master plan D 3A HAWAII VOLCANO E S NATIONAL PARK HAWAII oay 1//i/

Transcription

1 //i/ oay maser plan. D 3A r HAWA VOLCANO E S NATONAL PARK HAWA

2 RECOMMENDED: Superinend n, Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park dae APPROVED: Regional Direcor, Wesern Region dae

3 i i -- ^ -4TH \- _ -. _,Z^ - - g.!^ s^ ' x'7 A, HAWA VOLCANOES NATONAL PARK CONTENTS nroducion / Regional Environmen / 2 The Park and s Resources / Planning Consideraions / 26 Fuure Managemen and Use / 40 The Plan / 45 Aooendix / 67

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5 e ' f NTRODUCTON Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park conains wihin is boundaries wo of he mos acive volcanoes in he world, Mauna Loa and Kilauea. These along wih he numerous hisoric, archeological and biological resources, some in serious danger of deerioraion, require paricular care in managemen and planning o guaranee ha hey will coninue o be available as par of he Naion's culural heriage for he benefi and enjoymen of is ciizens. -- Unique o his paricular park is volcanic research, for i is equal in imporance o he conservaion-public use aspec common o oher unis in he Naional Park Sysem. This repor seeks o deermine wha he fuure of Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park shall be: is appropriae public uses; wha addiional lands migh be needed o furher he purposes of he park; how research, boh by he Naional Park Service and U.S. Geological Survey, shall augmen he informaion already available; how he park's fragile biologic resources can bes be proeced; and wha ype of developmen is necessary o suppor hese programs.

6 2 f REGONAL ENVR O NMENT The sland of Hawaii- someimes called he Big ls!and-lies a he souheas end of a chain of islands exending nearly 2, 000 miles across he norh-cenral Pacific. These islands, 24 including isles and aolls, are he emerged peaks of a remendous volcanic mounain range rising from he ocean floor. There are only 8 main islands, and hese, locaed a he souheas end of he chain, form he group commonly known as he Hawaiian slands. Long exolled in ouris promoional programs for heir pleasan climae, romanic hisory, exoic peoples, unusual scenery, and recreaion opporuniies, he-hawaiian slands have become a vacaion dream for many "mainlanders." As air fares decrease and personal incomes rise, visiaion o he islands has increased dramaically. From less han half a million in 960 he 974 visiaion is over 2.5 million. The Big sland has also shared in his increase, less han quarer of a million in 960 o 730,000 in 974. The primary ouris desinaion is he sland of Oahu wih he Sae's major urban complex cenered around Honolulu, Waikiki Beach, he bulk of hoel accommodaions, and he only inernaional air erminal. From Oahu, Hawaii and he oher neighbor islands are only a shor fligh. A f

7 e ACCESS Access o he Sae is almos enirely by air. Jeliners arriving from Norh America, Ausralia, New Zealand, and he Orien make Honolulu one of he world's busies airpors. Use of he Big sland's airpor a Hilo by scheduled airlines operaing from Wes Coas ciies commenced in 967. Boa ravel, previously an imporan means of access, has dropped o near zero as compared o he faser air ravel, paricularly as newer je aircraf carrying up o 370 firs- and economyclass passengers began operaion a few years ago. ner- island airlines make abou 30 scheduled flighs daily o he Big sland erminals of Hilo, Waimea, and Kona. Visiors wih limied ime may arrive and leave he same day-from a differen airpor if hey desire. The Big sland is included on one-day air ours originaing in Honolulu which permi shor sops and provide excellen aerial coverage wih in-fligh informaional alks. An iner-island auo ferry sysem is planned bu is no ye in operaion. Kauai!/ Niihau *% \ Oahu P A C F C F^'^ `` CAo The Orien _^^ ' and Ausralia ^Lan^ k `i Kahoolawe_ ^--_ -, -5., 3 s o C F A N NORTH NTER-SLAND ARLNES OVERSEAS ARLNES iiiiiiiiihnnekiraw Scale in Miles ACCESS TO HAWA

8 4 nra-island circulaion is by ground and air ransporaion cenered around Hilo, Waimea, and Kona. Cars and pickup campers may be rened. Commercial ours are available by bus and our car. Air axis fly visiors o oher airsrips. Curren access o Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park is generally saisfacory, excep for he fac ha much of he Chain of Craers Road has been covered wih new lava in he pas few years. Previous o his, he Golden Triangle was a popular loop rip from Hilo o Kalapana and Kilauea Volcano. The "Bel Road," consising of Sae Highways and 9, makes a general loop around he island and provides he main surface roue beween owns and communiies for commercial and visior use. passes hrough Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park near park headquarers and is conneced o Ciy of Refuge Naional Hisorical Park by an excellen secondary highway. The Sae plans o upgrade he enire bel road sysem o a highspeed sandard. POPULATON Alhough he Sae of Hawaii ranks 5h among he 50 saes in populaion densiy (approximaely 00 persons per square mile), he sland of Hawaii is sill sparsely populaed wih only 5 persons per square mile. The Sae populaion has coninually increased, while he Big sland populaion decreased for a number of years because of he mechanizaion of agriculure and he loss of some indusry. This decline is over, however, and a growh period has apparenly sared. Mos of his growh will ake place in he resor regions on Hawaii's dry wes coasline, where a new road alon g he coas beween Keahole -+vi an d K.avvuni aihc. a will ^^u i open up addiional land for homes and resors. Mos of he island's residens already live near he coas, abou half being concenraed in and around Hilo Couny Census Census Census Predicion Hawaii 68,350 6,332 63,468 69,486 Honolulu 353, , , ,000 Kauai 29,905 28,76 29,76 32,242 Maui 48,59 42, ,56 54,798 Sae Toal 499, ,72 769,93,086,526

9 a 5 A NORTH PROPOSED HGHWAYS (Porions under Conrac) Scale in Miles sland Hawaii of

10 6 LAND CHARACTER AND USE Land use, boh exising and poenial, is closely relaed o he island environmen, which varies widely in desirabiliy. The generally smooh and genly sloping opography is relaed o he lava flows originaing from he five volcanoes which creaed he island. Because Hawaii is a young island wih many fresh lava flows, much of he land is sill barren. Climae is largely he produc of he prevailing rade winds, high mounain masses, and elevaion. The annual emperaure averages a balmy 75-degree F. a sea level, bu freezing winer weaher is o be expeced on he snowy summis of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea where elevaions exceed 3,000 fee above sea level. The easern side of Hawaii inerceps he moisure-laden rade winds ha encourage lush humid rain foress and commercial sugarcane producion, he chief indusry of he island. Hawaii also has he only coffee indusry in he Unied Saes, he world's larges commercial orchid-growing cener, and produces papayas, macadamia nus, and ropical flowers for local use and expor. n addiion, here are exensive grass and scrub areas used for grazing livesock. Even so, large areas of he island are sill in undeveloped foress and barren lava fields. Under he Sae's "Greenbel" Law, all land in Hawaii is classified ino four major land-use disrics; urban, rural, agriculure, and conservaion, as deermined by he Sae Land-Use Commission. This law provides some assurance ha land will be used for is bes purpose and ha developmen will be compaible wih he uses permied wihin he four caegories. The counies regulae inernal zoning in he urban, agriculural, and rural disrics; he Sae Deparmen of Land and Naural Resources regulaes use in he conservaion disrics. Oudoor recreaion and he preservaion of naural resources and culural values are considered in adminisering he Sae Land-Use Law. The law saes ha, "Conservaion disrics shall include areas necessary for proecing waershed and waer resources; preserving scenic areas; providing park lands, wilderness and beach reserves; conserving endemic plans, fish, and wildlife; prevening floods and soil erosion; foresry and oher relaed aciviies; and oher permied uses no derimenal o a mulipleuse conservaion concep." Hawaii's abundan recreaional opporuniies are largely undeveloped. The island's 266 miles of coasline, is varied opography and vas areas of wild lands comprise a raw resource adapable for swimming, surfing, fishing, boaing, hiking, horseback riding, huning, camping, and picnicking. Coasal-oriened recreaion holds he greaes appeal for visiors, bu island residens are ineresed also in oher aciviies. Some even seek Mauna Kea's snowy summi for skiing.

11 l NATURAL AREAS, PARKS, and FOREST RESERVES adjacen o HAWA VOLCANOES NATONAL PARK 4 NORTH Scale in Miles n Sae owned Fores Reserves Proposed Sae Naural Areas Couny Parks Sae Parks Proposed Hualalai exension o Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park r Privaely -owned land auhorized and proposed for addiion o Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park 24 80,009 AUG. 75 WRO-PD

12 G 0GEAN o NORTH io LAND USE ALLOCATON of lands adjacen o Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park Scale in Miles AGRCULTURAL ncludes inensive, exensive agriculural and orchards URBAN ncludes indusrial, and resor medium and low densiy urban CONSERVATON 24 80,008 AUG. 75 WRO-PD

13 a Paradoxically, Hawaii has relaively few swimming beaches. Mos are on he wes coas beween Kailua and Kawaihae where here are abou six small sandy coves. Sand, however, is no essenial for swimming. Rocky coves and bays offer excellen possibiliies for snorkeling or scuba diving o view ropical fish and coral. Hawaii is also rich in he sies and evens which led o he founding of he hisoric Kingdom of Hawaii, he poliical ancesor of he modern Sae. Sae and couny parks have been esablished for a variey of hisoric, scenic, scienific, and recreaional sies, bu privae enerprise is also making indispensable conribuions oward he recreaional use of Hawaii. Wihou accommodaions, here could be lile nonresiden use of he recreaional resources. Specacular resor hoels have been buil where hey provide access o beaches or scenic views of he coas. Some more isolaed resors have complee recreaion complexes including golf courses, swimming pools, ennis cours, and equesrian rails. The number of such accommodaions coninues o increase. The Big sland had 2,88 hoel rooms in 968. This increased o 5,390 in 974 and more are planned. The major concenraion is a Kailua, Kona (abou 3,080 rooms), bu fuure expansion will likely spread along he coas from a lile souh of Kailua o he Kawaihae-Waimea area. There is lile resor developmen adjacen o Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park, excep along he coas, and even his is no likely o reach he proporions of he Kona developmen. On he adjacen mauka or upland areas, land ype and use varies. Near he park's Mauna Loa srip here are barren lava flows a high elevaions and scrub fores below. Grazing is he only curren use. Grass and scrub grazing lands also lie wes of he park's Kilauea secion. The more humid foress are coniguous wih mos of he easern boundary. Adjacen lands are primarily owned by rus esae or he Sae of Hawaii. Beween he Kilauea secion and he Olaa Fores Trac are esae lands leased for small homesies, agriculure, and a golf course. The balance of he rac is surrounded by fores and grazing lands. There is considerable subdivision aciviy close o he boundary in he Kalapana secion. A Punaluu, a few miles souhwes of he park, C. Brewer is developing a major resor area wih golf course, resauran, hoel, condominiums, and house los. This developmen, called Seamounain Ninole, complimens heir concession faciliies wihin he park and provides an alernaive o subsanial expansion of he Volcano House wihin he park. 9

