SPot Farm East Results Irrigation and nitrogen. Mark Stalham & Marc Allison

Transcription

1 SPot Farm East Results Irrigation and nitrogen Mark Stalham & Marc Allison

2 Trials conducted by NIAB CUF N * Irrigation (sandy loam, 80 % S, 13 % C) N (260 kg) Standard Split N All N in seedbed Irrigation Standard (15 15 mm SMD) Frequent (2 x 8 mm rather than 15 mm dose) Over-water (25 15 mm SMD) Irrigation start date for processing crops Standard mm SMD from TI Delayed start (1 week after TI) Scab control for packing crops (sand, 14 varieties) Standard 10 mm SMD in bed from TI for 4 weeks, 15 mm application Half-frequency 20 mm SMD in bed, 25 mm application Sulphur (sponsored by CUPGRA)

3 SMD/Irrigation/Drainage (mm) Daily water use (mm) N * Irrig: soil moisture deficits 60 Standard Irrigation May 03-Jun 24-Jun 15-Jul 05-Aug 26-Aug SMD Limiting Scab Irrig Drain PotETp ActETp

4 SMD/Irrigation/Drainage (mm) Daily water use (mm) N * Irrig: soil moisture deficits 60 Frequent Irrigation SMD Limiting Scab Irrig Drain PotETp ActETp May 03-Jun 24-Jun 15-Jul 05-Aug 26-Aug

5 SMD/Irrigation/Drainage (mm) Daily water use (mm) N * Irrig: soil moisture deficits 60 Over Water SMD Limiting Scab Irrig Drain PotETp ActETp May 03-Jun 24-Jun 15-Jul 05-Aug 26-Aug

6 SMD/Irrigation/Drainage (mm) Daily water use (mm) Irrig timing: soil moisture deficits 60 Delayed Start May 03-Jun 24-Jun 15-Jul 05-Aug SMD Limiting Scab Irrig Drain PotETp ActETp

7 SMD/Irrigation/Drainage (mm) Daily water use (mm) Best practice schedule: Rules: 1. Have to irrigate 3 days ahead of limiting SMD trigger to complete field 2. No knowledge of future rainfall 3. Have long-term ET as prediction 60 SPot East Best Practice Irrigation May 03-Jun 24-Jun 15-Jul 05-Aug 26-Aug SMD Limiting Scab Irrig Drain PotETp ActETp

8 Comparisons: Standard, Best Practice, Optimised Irrigation (mm) Drainage (mm) Water use (mm) Efficiency Modelled yield (t/ha) Standard Best Practice Optimised Efficiency in meeting water requirement of canopy and ET demand

9 Agrii Soil Water Sensor Data Standard Over water

10 Relative water content Relative water content Aquaspy Soil Water Sensor Data 70 Standard 70 Over-water Moisture 10 Moisture 20 Moisture 10 Moisture Moisture 30 Moisture 40 Moisture 30 Moisture Moisture 50 Moisture 60 Moisture 50 Moisture Jun 29-Jun 27-Jul 24-Aug 21-Sep Jun 29-Jun 27-Jul 24-Aug 21-Sep

11 Standard irrigation Depletion was at 20-60cm by the end of the season Standard irrigation practice finished with the soil moisture mostly depleted

12 Standard irrigation Root activity at 60cm. Soil moisture at 30-60cm was depleted at the end of the season. Irrigation events only penetrating to ~20cm Rapid soil moisture depletion in top 60cm

13 Over irrigation Moderate depletion in 40-60cm by end of the season. Top 30cm still wet. Over irrigation finished with greater soil moisture compared to the standard practice

14 Over irrigation Irrigation events generally penetrating to 60cm Rapid soil moisture depletion in top 40cm

15 Drainage events recorded by Theta Probe Over Water recorded rapid wetting at every irrigation. Nothing in Standard except on 1 August but model also showed this.

