THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY

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1 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY

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3 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY JOHN HALDON paigrave macmillan

4 (', John Haldon 2005 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with wrinen permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs IIJid Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of IUIY licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tonenham Coun Road, London WIT 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages, The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills. Basingstoke. Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue. New York. N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Manin's Press. LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom IUid other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN ISBN DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress II OS

5 Contents List of Maps, Figures and Tables Preface A Note on Placenames vi ix x 1. General Maps 1 PART ONE: THE EARLY PERIOD (C. 4TH-7TH CENTURY) 2. Historical Development: from Rome to Byzantium Cities, Provinces and Administration The Church 48 PART TWO: THE MIDDLE PERIOD (C. 7TH-1 1TH CENTURY) 5. Historical Development: the Rise of the Medieval East Roman World Economy, Administration and Defence Church and Monastic Organisation The Empire in its International Context 97 PART THREE: THE LATER PERIOD (C. 1 1TH-15TH CENTURY) 9. Apogee and Collapse: the Waning of East Rome Economy and Administration Frontiers and Neighbours Church and Monastery in the Later Byzantine World 158 Chronological Overview 167 Glossary of Byzantine and Technical Terms 170 Bibliography 173 Appendix 1: Rulers and Princes 176 Appendix 2: Patriarchs and Popes 180 Index 183

6 List of Maps, Figures and Tables Maps 1.1 Asia Minor: physical geography North Africa: physical geography The Balkans: physical geography Land-use and resources Major population centres c. 500 CE The Balkans: major population centres, 7th 12th centuries Asia Minor: major population centres, 7th 12th centuries Turkey in 1935: average population per square mile The Balkans: major routes, 7th 12th centuries Asia Minor: major routes, 7th-12th centuries The Roman empire c. 400 CE Migrations and invasions: Huns, Germans and Slavs The west and the rise of the successor kingdoms Conflict, imperial expansion and warfare in the 6th century Defence and strategy: late Roman structures Imperial neighbours: the east Imperial neighbours: Italy, the Slavs, the Balkans and the north in The rise of Islam and the beginnings of a'byzantine'empire Imperial administration: Justinianic prefectures and provinces c Cities of the eastern Roman empire in the 5th century Constantinople: evolution of an imperial capital Major cities of the 6th century Movement of goods as evidenced by ceramics Mints, c / Politics, religion and heresy, 4th 5th centuries Politics, religion and heresy, 5th-6th centuries Ecclesiastical administration Monasteries, pilgrims and holy places The east Roman empire c The east Roman empire : transformation and recovery Territorial losses and gains: the empire c Territorial losses and gains: 7th-10th centuries Territorial losses and gains: 1 lth-12th centuries The diplomatic world of Byzantium c Church politics: heresy, schism and expansion c Schematic map of the first themata and the late Roman provinces c Themata at the beginning of the reign of Leo III, 717 CE Themata c Themata and ducates c Provinces associated on lead seals with general kommerkiarioi and their warehouses, c Provinces/ports associated with imperial kommerkia from Population movement c Major fortified centres c The Balkans: military bases Development of the city of Pergamon in the late Roman and Byzantine period 80

7 6.11 Late Roman and Byzantine Amorion in the 6th-9th centuries Resources, industry and trade routes c The revival of urban life: distribution of urban centres/bishoprics in the empire c Imperial mints c Church administration c Major centres of monastic activity, 9th 1 lth centuries: the west Major centres of monastic activity, 9th 1 lth centuries: the east Constantinople, Rome and emperor: the 11th century Byzantium in its wider cultural setting c The empire of Charlemagne c Ottonian central Europe c Italy in the later 9th and 10th centuries The Islamic world c The Islamic world c Armenia, Georgia and Transcaucasia The eastern frontier c The steppes and the Rus'c The empire in context The Crusades The Fourth Crusade, the Latin empire and the empire of Nicaea Recovery, civil war, contraction Decline and fall Competing states: Epiros, Thessaly and the Latin territories The empire of Trebizond Defence and administration: the Komnenian system Provincial administration Towns and local elites Commerce, trade and production c Byzantine Italy and the Balkans c (a) The Balkan states c (b) The Balkan states c (c) The Balkan states c (d) The Balkan states c Byzantium's Balkan neighbours : Serbs, Bulgars and Turks Seljuks, Tiirkmens and Mongols Venice, Genoa and the merchant empires Armenia and Georgia c Russia and the steppes c (a) The Islamic Middle East c (b) The Islamic Middle East c (c) The Islamic Middle East c (d) The Islamic Middle East c (e) The Islamic Middle East c (f) The Islamic Middle East c Diocesan organisation c. 1070: the Notitiae Monasteries and rules: the monasteries of Athos (a) The Roman and Constantinopolitan churches c (b) Rome and the fragmentation of the eastern orthodox church c (c) The dominance of Rome c Figures 3.1 The imperial civil and fiscal administration c The imperial military and palatine administration c