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15 C THE PARK, and TS RESOURCES Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes are he dominan feaures of he park. Surrounded by recen lava flow maerials and unique endemic plan communiies, hese are dynamic landforms where new lava flows can drasically change he landscape. ndeed, recen erupions in he Mauna Ulu viciniy have covered many acres wih lava up o 300 fee deep, creaed new land where flows ener he ocean, and buil up a new mounain where none exised before. Mauna Loa and Kilauea are he mos sudied and bes undersood volcanoes in he world. The favorable opporuniies afforded by Hawaiian volcanoes for fundamenal and deailed research are no duplicaed or even approached in any oher park of he world. The program of sudy is under he direcion of U.S. Geological Survey scieniss. And Kilauea is perhaps he mos safe and accessible acive volcano for people o see. This dual role makes he park exremely valuable for boh research and sighseeing. Mauna Loa, above he emperaure inversion level, has unusually clean air offering an excepional opporuniy for sudies relaed o conaminaion rends of he earh's upper air envelope. Wih he arrival of European civilizaion o he sland of Hawaii wo hundred years ago, he fragile naive bioa of he islands was disurbed. Some of hese changes have been almos caasrophic wih regard o cerain plan and animal species; bu o he uniniiaed visior hese changes are no readily apparen, so ha o hem he park appears o be much he same oday as i did when man firs saw he magnificen displays of volcanism, he grea fern foress and he superb views along he seacoas and up he palis (cliffs).

16 2 GEOLOGY Park lands encompass he summi and par of he souheas flank of Mauna Loa Volcano and almos a hird of Kilauea Volcano. These broad, fla volcanic domes rarely explode, bu do send up founains of molen rock hundreds of fee ino he air. Erupions generally occur in calderas (huge collapsed depressions in he summi) or along he rif zones on he flanks of he volcanoes. Kilauea is he mos acive volcano in he world; i achieved fame because of an almos coninuously acive lake of liquid lava in Halemaumau during he 9h cenury and he early par of he 20h cenury. From 952 o 974 Kilauea has had 25 differen erupions originaing from Halemaumau, he caldera floor, he eas rif, and he souhwes rif. All bu wo of hese erupions have been wihin Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park. n recen years mos of he aciviy has been on he upper eas rif; and since 969 Mauna Ulu, a newly formed shield, has been almos coninuously acive. Throughou hisory, however, Halemaumau has been he principal place of volcanic aciviy. Kilauea's wo main rif zones are defined by large pi craers, cracks, and cinder cones, and is seaward side is bounded by grea faul scarps conrasing wih is oher genle slopes. <;!b ACTVE CALDERAS -=a- EARTH CRACKS s a05 CNDER CONES.mm n,m FAULT SCARPS PT CRATERS c^ MAJOR KPUKAS r! is;;r. RECENT LAVA FLOWS RFT ZONES

17 Lava flows, devasaed areas, and seam cracks show old and new aciviy. Seam issues from he ground a many places in and around Kilauea caldera and along he Chain of Craers. l Mauna Loa is a massive, fla-domed shield volcano buil by layer upon layer of lava and is recognized as he bes example of is ype in he world. Exending from abou 20, 000 fee below sea level o 3,677 fee above, i is one of he world ' s greaes mounains. s upper slopes, along is wo principal rif zones, conain exensive, recen flows ha are sark, picuresque, bare, and forbidding. Since man has wached i, Mauna Loa has been inermienly acive, wih periods of quie ranging from a few monhs o more han 20 years. Many of is erupions are confined o he caldera of Mokuaweoweo ; along one of he rif lava flows ha may reach he sea. ohers burs forh from fissures zones on he flanks of he mounain and feed Boh Kilauea and Mauna Loa are young volcanoes, for heir growh keeps well ahead of erosion. Geologiss calculae from is presen growh ha Mauna Loa could have been formed wihin he las million years. 3 r

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19 a 5 VEGETATON Hawaiian flora is quie young in comparison o coninenal sysems. And i is believed ha endemics evolved wih lile compeiion, paricularly since mos plan communiies possess numerous niches -ha-were- never-filled-by naive species. -The resul is ha Hawaiian vegeaion was especially vulnerable o srucural and composiion change when highly compeiive species were inroduced. Wih an elevaion range from sea level o 3,677 fee and a precipiaion spread from 5 o 00 inches of rain annually, here is wihin he park a wide range of 23 disinc vegeaive ypes-from lush rain fores jungle o he sparse vegeaion of he Kau Deser, a few miles o he souhwes. Some naive species are endemic only o a single valley or mounain slope. Dense ohia and fern "rain foress" exis in areas of heavy rainfall. n drier areas, he fores opens ino savannah conaining mixures of ohia and koa rees, and in he oher areas here is only low scrub and open grasslands. The Kau Deser is nearly barren, as is much of he coas. Some rarer plans, such as varieies of hibiscus (Hibiscadelphus), are found in kipukas (older areas ha have been surrounded by more recen lava flows). They can be readily recognized as islands of denser vegeaion in sparsely vegeaed areas. Kipukas represen somewha simplified ecosysems suiable for sudying inegral ecological relaionships. Here isolaion of small populaions provides opporuniies for evoluionary sudy. The park's wo bes known kipukas, Kipuka Puaulu, popularly known as "Bird Park," and nearby Kipuka Ki, conain unique and complex composiions of plan species and are judged o be "of grea age." During he Polynesian colonizaion period, several non-naive plans were released ino he naive vegeaion. n a relaively shor period, some of hese became securely esablished. The appearance of Wesern man, near he close of he 8h cenury, marks he beginning of mass inroducion of highly compeiive

20 6 and aggressive species (guava, ibouchina, lanana, haole koa and kiawe). Furher, here was direc removal or aleraion of he naive fores for sugarcane, pineapple, and ranching aciviies, plus he inroducion of feral goas, mongoose and pigs. Exoic plans, paricularly grasses, have invaded all disurbed areas and ecological niches wihin he park. Secions of he Mauna Loa Srip were mos obviously affeced by domesic sock. This aciviy has sopped and he vegeaion is now recovering. Even he compleely naural phenomenon of volcanic aciviy has desroyed some naive vegeaion. Recen flows have almos compleely wiped ou Naulu Fores, a small enclave of rare.naive species along he Chain of Craers Road. Forunaely, significan large areas of original vegeaion sill remain inac and many individual rare naive plans sill exis wihin he park. The mos imporan fores ype is in he Olaa Fores rac, an area of almos 0,000 acres, which is probably he larges remaining rac of virgin ohia and fern fores in he Hawaiian slands. This rac has been recognized by he Sociey of American Foresers as a "naural area," he bes example of is ype. A Bird Park, many rare naive plans have been replaned in an effor o keep hem from exincion, including one of he world's rares rees, he "hula Kuahiwi," or Hibiscadelphus Giffardianus. A he Naulu Fores here were oher species of rare naive plans clusered in a small area. RAN FOREST SAVANNAH? OPEN FOREST SCRUB GRASSLAND BARREN VEGETATVE TYPES

21 7 r ANMAL LFE Birds are he mos imporan aspec of he park's wildlife. Unforunaely, several endemic species have become exinc wihin he park and elsewhere on he island because of many pracices which disurb naive habias. Furher, inroduced birds are especially derimenal o he highly specialized Hawaiian honeycreeper family (Drepaniidae), which are of special ineres o ornihologiss and evoluioniss. ncluded in his group are he apapane and iiwi (common); amakihi (scarce); and creeper, akepa, ou, and akiapolaau (all recognized as endangered species). Besides he honeycreepers, oher endemic birds which range hroughou he park are pueo (owl), amao (hrush), and elepaio (flycacher). lo (hawk) and nene (goose) are found wihin he park, and are alcn icari by C n ac " anrinnnarari "

22 8 The nene was once close o exincion bu now appears o be ou of immediae danger as he resul of he effors of many ineresed agencies and individuals. They once inhabied he lower coasal secion of he park during heir nesing period, bu man's huning and ranching aciviies, he deadly predaions of mongooses, cas, and dogs, and he disurbances of goas and pigs have eliminaed nene populaions below 5, 000 fee. There are six species of migran sea birds including he endangered dark-rumped perel, whie-ailed ropic bird, American golden plover, ruddy urnsone, wandering aler, and whie-capped noddy. Exoic bird species are he California quail, chukar, ring-necked pheasan, Japanese blue pheasan, spoed dove, barred dove, skylark, Chinese hrush, red-billed leiohrix, mynah, whie-eye, ricebird, house sparrow, cardinal, and house finch. The Hawaiian ba is he only naive land mammal. Feral goas have, in he pas, buil up high populaions in he open, drier coasal and high mounain secions of he park despie longerm reducion effors. Recen feral goa populaions in he 0,000 o 20,000 range have been grealy reduced hrough vigorous annual reducion programs which have removed some 4,000 animals each year. r The pig was brough o he Hawaiian slands by he Polynesians during heir early migraions. These, mixed wih laer European varieies, produced he srain of pigs ha now inhabi he weer foress and savannahs. Feral goas, mongoose, and pigs have done grea damage o he park vegeaion and hirrdlife o an exen ha canno be accuraely assessed wihou a coninuing and exensive research program. Pigs have engendered he spread of exoic plans by carrying seed and scarifying he ground. Heavy goa browsing denudes he landscape of shrubs and prevens he regeneraion of many naive plan species. No fish are found wihin he park, bu here are excellen opporuniies o view and sudy he colorful fish populaions along he park's 30-mile coasline. Coral reefs are limied o a small area near Halape where common reef fishes include he squirrel fish, buerfly fish, Moorish idol, surgeonfish, rigger fish, and several kinds of eel. Opihi, a species of limpe, found on he surf-washed lava cliffs, is an imporan local delicacy.