16 Wetting across bed

17 Infiltration across bed after 2 hours: Standard irrigation, 18 mm, 26 July

18 Infiltration across bed after 2 hours: Over-water irrigation, 27 mm, 1 August

19 Infiltration: 17 mm 27 mm

20 Ground cover N * Irrig: ground covers May 02-Jun 23-Jun 14-Jul 04-Aug 25-Aug Std Irrig, Split N Std Irrig, seedbed N Freq Irrig, Split N Freq Irrig, seedbed N O-water Irrig, Split N O-water Irrig, seedbed N

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22 Ground cover Irrig timing: ground covers May 02-Jun 23-Jun 14-Jul 04-Aug 25-Aug Standard Delayed-start

23 N * Irrig: yield (irrigation means) Irrig N Stems (000/ha) Tubers >10 mm (000/ha) Tubers <40 mm (000/ha) Yield >40 mm (t/ha) >90 mm length DM DM yield (t/ha) Std 76 (± 7.0) 405 (± 34.5) 89 (± 19.9) 68.7 (± 4.62) 94 (± 1.4) 22.3 (± 0.41) 15.8 (± 1.29) Freq 64 (± 5.5) 319 (± 41.6) 37 (± 11.9) 70.8 (± 5.57) 92 (± 3.1) 22.3 (± 0.41) 16.1 (± 1.42) O-water 76 (± 15.6) 426 (± 102.0) 90 (± 51.5) 67.4 (± 5.52) 91 (± 6.4) 21.5 (± 0.81) 14.5 (± 1.87)

24 Irrig Timing: yield Irrig Stems (000/ha) Tubers >10 mm (000/ha) Tubers <40 mm (000/ha) Yield >40 mm (t/ha) >90 mm length DM DM yield (t/ha) Std 82 (± 9.9) 385 (± 46.3) 67 (± 19.2) 70.9 (± 1.79) 93 (± 3.4) 22.3 (± 1.56) 16.2 (± 1.56) Delayed start 86 (± 4.2) 397 (± 13.8) 67 (± 5.7) 75.5 (± 2.23) 89 (± 0.4) 22.8 (± 0.86) 17.2 (± 0.77)

25 N * Irrig: quality (irrigation means) Irrig Greens Cracks Dolls Brown centre Hollow heart Fry colour (USDA) Std 0 (± 1.0) 5 (± 4.5) 3 (± 2.8) 15 (± 4.5) 8 (± 13.3) n/a Freq 2 (± 3.2) 3 (± 1.8) 3 (± 4.6) 15 (± 6.3) 5 (± 7.7) n/a O-water 0 (± 0.0) 5 (± 2.0) 5 (± 3.5) 18 (± 8.8) 9 (± 10.7) n/a Std 0 (± 0.0) 2 (± 1.2) 2 (± 1.2) 13 (± 5.8) 8 (± 14.4) n/a Delayed start 0 (± 0.6) 1 (± 0.7) 0 (± 0.0) 17 (± 15.3) 3 (± 5.8) n/a

26 N * Irrig: quality: worst dolling/cracking in OW

27 N * Irrig: quality: worst BC/HH in frequent

28 Summary No effect of irrigation regime (rate or timing) on ground cover development or duration No effect of irrigation regime on yield or quality Twice frequency irrigation: no effect Delayed start: no effect Over watering did not advance canopy senescence or increase internal defects or misshapes but did decrease [DM]

29 Common scab

30 Maximum SMD (mm) for common scab control in different varietal scheduling groups (AHDB R448) Notes: SMD for top 25 cm of ridge and stone-free ridge profile. This can be calculated by water balance ( model ), directly measured or converted from soil water tension. Marabel and Safari: tentative. Excessively cloddy soils may need to be maintained at a smaller SMD. Values in () are the rankings for common scab resistance in Potato Council Variety Database. 1 = most susceptible, 9 =fully resistant. Group 1. Susceptible 2. Intermediate 3. Resistant Varieties Maris Piper(1) Maris Peer (5) Charlotte (4) Desiree (4) Estima (6) Exquisa Flair King Edward (7) Marabel Melody (7) Nectar (6) Rooster (6) Sylvana (7) Safari (4) Venezia Bute (4) Electra (8) Elfe Jelly (6) Lanorma (7) Orchestra (8) Perline Regina Vales Sovereign (7) Volare (5) Soil texture Vivaldi (5) Sand Loamy Sand Sandy Loam Sandy Silt Loam Silt Loam Clay Loam/Clay

