVIA, Finding 'Tito's way': Yugoslavia in the 1950s 113 Yugoslavia isolated 113 The beginnings of self-management 114 The reform of party and state institutions, Foreign policy and 'non-alignment' 118 Domestic affairs in the late 1950s 121 The search for stability: Yugoslavia The empowerment of the republics, The economic reforms of the mid-1960s 125 The fall of Rankovic and the beginnings of unrest, The Croatian Spring, The purges and institutional reconstruction, Yugoslav foreign policy in the 1960s and 1970s 137 Yugoslavia in decline, The demise of the old guard and their sustaining myths 139 viii

4 CONTENTS Economic crisis and the discrediting of self-management 142 Ethnic nationalism and the end of'brotherhood and unity' ALBANIA, The Soviet period, The Chinese period, The period of isolation, BULGARIA, The Stalinist period, The rise of Todor Zhivkov, Zhivkov ascendant, The decline and fall of Todor Zhivkov, ROMANIA, Romania under Gheorghiu-Dej, The Stalinist period, Desatellization and destalinization: Ceausescu's Romania, The honeymoon period, The Ceausescu dictatorship, Ceausescu's exploitation of Romanian nationalism 194 Ceausescu and the RCP 197 The economic disasters 199 The end of the Ceau escu regime GREECE, The beginnings of political relaxation, Years of stability, The return of political instability, The rule of the colonels, Stable democracy and the road to the EEC, PASOK in power, Part III THE POST-COMMUNIST BALKANS INTRODUCTION THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS, , AND THE WAR IN BOSNIA, The collapse of the post-1945 federation, March 1989 to April Serbia and Kosovo 240 Croatia 241 Bosnia and Hercegovina 244 Macedonia 245 IX

5 THE BALKANS SINCE THE SECOND WORLD WAR Montenegro 246 Slovenia 247 The decline of the federal institutions 248 The descent into war in Slovenia and Croatia 251 The drift to war in Bosnia 254 The dissolution of the old Yugoslavia 255 The Bosnian and Croatian conflicts, YUGOSLAVIA AND ITS SUCCESSOR STATES SINCE Kosovo since Serbia since Montenegro since Bosnia and Hercegovina since Croatia since Slovenia since Macedonia since ALBANIA SINCE The semi-transition, March 1991 to March The Berisha/Meksi regime, March 1992-June The collapse of Albania since June BULGARIA SINCE The UDF Years, December 1989 to December BSP government and economic catastrophe, January 1995-April The second UDF government, Bulgaria since April ROMANIA SINCE The National Salvation Front and managed transition, December 1989 to September The neo-communist governments, September 1992 to November Centre-right government, November 1996 to December GREECE SINCE New Democracy in power, April 1990 to October PASOK government, Greece since April EPILOGUE 343 BIBLIOGRAPHY 347 INDEX 362 x

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