23 9 NATVE SPECES Hawaiian Owl Tropic Bird Honeycreeper Golden Plover Hawaiian Hawk NATVE and NON-NATVE BRDS FERAL GOATS and FERAL PGS

24 2 0 HSTORY AND ARCHEOLOGY Land wihin he naional park, especially he coasal region, is rich in remains lef by he ancien Hawaiians--heiau ruins, house plaforms, sone walls of canoe sheds, pens and corrals, graves, sheler caves, peroglyphs, paved rails, and agriculural areas. Many are wihin easy reach of he former Kalapana/Chain of Craers Road. Ohers are scaered along ha secion of coas accessible only by rail and o a lesser exen, inland. The people who lived here were mainly fishermen and farmers, and in he uplands some were bird huners. Habiaion required special adapaion o severe environmenal condiions and reveals he versailiy and ingenuiy of he Hawaiians. Archeological surveys were underaken in Museum, under he direcion of Dr. Kenneh P. 959 when he Bishop Emory, made he firs exensive field survey. A second survey was made beween 963 and 965, which coninued he assessmen of he park ' s archeological resources and suggesed avenues along which more deailed invesigaions migh proceed. These surveys recorded 380 sies. Beween 962 and 968, several small sies were salvaged as par of he Chain of Craers Road projec. There are wihin he park a variey of archeological resources, unique in several ways. Furhermore, here is evidence ha mans aspecs of Hawaiian hisory can bes be invesigaed in his paricular complex of sies. Several deserving of special menion are discussed below.

25 Wahaula Heiau--Red Mouh Temple--is repored o have been esablished and consruced in 275. Kailiili village, nearby, probably suppored he emple. These are he mos imporan archeological sies in he park. The heiau is one of he mos significan in he Hawaiian islands, as i is imporan in he sory of Paao and he inroducion of he heiau luakini and he riual worship of he major gods ha characerized Hawaiian ceremonial worship. is in remarkably fine condiion and has an impressive appearance. Sie 9 is a small cave sheler wes of Kailiili village near he coas which was used by he ancien Hawaiians as a sheler and an occasional overnigh campsie. Kamoamoa Village sie represens an area where wo periods of occupaion appear o be superimposed. The ancien village appears o be farher back from he shore and he laer (hisoric) developmen oward he ocean. The Puu- Loa peroglyph field, abou /2 acre in exen, is he larges concenraion of "rock carvings" in he park, and one of he hree larges in he Hawaiian slands. Many of he peroglyphs are ancien, as hey have been almos compleely oblieraed by successive drawings and erosion. The forms are mainly dos wih rings, human figures, sails, and circles wih aached lines. Kealakomo was perhaps he larges village on he Puna Coas in ancien imes. was also he hub of a number of rails: coasal and inland, ancien and pos-european. Unforunaely his sie was covered by fresh lava in The aforemenioned and numerous addiional sies are a rich source of research maerial dealing wih ancien Polynesian culure and he ransiion o modern imes. Many scaered sies are locaed along he coas. 2 Capain James Cook, R.N., discovered Hawaii for he Wesern World in 778 and died a Kealakekua Bay in 779. His ship navigaed offshore from wha is now Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park, rading wih he Hawaiians of Puna, and Kau, exchanging nails, beads, and cloh for pigs, frui, and sal. The hisoric evens ha occurred wihin he park area afer Capain Cook firs viewed he Puna/Kau coas are of value chiefly in heir associaion wih evens ha occurred elsewhere, and in he descripions of he volcano and he coasal Hawaiian habiaion recorded in accouns of early ravelers. An explosive erupion of Kilauea was a hisoric facor in he evenual rise of Kamehameha as ruler of all Hawaii. n 790, while enroue hrough he Kau Deser o bale he forces of Kamehameha, a porion of Keoua's army was desroyed by he volcano. Fossil fooprins of some of he Hawaiian warriors remain oday in he Kau Deser.

26 22 Vancouver ' s nauralis, Archibald Menzies, was he firs Weserner o penerae inland o wha is now he park. He ascended Mauna Loa in he winer of 794, a climb no duplicaed unil L. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. and aides made he climb again in 84. n 823, a band of Chrisian missionaries visied Kilauea and wroe such vivid and widely read descripions ha hereafer Kilauea was of prime scienific ineres as well as a desired visior desinaion. By he 840's, before Yosemie Valley had even been discovered, Kilauea Volcano had become a regular sop for ouriss o Hawaii. They sayed in naive-syle hus unil 866, when he Volcano House was esablished on he caldera rim. The records of Menzies and he Rev. William Ellis in 823, and he officers of HMS Blonde in 824 sared a long lis of amaeur and professional observaions of Hawaii's volcanoes, which formed he basis of volcanic sudy which was formalized in 92 wih he founding of he Hawaiian Volcano Observaory. Hawaiians held he Kilauea summi sacred, and made offerings o he Goddess of-volcanoes--pele; and i was a Halemaumau, he principal ven of Kilauea, ha he image of Pele was weakened in 824 by High Chiefess Kapiolani, a conver o Chrisianiy, who ae ohelo berries wihou he radiional offering. Her acion did much o weaken belief in he old gods and paved he way for a wider accepance of Chrisianiy. Chrisian missionaries based in Hilo buil churches and schools in he mid-800's along wha is now he park's seacoas. Cale, goa, pulu (a fern produc), and ouris enerprises changed he Hawaiian way of life as well as he srucures of he villages. The now abandoned villages represen Wesern influences grafed ono he radiional Hawaiian culure. Only ouris aciviy and scienific invesigaion on Kilauea's rim have survived. Two relaively recen hisoric sies have been idenified. One is he "Old Volcano House" of 877, which sill sands. The second is he Keauhou Landing Sie which for a ime in he middle 800's was a landing for ouriss coming o he Kilauea volcano. The landing and village were virually desroyed by he 868 sunami (idal wave ha desroyed whole villages along he Puna/Kau Coas). A few coconu rees and remains of he old wharf are all ha is lef of wha was once a fairly large village and seamship por. A hird hisoric sie of some significance, a pulu facory ruin, is locaed on he rail beween Makaopuhi and Napau Craers.

27 23 -- Several properies wihin Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park are now on he Naional Regiser of Hisoric Places: he Wilkes Campsie and he old Ainapo Trail, he Puna/Kau Hisoric Disric, he fooprins area, Kilauea Craer, Whiney Seismograph Vaul, and he Old Volcano House. The Mauna Loa Trail is nominaed and declared eligible for he Naional Regiser. These sies are noed on he map on page 24. The Puna/Kau Hisoric Disric includes previously described Wahaula Heiau, Kailiili Village, Sie 9, Kamoamoa Village, Puu Loa peroglyph field, Kealakomo, pulu facory ruins, and Keauhou Landina Sie.

28 24 Mauna Loa Trail - --Ainapo Trail'* j ^. /, HAWA - VOLCANOES Wilkes Campsie Kapiolani defied power of Pele Fooprins;,/OLAA\ RAN \ FOREST y // NATONA L /j-whiney Seismograph Vaul Kilauea Cra er of craers PARK - -^, Sie of Pulu Facory / ^P / Puu Loa4 Kamoamoa Puna Kau-Hisoric Disric o^ Keauhou Landing K ailiili --4 Wahaula C, X SCALE N MLES Hisory and Archeology STES ON THE NATONAL REGSTER OF HSTORC PLACES OR DECLARED ELGBLE Z4 S00, w r0 Ju -s

29 VSTOR-USE POTENTAL The park encompasses a variey of errain beween sea level and 3, 680 fee, wih a wide range of climaic condiions. Bu few areas are suiable for aciviies such as hiking, riding, and naure sudy. Lava flows and oher volcanic feaures cover a major par of he park, and here is no naural waer source. The 30 miles of seacoas wihin he park are exremely rough wih shore cliffs up o 00 fee, sparse vegeaion, and a dry, windy climae. There are a half-dozen rail access poins o he ocean along he enire park coas. The areas of heavies rainfall are covered wih dense rain fores, are difficul of access, and conain imporan ecological values. These areas are sensiive o he disurbances caused by developmen and use. 25 A me;

30 26 PLANNNG CONSDERATONS LEGAL A Congressional Ac of Augus, 96 (39 Sa. 432) auhorized Hawaii Naional Park on he slands of Hawaii and Maui in wha was hen he Terriory of Hawaii. The ac gave he Secreary of he nerior auhorizaion o permi he erecion and mainenance of buildings in he park for scienific purposes. Subsequen acs exended he boundaries of he park: Ac of May, 922 (42 Sa. 503); Ac of February 2, 927 (44 Sa. 087); Ac of April, 928 (45 Sa. 424); and he Ac of June 20, 938 (52 Sa. 78). The park was creaed from federally owned lands and by donaion from he Terriory of Hawaii (laer he Sae). The Ac of February 27, 920 (4 Sa. 452) auhorized he Governor of he Terriory o acquire privaely owned lands and righs-of-way wihin he boundaries of he park. The 938 Ac also had special resricions regarding land acquisiion. saed: Tha he Unied Saes shall no purchase, by appropriaion of public moneys, any land wihin he aforesaid area bu such lands shall be secured by he Unied Saes only by public and privae donaions. The Terriory, and laer, he Sae of Hawaii, acquired mos of hese lands for he Unied Saes hrough donaion, exchange, and condemnaion wih purchase. Furher, secion 3 of he 938 Ac gave he Secreary of he nerior he discreionary auhoriy o allow homesie leases wihin he Kalapana Exension o Hawaiians. also resriced fishing along he coas o naive Hawaiians of he Kalapana area and persons guided by hem. The erm "naive Hawaiian" is defined as any descendan of no less han one-half par of he blood of he races inhabiing he Hawaiian slands previous o 778. Exclusive jurisdicion for park lands was assumed by he Federal Governmen by an Ac of Congress on April 9, 930 (46 Sa. 227). There were also laer amendmens o his ac.