31 SMD/Irrigation/Drainage (mm) Daily water use (mm) Packing scab: soil moisture deficits 60 Standard 15 mm May 11-Jun 02-Jul 23-Jul 13-Aug SMD Limiting Scab Irrig Drain PotETp ActETp

32 SMD/Irrigation/Drainage (mm) Daily water use (mm) Packing scab: soil moisture deficits 60 Half-frequency 25 mm May 11-Jun 02-Jul 23-Jul 13-Aug SMD Limiting Scab Irrig Drain PotETp ActETp

33 Tuber initiation (TI)

34 txta (copies/g) txta (copies/g) Pathogenic Streptomyces populations 1.6E+05 Maris Piper 1.2E E+04 Rainfed Scheduled Over-irrigated 4.0E E E Weeks after tuber Vales initiation Sovereign 1.2E E+04 Rainfed Scheduled Over-irrigated 4.0E E Weeks after tuber initiation

35 Packing scab: emergence / TI Emergence TI (Days) 50 % First to 50 % First to 90 % 50 % Estima Jelly Juliette Lanorma Leontine Maris Peer Maris Piper Melody Nectar Red Fantasy Rooster Saxon Soraya Vales Sovereign Mean Most 17 ± 2

36 Packing demonstration: common and powdery scab Common scab Greening Cracking Powdery scab Variety SMD Incidence Packable Severity (% SA) Incidence Incidence Incidence Cankerous Estima Jelly Juliette Lanorma Leontine M Peer M Piper Melody Nectar Red Fantasy Rooster Saxon Soraya V Sovereign

37 Maris Piper 10 mm SMD 20 mm SMD

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39 Summary Maris Piper worse common scab with infrequent irrigation, slightly worse in Leontine and Red Fantasy Melody slightly better common scab with infrequent irrigation Powdery scab increased with frequent irrigation Cracking increased with frequent irrigation Emergence period short except for Vales Sovereign Very short emergence-ti in Leontine, long in Red Fantasy

40 Nitrogen

41 Trials conducted by NIAB CUF N * Irrigation (sandy loam, 80 % S, 13 % C) N (260 kg) Standard Split N All N in seedbed Irrigation Standard (15 15 mm SMD) Frequent (2 x 8 mm rather than 15 mm dose) Over-water (25 15 mm SMD) Sulphur (sponsored by CUPGRA)

42 N treatments (260 kg/ha total) Standard split N 20 kg N as DAP 24 March 80 kg N as Chafer N30+S 24 March 80 kg N as Chafer N30+S 10 May 80 kg N as Extran 16 June 30 kg N considered as a top up due to rain, but not applied Seedbed N 20 kg N as DAP 24 March 240 kg N as Chafer N30+S 24 March

43 Ground cover N * Irrig: ground covers May 02-Jun 23-Jun 14-Jul 04-Aug 25-Aug Std Irrig, Split N Std Irrig, seedbed N Freq Irrig, Split N Freq Irrig, seedbed N O-water Irrig, Split N O-water Irrig, seedbed N

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45 N * Irrig: yield (all treatments) Irrig N Stems (000/ha) Tubers >10 mm (000/ha) Tubers <40 mm (000/ha) Yield >40 mm (t/ha) >90 mm length DM DM yield (t/ha) Std Split 76 (± 1.6) 414 (± 23.9) 99 (± 11.4) 66.8 (± 3.46) 93 (± 1.1) 21.8 (± 0.11) 15.0 (± 0.69) Seedbed 76 (± 12.3) 396 (± 45.1) 79 (± 28.4) 70.6 (± 5.78) 94 (± 1.7) 22.8 (± 0.72) 16.6 (± 1.88) Freq Split 67 (± 6.9) 352 (± 35.3) 42 (± 9.6) 73.2 (± 10.05) 89 (± 3.7) 22.7 (± 0.49) 16.9 (± 2.40) Seedbed 61 (± 4.2) 287 (± 47.9) 33 (± 14.2) 68.4 (± 1.08) 95 (± 2.4) 21.9 (± 0.34) 15.2 (± 0.44) O-water Split 77 (± 18.2) 512 (± 129.0) 136 (± 61.2) 64.7 (± 9.05) 89 (± 9.5) 21.4 (± 1.19) 14.6 (± 2.95) Seedbed 75 (± 12.9) 340 (± 75.1) 45 (± 41.8) 65.9 (± 1.99) 93 (± 3.2) 21.7 (± 0.44) 14.5 (± 0.79)