8 3.3 Comparative size of walled towns in the eastern Roman empire, 5th-7th centuries The transformation in eastern towns The imperial administration c Church administration in the later 11th century Central government and court Central government and court Tables 6.1 The money system c The coinage system after the reform of Alexios I c The coinage system c The coinage system c

9 Preface This Historical Atlas is an attempt to represent graphically some of the major developments in the history and evolution of the medieval eastern Roman or Byzantine empire. It may be seen as both an introduction to the history of the Byzantine empire in its own right and as an accompaniment to general histories of the empire. It cannot, of course, illustrate all facets of the empire's development, and in particular it can say very little, without gross over-simplification, about the culture, beliefs and social or economic relationships and structures of the empire. Nevertheless history books are all too rarely accompanied by useful and detailed maps, and I hope that this short volume of maps with parallel explanatory texts will at least put Byzantium more clearly in its geopolitical context and show how its internal history is interlinked with and influenced by developments among the peoples and political formations which surrounded it. A word of caution is in order, however. The breadth of coverage of the Atlas inevitably means that the maps are drawn to a relatively small scale. Absolute exactitude in respect of the relationship between physical features and historical or cultural features such as frontiers is not, in consequence, attainable. This is especially true given the lack of precise information for, or the ambiguity pertaining to, many such features. It is also the case that historians disagree among themselves about such features, while the line of a particular treaty frontier, for example, or the lines of provincial and state boundaries or frontiers must be guessed from often very general information. Users should be aware of these limitations from the beginning, and while I have tried to base all the maps on the results of the most recent research, there will inevitably be disagreement about the exact location of many features. I have appended a brief time-line or chronology, a glossary of Byzantine technical terms and a short bibliography, the last including the works from which the information contained in the different maps is drawn and representing also appropriate further reading. I owe thanks in particular to my colleagues in the Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman & Modern Greek Studies at the University of Birmingham, as well as to Henry Buglass for his excellent cartography and to Graham Norrie for much valuable help with technical matters, both of the Institute of Archaeology & Antiquity at Birmingham. I am particularly indebted to my friend Meaghan McEvoy, who found the time to act as a generous and invaluable commentator on the texts, to Ruth Macrides and Dimiter Angelov, who also commented on sections of the text, and in particular to Rosemary Morris, who went through maps and texts and saved me from many a blunder. All of their views helped me fashion the whole into a more useful form than it might otherwise have been. Needless to say, any shortcomings are mine alone. Finally, thanks are also due to the editorial team at Palgrave for their patience and co-operation in producing this volume.

10 A Note on Placenames In rendering placenames appropriately across time and across a cultural milieu in which several languages were used, the historian is confronted by a number of difficulties. I have chosen to adopt in this atlas the simple expedient of using common English versions of the best-known places - thus Constantinople, Thessalonica, Rhodes, rather than Konstantinoupolis, Theassalonike/ Thessaloniki, Rhodos - for the whole period, and otherwise to transliterate the names according to the common usage of the dominant culture of the area in question. Chronologically this means that up to the seventh century most names within the Roman world are given in their Latin form; thereafter in their Greek form. There will undoubtedly be some inconsistencies, but I hope this will at least allow a clear identification of the places in question.