31 The Olaa Fores Trac of 9, acres was obained by donaion of ceded Terriorial lands in 95 and 953 (Execuive Order No. 640 by Terriorial Governor Long, November 28, 952). The Naional Park Service owns and has proecive cusody of he Olaa Fores Trac even hough he land is no coniguous o he park. Under erms of he 938 exension ac, all lands mus be adjacen or coniguous o he exising park before acually becoming par of Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park. Governor Long's execuive order, donaing he Olaa Fores o he Naional Park Service, specified ha he Olaa lands were "... for a naional wilderness area o be under he conrol and managemen of he Naional Park Service..." 27 n 96, Congress changed he designaion of he park on he sland of Hawaii o " Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park," (75 Sa. 577), approved Sepember 22, 96, and creaed a separae naional park, " Haleakala Naional Park," on he sland of Maui. Curren gross park acreage is 29, acres no including new lands added by he recen Mauna Ulu erupions or he Olaa Fores Trac of 9, acres. Of his, 207, is federally owned, and 2,43.42 is privaely owned, and 4 Sae owned. The mos recen land acquisiions, in 972, were Ainahou Ranch of abou 6,324 acres and a small acre parcel near Thurson Lava Tube. n 9 CLMATE Weaher is an imporan influence in deermining he visior-use paern. The climae around Kilauea is oo cool and damp o be conducive o pleasurable overnigh use, paricularly when compared o he warm coasal areas where resors are locaed. n 95, here were only 5 days when no rain fell on he Kilauea area, and mean emperaures range from 50 degrees o 70 degrees Fahrenhei. The accompanying graph indicaes he grea range in emperaures in differen secions of he park. DEGREES FAHRENHET , - EST MATE D COASTAL REGON (SEA LEVEL).ACTUAL KLAUEA SECTON (4,000 FEET) ACTUAL MAUNA LOA SECTON V - (,000 FEET) ESTMATED! MAUNA LOA SECTON (SUMMT 3,000 FEET) TEMPERATURE EXTREMES

32 28 Rainfall varies grealy hroughou he park and from year o year. A paricular year may have 2 o 3 imes as much precipiaion as anoher year. The wees pars of he park are on he norheas or rade wind side of Kilauea. A park headquarers, he average annual precipiaion is 99.9 inches while 2 miles from headquarers on he Kau side of Kilauea Craer, a a similar elevaion, he average is 48 inches. Along he ocean, he rainfall varies from 5 o 60 inches annually. A he summi of Mauna Loa, he average annual rainfall is 5 inches. Snowfall occurs a imes above 9,000 fee where dephs up o a foo have been noed. There generally is a manle of snow on Mauna Loa for several monhs during he winer. Frosline is a abou 5,000 fee. Several special condiions are also worhy of menion. Heavy rainsorms over periods of several days occur wih rainfall amouns up o 5 o 20 inches. Elecrical sorms are infrequen and mild, bu may occur any monh. Srong ropical winds (Kona winds) blow once or wice a year, inflicing damage on buildings and vegeaion and causing minor flooding o he pali secions of he park. The enire park lies wihin he sorm rack of Pacific hurricanes. The norheaserly rades prevail from March o November. Their velociy is generally 0 o 20 miles per hour, wih higher guss in exposed areas. There is also a sunami (idal wave) danger along he low secions of he park coasline. Poins above he 50-foo conour are considered safe. The Civil Defense Agency warns backcounry users of poenial sunami danger as par of he Saewide warning nework. SPECAL CONDTONS The mos obvious condiion unique o Hawaii Volcanoes is, of course, he volcanic erupion. Since 969, aciviy has been almos consan and has covered abou 30 square miles of he park wih new lava includinc abou 0 miles of road, creaed some new land where previously here was ocean, covered many acres of vegeaion, and compleely changed he face of he land in many locaions. Each new erupion or change in erupion paern simulaes new and heavier visiaion and creaes he obvious problem of safey, ofen in areas inaccessible by road or previously no frequened by visiors. Moreover, since 969, erupions have caused 50 o 00 fires per year. Since much of he park is covered by unweahered lava, here is lile soil deph and permeabiliy is excellen. There is soil consising of weahered ash deposis up o several fee in deph a Kipuka Puaulu, Kipuka Ki, and elsewhere on he lower slopes of Mauna Loa. Waer availabiliy is especially significan. Even wih heavy rainfall he waer able is low. Due o he exremely porous fresh lavas,

33 a here are no running sreams in he park and few on he island. Waer for domesic use in he Kilauea area is colleced from exensive rain sheds. Curren annual producion is abou 8 /2 million gallons and is inadequae. Oher dangers are also presen in he park. High surf dashes agains he base of he cliffs, presening a danger o shore fishermen and shellfish gaherers. Volcanic cracks hroughou he Kilauea area make building-sie selecion difficul and are a hazard, especially in heavily vegeaed areas. Waer mains mus be placed above ground o preven rupures from quake aciviy. This same aciviy also causes road damage along park roads. VSTOR USE Visior use a Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park is year-round, 90 percen day use, and increases grealy during periods of volcanic aciviy. is usually more han 00,000 a monh year-round. Toal yearly visiaion has gone from a_ lile over 300,000 in 950 o,400,000 in 972. Paricularly heavy visiaion occurs during erupions, a which ime he concessioner's overnigh faciliies are nearly always full. Park visiaion is essenially from hree basic sources. Over 50 percen are off-island visiors, boh on commercial ours and hose driving renal cars. Oher visiors come from Kilauea Miliary Camp or are local island residens. The majoriy of off-island visiors see he park in organized fours. Kilauea is a major sop on he Hilo-Kona (and reverse) ours. Seven companies serve he park, using -passenger limousines and larger convenional buses. They carried almos 400,000 visiors hrough he park in 972. n he summer,,200 o,500 persons our he park each day; he "off-season" average is abou 800 o,000. The ours are usually in he park beween midmorning and midafernoon and almos all make a lunch sop a he Volcano House, where from 800 o,500 are served each day. 29 The balance of off-island visiors see he park in renal auomobiles. There are presenly abou 500 renal cars available on he island and on he average, 75 percen of he cars rened each day are driven o he park. Residens use he park somewha less han off-island ouriss, bu make up a greaer porion of erupion-viewers. They also come o picnic, sighsee, hike, and, o a limied exen, o camp and fish. The farhes islander resides wihin a 2 /2-hour drive of he park and more han half he 62,000 residens live wihin an hour's drive. Their use is almos enirely during he day.

34 30 Park visiaion increases grealy during periods of volcanic aciviy. Thousands of people flock o he park, mosly beween dusk and midnigh, o see he vivid erupion displays wherever hey occur. Crowds o 20,000 a nigh have winessed he more dramaic erupions. The coninuing rise in park visiaion noed earlier is he resul of he remendous increase in ouris ravel o he Hawaiian slands and he increased populariy of he "Ouer slands." The compleion of he Chain of Craers Road in 965 furher simulaed use by opening a one-day loop rip hrough he park from Hilo. And even when he road was subsequenly closed by an erupion in 969 and sill remains closed, visiaion coninues o increase. The predominan effec of he road closure is he limied use of he Kalapana Coasal area. Limied recreaional resources such as beaches or small bodies of waer, plus he damp cool climae of he Kilauea area grealy limi he usual overnigh camping use associaed wih mos large mainland parks. Local residens end o prefer his aciviy o be associaedwih he island's warm beaches and shoreline where hey will be near opporuniies for fishing and swimming. There are, however, hree small campgrounds wih a oal of 22 sies a Kamoamoa, Kipuka Nene and near Namakani Paio. n 972, hese accommodaed abou 2,500 overnigh visis, more han double wha was recorded in 967. Three ypes of visior overnigh accommodaions are locaed on or near he Kilauea caldera rim. The original Volcano House and is successors have been used by visiors from all over he world since 866. The presen srucure is an 83-gues-capaciy lodge locaed direcly on he Kilauea caldera rim and is operaed by he park's concessioner, C. Brewer Corporaion. The reurn of almos consan erupion aciviy and a recen upgrading of he faciliy have been a leas parially responsible for he grealy increased use. The occupancy rae during he peak monh of Augus 972 was 00 percen. Namakani Paio Campground includes a 0-uni camper cabin faciliy operaed by he park concessioner. was consruced by he Naional Park Service in 965 o provide low-cos overnigh accommodaions. Each uni sleeps four and has an ouside picnic able, grill, and lighs. Use of his faciliy was iniially very ligh, bu has been growing. Heavies use is in he summer and during erupion periods when he average occupancy approaches 00 per cen.

35 Kilauea Miliary Camp provides a complee, year-round, recreaional vacaion program wihin is 50 acres for acive and reired members of he Armed Forces and heir families. The camp is on he Kilauea rim and provides overnigh accommodaions for 300 people. s program includes guided ours of he park and surrounding poins of ineres. The camp operaes under a Naional Park Service special-use permi and has been in exisence since 96. is adminisered by an Army officer who has a 57-man complemen of Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel, and 24 civilian employees. operaes a capaciy during he summer and a 55 percen capaciy during off-season, bu off-season use is increasing. Day-use aciviies are varied boh in scope and in populariy. Auomobile and bus sighseeing is he mos popular aciviy and enjoyed by virually all visiors, as many poins of ineres are made available by over 40 miles of good park roads and can be readily seen in one day. 3 Two air-our. compan.ies_ run. daily flighs which include he park and use of hese is seadily increasing. During periods of excepional erupion aciviy, he island airlines and charer services make numerous flighs over he erupion sie someimes resuling in air congesion. Audiovisual programs hroughou he year as well as exhibis a he Kilauea Visior Cener are a major par of he inerpreive program. Daily programs include a alk and a color film presenaion of recen erupions. This program is geared o he our paern, bu is suspended during periods of unusual erupion aciviy w hen inerpreive conac is shifed o he erupion sie. Hundreds of persons daily hike he hree shor inerpreive rails in he park: Devasaion, Bird Park, and Thurson Lava Tube. Halemaumau Trail across he floor of Kilauea Caldera is a longer, 3-mile naure rail ha receives much less use and he Fooprins Trail in he Kau Deser has only ligh use. Rough rails o erupion overlooks are buil as needed; and as many as 00,000 persons are esimaed o have used he rail o he Mauna Ulu craer rim in 972 while he erupion was coninuous here. Fishing from he park shoreline is done by hook and line, hrow ne, and spear. The coas from he Puna/Kau Disric line wes o Kapaoo Poin (5 miles) is open o public fishing. Access o his area is by rail. The remaining 5 miles of coasline, known as he Kalapana Exension, is limied by law o spor and commercial fishing by naive Hawaiian Kalapana residens and persons under heir guidance. The rough ocean waers grealy limi aciviies such as boaing, swimming, scuba diving, and skin diving.