46 N * Irrig: yield (N means) Irrig N Stems (000/ha) Tubers >10 mm (000/ha) Tubers <40 mm (000/ha) Yield >40 mm (t/ha) >90 mm length DM DM yield (t/ha) Split N 73 (± 8.9) 426 (± 62.7) 92 (± 27.4) 68.2 (± 7.52) 90 (± 4.8) 22.0 (± 0.59) 15.5 (± 2.01) Seedbed 70 (± 9.8) 341 (± 56.0) 52 (± 28.1) 68.3 (± 2.95) 94 (± 2.4) 22.1 (± 0.50) 15.4 (± 1.04)

47 N * Irrig: quality (Irrig and N means) Irrig N Greens Cracks Dolls Brown centre Hollow heart Fry colour (USDA) Split N 0 (±0.9) 3 (± 1.6) 3 (± 4.1) 17 (± 4.3) 8 (± 10.3) n/a Seedbed 1 (± 2.6) 6 (± 3.3) 4 (± 3.0) 15 (± 8.3) 7 (± 10.9) n/a

48 Soil mineral N from soil cores

49 Soil NO 3 sensors (Tony Millar, JIC + Agrii)

50 Cumulative rain, irrigation and drainage (mm) Water input and drainage SPot Farm East Elveden Standard irrigation and standard N application Rain Rain + Irrigation Drainage below 60 cm 433 mm 273 mm - 96 mm Apr 1 May 31 May 30 Jun 30 Jul 29 Aug 28 Sep Planting Emergence 55 DAE 50

51 Cumulative rain, irrigation and drainage (mm) Water input and drainage SPot Farm East Elveden Over-watered and all N in seedbed Rain Rain + Irrigation Drainage below 60 cm 532 mm 273 mm mm 1 Apr 1 May 31 May 30 Jun 30 Jul 29 Aug 28 Sep Planting Emergence 55 DAE 51

52 Ground cover Effect of N and water application strategy on yield. Russet Burbank, SPot Farm East Elveden Standard Irrigation Standard Split N Over-watered Irrigation All N in Seedbed Standard Irrigation standard split N Over-watered all N in seedbed Total FW yield (t/ha) 68.9 ± ± May 1 Jun 2 Jul 2 Aug 2 Sep 3 Oct NB Unreplicated strips 52

53 Nitrogen leached below 60m cm (kg N/ha) Effect of rainfall and irrigation strategy on estimates of N leaching at SPot Farm East Over watered and 260 kg N/ha in seedbed Up to 55 days after emergence and assuming no N uptake by the crop, potential leaching losses were c. 53 kg N/ha Drainage below 60 cm (mm)

54 Summary No effect of nitrogen placement or timing on ground cover development or duration No effect of nitrogen regime on yield or quality Less soil nitrogen at cm at harvest in over watered than in standard irrigation

55 Sulphur CUPGRA

56 Ground cover Sulphur: ground covers No S AS S + AN May 02-Jun 23-Jun 14-Jul 04-Aug 25-Aug

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58 Sulphur: petiole sap test 11 August (mg/l) Treatment S NH4 NO3 P K Mg Mn Mo No S AS AN + S S.E. (14 D.F.) AS > No S

59 Sulphur: yield Treatment Stems (000/ha) Tubers >10 mm (000/ha) Yield >40 mm (t/ha) >90 mm length No S AS S + AN DM DM yield (t/ha) S.E. (14 D.F.)

60 Sulphur: quality Irrig Greens Cracks Dolls Brown centre Hollow heart No S n/a AS n/a S + AN n/a S.E. (14 D.F.) Fry colour (USDA)

61 Summary No effect of S!

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