36 32 There are hree small picnic locaions around he Kilauea area, wo along he pali secion, and one a Kamoamoa on he coas. Use is ligh due o frequen wind and rain, paricularly a higher elevaions. Backcounry use, especially overnigh camping, is also increasing. n he 960's, only abou,000 o,200 persons per year sayed overnigh in he backcounry. n 972, he number was abou 2,500. This is despie he rough errain and lack of fresh waer. Mos use is along he coas below Hilina Pali where here is access o good fishing a Halape, Kakiwai and Apua Poin. There is also some use of he rail o Mauna Loa's summi. Here wo cabins open o visior use provide minimum sheler in his cold climae. One is a Red Hill a he 0,000-foo level and he oher is a he easern edge of he summi caldera. ADJACENT RESOURCES Large expanses of primiive land surround much of he park, paricularly a he higher elevaions. Access has, in he pas, been very limied by he rough characer of he land, grea disances involved, defense aciviies, high elevaion, lack of waer, and he fac ha nearly all major developmen has hisorically been concenraed along he seashore or a leas a lower elevaions. Use of his land for grazing or for producion of imber has proved o be a marginal economic venure a bes. As land in he islands becomes more valuable, however, all such areas are being scruinized in more deail o deermine wha heir appropriae uses should be. Par of he purpose of his planning documen - is o examine hese lands and deermine which, if anvy, possess eaure^ ^f cal ico ovif grea e nough significance o be included in Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park, and wha kind of public use and managemen programs should be applied. The land in quesion encompasses generally ha area around he major Hualalai Volcano, he inervening lands beween ha mounain and Mauna Loa, and he upper slopes of Mauna Loa. Geology Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park conains only a small porion of Mauna Loa Volcano. The Mauna Loa srip is -mile wide near Kilauea, flaring ou o 6 miles a he summi. Major geologic feaures lying wihin he park are he Mokuaweoweo Caldera and he upper porions of Mauna Loa's wo rif zones. Bu abou wo-hirds of he major geologic feaures are ouside he park. This includes he greaer par of he dramaic souhwes rif and he lower porions of major hisoric lava flows. Hualalai rises 8,27 fee above sea level over he resor own of Kailua. ress in he rain shadow of is lofy neighbor, Mauna Kea, and has hus suffered very lile erosion. The las erupions on Hualalai occurred in 800 and 80, when wo voluminous

37 33 uldobolm.

38 34 flows poured from he norhwes rif a he 5,500- o 6,000-foo level. Several lava rivers flowed seaward o form he Kaupulehu flow and overwhelmed Hawaiian villages on he shore. Abou 20 cinder, spaer, and lava cones, more abundan han on Mauna Loa, do he upper slopes of Hualalai. Some reach a heigh of 300 fee, bu mos are 00 o 200 fee high. Hualalai's summi is pockmarked by numerous pi craers and some of he larger summi cones conain craer depressions 500 fee deep. Erupions from hese cones have covered much of he summi area and he adjacen slopes wih loose cinders and pumice. An addiional geologic feaure of Hualalai is he abundance of xenolihic nodules, coarse crysal aggregaes composed of olivine, pyroxene, and feldspar, ha were brough o he surface during he 860 erupion. Because of heir significance in deducing he genesis of basalic magmas, hey have received worldwide aenion by earh scieniss. Hualalai has progressed furher in is "life cycle" han have Mauna Loa and Kilauea, making i aracive for comparaive sudy and inerpreaion. Vegeaion The upper slopes of Mauna Loa from is summi o,000 fee are classified as unvegeaed sone deser. Precipiaion is ligh and here is year-round ground fros. Mosses appear a,000 fee on norh-facing cracks of lava and in shelered bliser-holes. Low, gnarled pukeawe, ohelo berry, bsma bunchgrass...,.,, and ualll l ferns are found scaered from 0,000 fee down o 8,000 fee. A 8,500 fee on Mauna Loa and also on Hualalai, shrubs begin suddenly o grow aller and o be more densely disribued. Oher shrubs and berries such as pilo and kukainene appear. The ground fros disappears, precipiaion increases, and clouds frequen he ground. Timberline is from 7,500 o 8,000 fee. Here, he ohia is a fullgrown ree. An open ohia and mamani fores is esablished on he as flows a 7,500 fee down o 6,600 fee, and below he ohiamamani fores here is koa and an occasional sandalwood. A lower elevaions o 4,000 fee, where rainfall grealy increases, he fores changes o a dense mix of koa and soapberry wih ree ferns. Tall and well-formed ohia and koa are presen in he "rain fores" bel beween 3,000 and 5,000 fee. Unalered Hawaiian rain fores is becoming rare, and only 23,000 acres are afforded full proecion in Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park. Mos of he remainder, (ouside he park), is subjec o range and commercial fores developmen.

39 Moreover, a one ime mos of he inerior plaeau counry was covered by fine sands of koa and sandalwood. Sandalwood sands were desroyed during he China rade period of he early 9h cenury. Oher inerior foress were furher depleed by exensive cale grazing and some were cleared for pasure. On Hawaii's Kona slope, only Honaunau Fores and anoher smaller secion, Kahuluu Fores o he norh, remain. Near Kilauea, he Kilauea Sae Fores Reserve also conains considerable boanical inegriy. n recen years, ranchers have been fencing he lower lands up o 6,000 fee, so some recovery of sandalwood, mamani, and koa has occurred in he inerior plaeau. Bu he long-erm effecs of heavy cale grazing are sill noiceable in he Hualalai-Mauna Loa inerior lands. 35 Rare and endangered plan species found wihin his area include various species of Bidens, Sanalum pilgeri and/or paniculaum, Cyanea carlsonii, Delissea undulaa. Animal Life The naive Hawaiian goose, he nene, may be seen occasionally on Hualalai's easern slopes. The Sae Division of Fish and Game, in cooperaion wih he Bishop Esae, has esablished sancuaries on he slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa (Keauhou Ranch) where nene are released and given proecion. A hird sancuary and release sie was esablished in 967 on he Kahuku Ranch on he souhwes slope of Mauna Loa beween 6,500 and 8,500 fee, hrough a cooperaive agreemen wih he Damon Esae. Birds reared a he Sae Nene Projec have been released a hese sies. There are a number of oher endemic Hawaiian birds on Hualalai and he inerior plaeau. Among hese are four honeycreepers: apapane, iiwi, amakihi, and creeper. Small numbers of he Hawaiian crow have also been repored in he Honaunau Fores and on Hualalai in recen years. They are among he very las in exisence and are on he Unied Saes Deparmen of nerior lis of endangered species. The endangered palila formerly was residen on he Hualalai saddle before feral sheep and goas devasaed he mamani sands ha consiue a major par of he palila's environmen. n 967, small breeding populaions of anoher endangered species, he Hawaiian dark-rumped perel, were discovered in he viciniy of Puu Keokeo, a 6,800-foo cinder cone on Mauna Loa's souhwes rif. No oher populaions of his exremely rare and hreaened seabird are presenly known on he sland of Hawaii. Exoic birds, including chukar, ring-necked pheasan, and dove reside on he inerior plaeau and slopes of Hualalai, and feral goas, pigs and sheep are also presen. They receive relaively ligh huning pressure, as access o his region is limied.

40 Squirrel fisl

41 Archeology and Hisory There are wo sies worhy of menion in he Hualalai viciniy, Ahuaumi Heiau and he Judd Trail. Ahuaumi Heiau, on he Naional Regiser of Hisoric Places, is an ancien Hawaiian rock feaure on he barren inerior plaeau beween Hualalai and Mauna Loa. The firs known drawing of he heiau was made by Lieuenan Charles Wilkes in 84, and represens, in his surprising sie, he dry masonry remnans of he ype of major Hawaiian emples usually found close o coaslines. Wilkes wroe of he heiau: "Afer a day's ravel hey (his men) reached he sie of he ancien emple of Kaili. These ruins lie equally disan from hree mounains, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai. This emple is said o have been buil by Umi, who wih his wife, Papa, is supposed o have inhabied i when he was king of he island. The norhern pyramids forming he fron were originally ereced by Umi, o represen he disrics of he land he hen governed; and as he conquered oher disrics, he obliged each of hem o build a pyramid on he side of he emple. All hese are buil of compac blocks of lava, laid wihou cemen. The building is said o have formerly been covered wih idols, and offerings were required o be brough from a grea disance, consising generally of provisions. There are now no races of hese idols. The siuaion of he emple is a an elevaion of 5,000 fee above he sea." 37 Oher sories presen he feaure as ancien Hawaii's firs census, wih each disric conribuing a sone for each man, woman, and child, wih he larges pile indicaing he mos populous disric. n addiion, he Kaili ile may refer o he family war god, Kukailimoku, held by Umi and passed down o Kamehameha he Grea in hisoric imes. This ile, wih a plan of he srucure drawn by Wilkes, lends credence o he srucure being a major ancien emple. Research now underway on ancien Hawaiian emples may shed greaer ligh on is significance. The Judd Trail, a ypical wo-horse Hawaiian rail of he mid- 800's, was an aemp o connec Kona wih Hilo in a more-or-less direc line. Buil by axpayers and prisoners who worked side by side under he direcion of Gerri P. Judd, M.D. (missionary urned ino His Majesy's Miniser of he nerior), rail consrucion was abored hrough wo major causes: he 859 lava flow from Mauna Loa which crossed in fron of i and lef new land surface oo ho o handle, le alone walk over; and he logisics of supply for a work gang geing farher and farher from food and waer. Remnans of he rail are well preserved and is sory is an ineresing sideligh on he ransporaion hisory of Hawaii.

42 38 Ahuaumi Heiau d Ti

43 Special Consideraions The Hualalai summi area, he upper slopes of Mauna Loa, and he inerior plaeau lands are in large blocks of privae, Sae, and Federal ownership, lying above producive farm and ranchlands. The only significan developmen is he Mauna Loa Observaory, a research insallaion occupying a 4.05-acre rac of Sae land a he,50- foo elevaion. The locaion is imporan because he unique, unconaminaed, clean air qualiies offer unparalleled opporuniies o monior world wide changes in he earh's upper air amosphere. There are hree principal landowners-he B. P. Bishop Trus Esae, he Samuel M. Damon Trus Esae, and he Sae of Hawaii. Almos all he lands are wihin Sae Conservaion Disrics. The B. P. Bishop Esae manages he lands of he lae Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop for he suppor of he Kamehameha schools. They include mos of he Hualalai summi, fores lands beween Hualalai and he Kona Coas, he saddle area beween Hualalai and Mauna Loa, and lands above he Ciy of Refuge. The Samuel M. Damon Trus Esae owns Kahuku Ranch, which exends from he park boundary a 2,500 fee on he souhwes rif of Mauna Loa o he ocean. Their holdings conain he greaer porion of he upper souhwes rif slopes. Sae of Hawaii lands, essenially barren, are above he 8,500 -foo level on Mauna Loa and include a small rac on Hualalai. 39 Curren recreaional use of hese lands has been limied o a minor amoun of pig and goa huning up o he 8,000-foo level and some game bird shooing on he lower slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa. The bes huning is a 6,000 o 7,500 fee. Nearly all huners are local residens who obain permission from ranchers or landowners. There is occasional snowplay a he Mauna Loa Observaory during he winer. Mainly, however, such use is limied o he summi of Mauna Kea. Weaher condiions are vasly differen from hose on he nearby sunny Kona Coas. A he higher elevaions on Mauna Loa and Hualalai, here is almos daily occurrence of dense fog, he band of greaes concenraion being from 6,000 o 0,000 fee. This condiion usually sars developing in midmorning and persiss unil early evening. n he winer monhs, here is ofen snow on Mauna Loa down o 9,000 fee. Dephs range from a few inches o a foo during any one sorm.

44 FUTURE MANAG EMENT AND USE PARK PURPOSE The purpose of Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park is o conserve he volcanic feaures, endemic Hawaiian ecosysems, Hawaiian culural and archeological remains, and inheren scenic values for visior enjoymen and appreciaion and for heir scienific and hisoric values wih minimum impairmen o he resources. The park preserves for public ineres and scienific research significan feaures of Hawaii's naural hisory and culural background, enabling people o undersand he powerful volcanic forces, fragile bioa and way of life which characerizes he Hawaiian slands. MANAGEMENT CATEGORY: Naural

45 MANAGEMENT OBJECTVES General Managemen Develop and manage he park in accordance wih he long-range objecives of he Naional Park Service and he adminisraive policies esablished for "naural" areas of he Naional Park Sysem. Develop and manage he park as a 7-day per week, year-round operaion, mainly for day use. Do no charge enrance fees. Seek legislaion o include he Olaa Trac as a deached porion of Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park. 4 Recognize Kilauea Miliary Camp as an esablished nonconforming use, bu cooperae wih he Armed Forces in managing he camp for minimum inerference wih he public use of he park. Resource Managemen Preserve he evolving naural scene by proecing ousanding geologic feaures, such as he calderas and rif zones, seam and sulphur banks, he profile of Mauna Loa, and he associaed naive ecosysems. Cooperae wih public and privae landowners in sriving o mainain he evolving naural landscape adjacen o he park. Acquire hose lands which will improve he geologic, ecologic, and scenic inegriy of he park. Recognize he prioriy of park land acquisiion on his island, if auhorized, a () Ciy of Refuge and he Honokohau sudy area, (2) Hawaii Volcanoes. Proec he park's remnan Hawaiian ecosysems-including endangered species-from furher depredaion and compeiion by hose exoic animals and plans inroduced by modern man. Reesablish he park's endemic species ino heir former ranges, concenraing effors on hose species which are in danger of exincion, and hose ha are key componens of major naive ecosysems. Preserve he sies and srucural remains of he early Hawaiian period and hisorical period hrough a program of limied sabilizaion and resoraion in cooperaion wih local Hawaiian ineress. Suppor he U.S. Geological Survey's research program on volcanism which conribues invaluable knowledge needed for park managemen and inerpreaion.

46 42 Conduc and encourage naural hisory research focused upon: () furher definiion and insigh ino he park's naive island ecosysems; (2) developing life hisory and ecologic undersanding of species facing exincion; and (3) developing managemen sraegies for preserving endemic island ecosysems. Encourage research in oher fields of naural hisory and anhropology by oher organizaions and individuals. Limi park collecions of naural hisory specimens and arifacs o hose inended for display and o hose essenial o sudy for he purposes of resource managemen and auhenic presenaion of he inerpreive hemes. Assis oher insiuions in developing represenaive collecions required for research, only if such collecions do no jeopardize park inegriy. Visior Use Develop an inerpreive program around he hree hemes of significance in Hawaii Volcanoes: () he primary sory of acive volcanism from which he island is evolving; (2) he secondary sory of naive ecosysems and hreas o heir survival from inroduced plan and animal species; and (3) he prehisoric and hisoric evens and culure which illusrae man's adapaion o his local environmen. Provide visior access beween he Kalapana Coas and he Kilauea Caldera, so ha hese major feaures can be seen and enjoyed by he majoriy of visiors. When condiions permi, reconsruc he lava-buried Chain of Craers Road, relocaed where necessary. Encourage visior enjoymen of remoe areas -including he summi and slopes of Mauna Loa, Kau Deser, and he Kau coas. When reasonable, provide safe roues of access for visiors o significan inerpreive feaures and visior faciliies even hough special hazards may exis. Provide meal service, oher day-use visior needs, and limied overnigh accommodaions in he park hrough an auhorized concessioner. Provide only enough overnigh faciliies (lodging and campgrounds) for some visiors o experience an in-deph enjoymen of park resources, bu wihin he esimaed overnigh carrying capaciy for he park. The exen of campground developmen may be influenced by he availabiliy of campsies ouside he park.

47 Depend on he gaeway communiies and privae enerprise o develop any addiional lodging faciliies needed for park visiors. Recognize Hawaii Sae Roue as he lifeline from he souhern area of Hawaii sland over which all commercial agriculural, indusrial, and visior raffic mus pass on is way o and from Hilo ; cooperae wih he Sae Division of Highways o plan and idenify improvemens in road design which mee he slander ' s ransporaion requiremens and park visior needs for a scenic parkway which does minimum visual damage o he park landscape. 43

48

49 a THE PLAN A grea variey of experience awais he visior o Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park. The foremos aracion will coninue o be Kilauea Caldera where he visior will be able o view, a close range, he wealh of volcanic feaures and he erupions ha occur here. When new erupions occur elsewhere, such as he curren one a Mauna Ulu, hey oo will be inerpreed and, if possible, access afforded. For he visior who ravels by privae car and wishes o say longer, addiional aracions will invie his aenion: he Olaa fern fores; vas primiive areas around Mauna Loa's summi; remoe coasal sreches; and many hisorical, archeological, and culural exhibis of Hawaii's provocaive pas. 45 Aciviies will include fishing, naure walks, camping, hiking, picnicking, and pleasure driving, and campgrounds and hoel accommodaions will coninue o be provided for hose few visiors who remain in he park for more han one day. Research and managemen of resources is more imporan here han perhaps a any oher uni in he Naional Park Sysem. This is no only because of he legislaive mandae concerning volcanic research, bu also because of he grea problems encounered in mainaining a sable ecosysem when compeing exoic plan and animal species wreak desrucion on he many endemic populaions ha exis nowhere else in he world. NTERPRETATON The inerpreive program mus be comprehensive and flexible-comprehensive enough o include a wide variey of naural feaures as well as archeological remains and flexible enough o mee he needs of visiors who have vasly differen ravel paerns, educaion, and ineress. The special need for addiional personal inerpreive services during erupions mus also be me. Large visior groups from commercial ours make regular sops a key poins, imposing relaively high demands on faciliies and saff for brief periods each day. These visiors mus be served, as mus hose raveling independenly and arriving coninuously during he day. Furhermore, during erupions, heavy visiaion occurs a nigh when he molen lava can be seen as specacular, glowing red founains, sreams, or lakes. The inerpreive program mus reach hese nighime visiors whenever and wherever hey congregae, be i a Halemaumau or a some new erupion sie no known a his ime.

50 46 The hree inerpreive hemes dealing wih volcanism, ecology, and archeology are relaed because volcanism has srongly influenced he evoluion of ecosysems and human developmens. The full sory of one heme canno be relaed wihou some reference o he ohers. Volcanology will be he dominan heme along he Chain of Craers Road in he Kilauea Caldera area. Ecology will be inerpreed onsie, in he lowlands, Olaa Fores, Hualalai, he Mauna Loa Srip, Bird Park, and a oher appropriae locaions such as he naure rails in he Kilauea area. Marine environmen will be inerpreed along he Kalapana Coas and relaed o he Hawaiian culure. Prehisoric culural remains along he Kalapana Coas will be used furher o inerpre he archeological sory. Hisoric inerpreaion will be incorporaed where appropriae. An ecological approach o inerpreaion should blend hemes in relaion o he significance of he feaures involved. Deail on specific inerpreive faciliies will be provided in he inerpreive prospecus ye o be prepared. Exising faciliies (wih he excepion of he Kilauea Visior Cener) are adequaely locaed and in harmony wih his plan's inerpreive concep. The srucure originally buil for geological research is oudaed. will be replaced by an inerpreive faciliy near he rim of Kilauea's caldera where i can beer relae o primary feaures, including he inerior of Halemaumau firepi, he whole summi area of Kilauea, and Mauna Loa wihou presening an inrusive elemen. The new exhibi and audiovisual presenaions can be readily associaed wih feaures in view from he inerpreive faciliy. The recenly consruced inerpreive srucure near Wahaula Heiau on he Kalapana Coas is now on a dead -end road and lile used. Reconsrucion of he Chain of Craers - Kalapana Road, as discussed laer in he repor, will increase he imporance of he Wahaula developmen as a major park enrance. nnovaive inerpreive srucures will also be necessary, paricularly in hose areas where he environmen is sensiive o human use. An example of his would be a naure rail elevaed above fragile resources, such as Olaa Fores. n addiion o proecing he resource, his would allow visiors o obain close-up views of various levels of fores ecology. The upper levels can provide excepional opporuniies for observing he brighly colored Hawaiian birds ha inhabi he fores canopy. PARK BOUNDARES Kilauea Caldera is and will coninue o be he primary aracion and is norhern rim will coninue o be he cener of park faciliies and aciviies. From his locaion, moreover, he shield volcano profile of Mauna Loa, he mos dominan feaure of he landscape, is in full view. Oher feaures wihin he park and on adjacen

51 lands complee he sory of volcanic processes, exhibi ecological progression from volcanic maerials o dense rain fores, and illusrae early Hawaiian occupaion of he island and associaion wih volcanic forces. To proec hese feaures, o provide for expanded visior use and enjoymen, and o build necessary park faciliies, he following boundary changes are proposed: Tracs Wihin he Auhorized Boundary: Several land parcels wihin he presen park boundary were auhorized for inclusion by. Secrearial Order. However, no funds were o be auhorized for purchase, and hey could be acquired only by donaion. Legislaive acion will be required o auhorize purchase of hese lands as follows: 47 Trac 22 (5, acres): This is recommended for acquisiion o preserve a porion of an exensive virgin ohia and fern fores which is he naural habia of naive honeycreepers and he endangered ou. Parcels 2 (59.44 acres), 3 (09.00 acres), and 5 (44.20 acres) of Trac 9: These parcels are proposed for acquisiion o proec he hisoric complex a Wahaula and o provide a buffer zone for he Kalapana Road. The balance of Trac 9 (2,666.2 acres) is hereinafer proposed for deleion. Tracs 26 and 27 (2, acres): These racs are a he souhwes corner of he park and makai (seaward) of he Grea Crack, a major geologic feaure lying along he park's wesern boundary. Acquisiion of hese racs is proposed, bu will be deferred unil i is deermined ha poenial geohermal energy exracion is no feasible. Proposed Addiions: Changes in he exising boundary are proposed, adding cerain lands o he park. Appropriae legislaive auhoriy will be sough o include and o acquire he following lands: Olaa Fores Trac (9, acres): Alhough now owned by and under he adminisraion of he Naional Park Service, his unique fern and ohia fores has never been an official par of he park. is proposed ha legislaion auhorize is inclusion as a non-coniguous par of he park. Offshore Lands (2, acres): Tide and submerged lands exending /8-mile offshore, now owned by he Sae of Hawaii, are recommended for addiion and acquisiion o proec he ineridal zone, he small island of Keaoi, and he inervening coral reef beween here and Halape, and o provide opporuniies for inerpreaion of he marine life.

52 P.. W... Kailua /'ACCESS ROAD R.O.W. HUALALA & MAUNA LOA AV 'KAHULUU K.i..ii. FOREST HAWA OLAA FOREST TRACT - Mokuaw.ow.. Craer --Aso VOLCANOES ' NATONAL j."...,.,, TRACT 20 TRACT 22 w.i.wi.. Nwi.b. NORTH Scale in Miles 'O c/fcc OG E PN PROPOSED ACQUSTONS 8,4.52 acres Trac 22 Parcels 2, 3, 5 of Trac 9 Tracs 26 and 27 PROPOSED ADDTONS 2,44.67 Olaa Fores Offshore Lands Volcano Summi Area Access Road BOUNDARES HAWA VOLCANOES NATONAL PARK PROPOSED DELETONS 4, Trac 9 (porion) Trac ,000 AUG.-75 WRO-PD

53 Volcano Summi Area (00, acres): The summi of Hualalai Volcano and he upper slopes of Mauna Loa are proposed addiions ha will include he souhwes rif of Mauna Loa down o approximaely he 8,000-foo elevaion and o he same elevaion of Mauna Loa's norh side. Proposed addiion on Hualalai goes o abou he 6,000-foo elevaion. Also included is a corridor beween ha volcano and Mauna Loa ha will provide for public enjoymen of he ineresing geologic and hisoric feaures on Hualalai and allow ample space for consrucion of visior-use faciliies. Access Road (60.00 acres maximum): This road righ-of-way is proposed o be acquired in fee o provide access o Hualalai Exension. Locaion is only approximae and auhorizing legislaion should provide for a deailed alignmen sudy wihin he following guidelines: 49 The lower road erminus will Kona Bel Road. be a Sae Roue, he The upper erminus will be inside he proposed Hualalai addiion a abou 6,500-foo elevaion. The righ-of-way will be approximaely maximum of 300 fee wide. 5 miles long, a a The road alignmen will avoid significan archeologic, hisoric, and criical wildlife habia areas, bu will necessarily be roued in he viciniy of Kahuluu Fores. Appropriae access poins for privae developmen will be provided based on discussions wih landowners. The road proposal will require full environmenal analysis and public review before implemenaion. f he Sae of Hawaii consrucs a direc Hilo-Kona road across he Hualalai-Mauna Loa Saddle, i would provide access o he park's Hualalai exension, and his proposed access corridor would hen be unnecessary. Proposed Deleions: Trac 20 (, acres ): This rac is recommended for deleion because i consiss of Sae highway land, exensive subdivision, agriculure, and golf course developmen lying beween he Olaa Fores Trac and Kilauea. (This includes he acre parcel owned by Sae of Hawaii on which Highway is locaed.) Trac 9 (remaining 2,666.2 acres): This area is siuaed a he easern end of he park near he village of Kalapana and is recommended for deleion as i conains a subdivided area.

54 50 RESEARCH Many of he difficulies in preserving naive Hawaiian flora and birds sem from inadequae informaion on naive plans and he effec of exoic plans and feral animals on naive ecology. A coninuing research program is he mos imporan elemen in he fuure planning and managemen programs for he naional parks on Hawaii. A Hawaii Volcanoes i should include: Vegeaion mapping of ecosysem boundaries or zones. Degree of environmenal sabiliy and guidelines for manipulaing environmenal facors for resoraion of hisoric communiies. Evaluae he hisoric, scienific, and scenic resources in he Kalapana Exension o deermine heir relaive value wih regard o he Secrearial auhorizaion o gran homesies o naive Hawaiians. con- Evaluaion of he use of herbicides and oher echniques in rolling exoic plans. Evaluaion of effecs of fire upon Hawaiian vegeaion communiies. Presen impac of he goa and pig populaions on plan and animal communiies, and he comparaive impac when conrol programs drasically reduce populaion of hese animals. Ecological invesigaion of he Mauna Loa silversword, is presen disribuion, and mehod of resoraion. pas and Oceanographic invesigaion, including vanishing species, and possibiliies for resoraion and inerpreaion. A complee sudy of bird populaions, including he effec of he numerous exoic birds on he naive bird populaions, and he effec of exoic ra and mo ngoose ngoos^ on nesing bi rds. Unvesigaion of he nene and is habia in cooperaion wih he Sae of Hawaii Fish and Game Program. Furher hisorical and archeological invesigaion of coasal villages. Sudy of he legend of Pele and religious ceremonies conneced wih Kilauea. Examine he capaciy of he park's resources o accommodae visior use wih no appreciable damage. The significan program of U.S. Geological Survey Research predaes esablishmen of Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park. Their faciliies for research are in sraegic locaions hroughou much of he sland of Hawaii, as is shown on'he accompanying map. No major change in he program is conemplaed alhough new elecronic developmens may allow removal of many of he wires which inrude on he naural scene. Amospheric research ino background levels of race conaminans is also required. This aciviy a he Mauna Loa Observaory uilizes he special environmen of upper Mauna Loa. This research, daing back o 956, is he world's only long-erm clean air monioring program.

55 SCALE N MLES HAWA VOLCANOES NATONAL PARK GEOLOGCAL SURVEY RESEARCH NSTALLATONS NAALEHU * GEODMETER STATON TLT STATONS (WATER - TUBE AND SPF^T -LEVEL) * TDE GAUGE LOCATON wrr 0003 jo 75' n SESMOMETER STATON o NACTVE SESMOMETER OR FUTURE S SMOMETER STATON ^.^ BOUNDARY OF HAWA VOLCANOES NATONAL PARK

56 RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 52 This will coninue o be he logical follow-up program o research since par of he goal of he research program will be o examine curren pracices aimed. a preservaion of naive populaions. Resource managemen mus also, however, be a dynamic program, one ha can change or adjus as new informaion and echniques become available. Such informaion may confirm he effeciveness of presen mehods or may sugges some change. The general goals, however, remain he same for managemen of hese resources as indicaed in he following discussion. Greaer deail on his program is covered in he resources managemen plan. Feral and Exoic Animal Conrol Fuure research may discover new mehods which would provide greaer opions o conrol feral animal populaions. The proposed program is based on known conrol mehods. This program is he key o resoraion of he park's Hawaiian ecosysems. is useless o ransplan endemic species ino heir former range, if hey will be eaen immediaely. And effors o resore endangered bird populaions are fuile wihou resoraion of he plan habia ha suppors hem. Goa conrol programs since he early 960's have resuled in subsanial reducions, using a combinaion of drives, local ciizen paricipaion, and drif fences o furher proec hose porions where reducion programs have been successful. is proposed o coninue hese inensive conrol measures evenually o he poin where some 40,000 acres of he park are fenced below 9,u00 fee. Complee eliminaion of he goa from he park using known mehods appears impracical and cosly, if no impossible. Even if accomplished, goas from adjacen lands would, on frequen occasions, reinfec park lands. Thus, his mus be recognized as a coninuing conrol program for as long as goa populaions exis on he Big sland. is a program ha is indispensible if endemic populaions are o be resored and coninued. 4

57 Conrol levels and mehods o reduce he impac of pigs on naive vegeaion and soils should be se by an acion plan based on research. Curren known conrol mehods include direc shooing and rapping. is unlikely ha mongoose, presen hroughou he island, can be compleely regulaed unil research provides effecive measures o acually reduce populaions. Unil hen, reducion programs will be limied o developed areas, backcounry cabins and campsies, and nene goose nesing areas. 53 Exoic Plan Conrol and Endemic Bioa is paricularly imporan o recognize he magniude and cos of any exoic plan conrol program in Hawaii. Previous programs have concenraed on seleced species, such as blackberry, and hen only in specific areas. For he foreseeable fuure, conrol will concenrae on lowland foress, Kipuka Puaulu, he seing for Wahaula Heiau, areas of heavy visior use around Kilauea Caldera, and oher areas which may be idenified hrough research. mprovemens in conrol mehods may allow expansion of he program o larger secions of he park. The resource managemen plan and environmenal impac saemen have a more deailed discussion of exoic plan conrol mehods and arge species. Equally imporan is he proecion of ousanding examples of Hawaiian bioa. Much can be accomplished hrough careful locaion of visior faciliies and conrol of visior use. One specific area, however, meris special aenion. The bulk of he Olaa Fern Fores is proposed as a research naural area. There will be no permanen rails, and he predominan purpose of he area will be for scienific research, o be allowed by permission of he park superinenden. Public use will be provided for in he small parcel on he Kilauea side of he road paralleling he fores. The resources in he large parcel are so significan and rare ha i is considered ha heir greaes value is o remain in heir presen undeveloped sae for research and waershed proecion purposes. Special Managemen Condiions Use of Kilauea Miliary Camp is exclusively for acive and reired members of he Armed Forces and heir families. As such, i is a nonconforming use wihin he park boundaries, bu is proposed for coninuaion a is curren level of operaion. An escape road is reserved for emergency use only in he even an erupion cus he exising Craer Rim Road. is proposed ha his road remain unimproved for emergency use only. The exising adminisraive jeep road o he summi of Mauna Loa, hardly more han a rack, will be resriced o use by U.S. Geological Survey personnel. Vehicular use of he road by visiors is no proposed as i would impair research aciviies a he Mauna Loa Observaory, since pure air is essenial o is operaion.

58 The presen waer collecion sysem for he Kilauea viciniy is inadequae. The addiion of more rainsheds and increased sorage capaciy is proposed, alhough his would enail use of addiional lands. 54 VSTOR USE Public ;;se of Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park has developed a somewha srucured paern as mos visiors arrive and visi he park as par of a our. This paern is expeced o coninue wih some flexibiliy required in our iinerary as new erupions occur and new areas become he focus of visior ineres. There is noneheless an increasing number of visiors who use renal cars, plus he coninuing visiaion by Big sland residens in heir own cars. The laer are more advenurous persons who generally spend more ime in he park and engage in a much greaer variey of aciviies. And hey require more developmen and services as hey probe ino more remoe resources lile used or never visied by he our group. The resource classificaion map gives an indicaion of hose lands ha are mos suiable for concenraed visior use and developmen. also shows wha lands should no be developed due o significan unique resources or oher special physical or climaic condiions. Moreover, i gives an indicaion as o wha lands should no be uilized for concenraed visior use. Those lands shown as barren _ and high elevaion are frequenly cold. This ogeher wih he accompanying rare amosphere makes hem unsuiable for oher han backcounry use since mos visiors ravel in Hawaii clad in 'very ligh clohing. Furher, any developmen on hese lands would be apparen from many poins in he park and ouside due o he lack of plan cover. The significan plan communiies vary in heir response o public use and develop men. The rain fores ype s s uc h as Olaa Fores -have reained much of heir inegriy and paricular care should be aken o mainain i. The already developed areas around Kilauea, koa foress on he Mauna Loa Srip, and he more isolaed communiies nearer he coas can susain a varying amoun of developmen and use so long as here is a coninuing recogniion of he imporance of individual species, and he inegriy of heir immediae environmen. Those areas where volcanic aciviy is mos likely o ake place are he calderas and rif zones. Developmen of inerpreive devices will coninue o be imporan in he viciniy of hese feaures since hey are he focus of visior ineres. nvesmen in major faciliies

59 such as overnigh lodges, campgrounds, or adminisraive officers will, however, be avoided. mus be.recognized ha almos he enire park is under a poenial hrea of being covered by lava flows. Major faciliies mus simply be locaed in areas where judgmen and hisoric preceden indicae ha here is he leas chance of inundaion by lava. Hisorical and archeological resources are scaered hroughou he park a lower elevaions. As in he case of significan plan communiies, developmen and use programs mus consider specific sies and heir relaive imporance in deermining locaion of faciliies, and in adhering o he requiremens of he Hisoric Preservaion Ac and Execuive Order No is reasonably clear ha pas developmen paerns have generally been appropriae o resricions so noed. Only secions of he Chain of Craers- Kalapana Road should be relocaed because of recen volcanic aciviy. Thus, excep for proposed developmen and use of new park lands in he Hualalai area, lile change in he overall use of park resources is anicipaed as a resul of he proposals oulined here. 55 BARREN LAND SGNFCANT FRAGLE PLANT COMMUNTES AREAS OF PROBABLE VOLCANC ACTVTY STES OF SGNFGANT HSTORC VALUE OUTSDE PUNA - KAU HSTORC DSTRCT RESOURCE CLASSFCATON

60 P.. W... MAUNA KEA :i as n Po 9 ``^ Kailua K.,naliu K.olok.ku. c.pioln Cook Kealakekua Boy Honaunau Bay CTY Of KEEUOE N. N.P. Hualal` _^` H KLAUEA VCNTY MAUNA LOA 0 loop_... / HAWA 4M0U weo=araa^ C laer /.- / % VOLCANOES \` ilo, lirec so LL",L of. aq vil K...,, ^^iods Orienaion, nerpreaion Lodge Food Service, Adminisraion, Re s id en i a l A rea,,. C amping P icnicking Walking, Hiking )y ) r `our. ilauea ^Croer NATONAL `\o OL AA FOREST nerpreaion Naure Walks w P.h.. ilol^ Pal s. o ails/ea \, jlose. in PARK ly W.,ohinu WA HAULA CHAN OF CRATERS ROAD CORRDOR Scenic Drive nerpr^c. reaadion v n, Camping, Picnicking Orienaion Archeologic Exhibi Adminisraion lave )ei s, ail )r e 'ea by OC c s..lh 'er Panl C /FCC OC - --N-O RTH s 0 s Scale in Miles PRMARY USE ZONE HAWA VOLCANOES NATONAL PARK LEGEND EXSTNG PARK LAND LANDS TO BE ADDED 30 BACKCOUNTRY ACCESS 24 80, 002 AUG. 75 WRO-PD

61 Kilauea Caldera and is viciniy will coninue o be he cener of visior and managemen aciviies, he park's mos concenraed use area. Faciliies will provide a brief glimpse of he park's aracions, make deailed informaion available for hose who wish o spend longer periods of ime, and provide a variey of overnigh accommodaions. The laer will include he exising Volcano House (o remain a is presen capaciy), inexpensive cabins, and campgrounds. 59 RESDENTAL AREA HEADQUARTERS AND EXSTNG VSTOR CENT ER KLAUEA MLTARY CAMP UWEKAHUNA U.S.G.S. Research Proposed nerpreive nsallaion NORTH SCALE N FEET KLAUEA VCNTY 24 80,003 AUG. 75 WRO-PD

62 C+^ Kailua i K...c K... k.k.o k H uo l a l ai `` ` HUALALA Camping, Picnicking Trailhead. Adminisraion nerpreaion Scenic MAUNA LOA STRP Picnicking, Scenic Drive nerpreaion Trailhead Poho. Honaunau 'Bay, CTY OF EFUGE N. H.P. NATONAL PARK HLNA PAL Camping, Picnicking Trailhead nerpreaion Scale in Miles w WLDERNESS THRESHOLD ZONE HAWA VOLCANOES NATONAL PARK LEGEND EXSTNG PARK LAND LANDS TO BE ADDED BACKCOUNTRY ACCESS 24 80,004 AUG.75 WRO-PD

63 Circulaion paerns are expeced o remain somewha as hey are. As new erupion aciviy occurs, however, shule buses may be uilized as a mehod of ransporing visiors from exising parking areas o he erupion sie, paricularly when i is remoe from any parking area or on a dead-end road. This will increase he flexibiliy of he park o handle large crowds and in a manner resuling in greaer visior safey. The Chain of Craers Road, now parially covered wih lava, will be reconsruced on a new alignmen when he curren Mauna Ulu erupive phase subsides. The developmen concep plan, o be prepared laer, will examine hese problems in greaer deail will also examine he proposal o move he exising inerpreive cener o he Kilauea Caldera rim in he viciniy of Uwekahuna. Predominan use will sill be during he day and include pleasure driving or ouring, aending inerpreive programs, picnicking, hiking, and naure sudy. The adminisraive-mainenance complex for he enire park will include offices, research faciliies for U. S. Geological Survey and a residenial area for he Naional Park Service and U.S. Geological Survey. These are all locaed, on he norh side of Kilauea Caldera where here is he leas chance of volcanic aciviy and where prevailing winds direc he fumes from Halemaumau in he opposie direcion. The excepion o his is he U.S. Geological Survey's Volcano Observaory, locaed o afford he bes possible view of Halemaumau and he enire summi of Kilauea Volcano. is no anicipaed ha any of hese faciliies will be moved or appreciably expanded. The Chain of Craers and Kalapana developmens will be essenially an exension of he Kilauea area boh in faciliies and use. The reconsruced Chain of Craers Road will be an excellen vehicle for inerpreaion of volcanism wih appropriae inerpreive poins and overlooks o give he visior greaer knowledge of hese processes. The Kalapana Coas developmen will provide a glimpse ino ancien Hawaii, alhough even here volcanism is imporan, wih recen flows having reached he sea nearby. Uses will include aendance a inerpreive programs, naure sudy (boh coasal and inland), appreciaion of hisoric feaures, camping and picnicking. 6 The Wahaula-Kailiili-Kamoamoa viciniy will coninue o be he focus of archeological and culural inerpreaion. Moreover, he visior cener adjacen o Wahaula will be he inroducory faciliy for visiors enering he park from he Kalapana Coas. Undue concenraion of developmen here, however, would end o ignore many of he excellen naural and hisoric feaures nearby. Especially imporan is he coas iself and is associaed marine resources. The Wilderness Threshold Zone will simulae he visior's ineres in he more inimae deails of he park environmen. nerpreaion will be low-key in his zone and predominanly of a self-guiding naure. Visiors o his zone will be comprised almos enirely of local island residens and off-island visiors who ren auomobiles.

64 Kailua ' WV P.. W... Hualalai MAUNA KEA Hilo, ^^\ 3 K.aa^ l Ka noa K.alok.kua MAUNA LOAD HA A` OLAA FOREST Research Naura l Capain Ceek Kealokekua B VOLCANOES -7- Pohea CHAN OF CRATERS Honaunau 'Bay CTY OF REFUGE MCw. MAUNA LOA - HUALALA Jauea Craer NATONAL PARK * m0p rmar Hiking ^ Hiking, Riding Camping Archeological Sudy wafekina ` 5 COASTAL AREA Hiking, Riding Fishing, Camping Hisoric and Archeological Sudy NORTH S Scale in Miles Poin BACKCOUNTRY ZONE HAWA VOLCANOES NATONAL PARK LEGEND EXSTNG PARK LAND LANDS TO BE ADDED * BACKCOUNTRY SHELTERS 24 80,005 AUG. 75 WRO-PD

65 This is a more advenurous group willing o spend more ime in he park and expend more energy o enjoy he aracions. This zone, and he people using i, exemplifies he "ge-away-from-iall syndrome," and provides he opporuniy o enjoy wild counry and unique aracions a a relaxed pace wihou a long hike bu wih a minimum of developmen or formal inerpreaion. Persons visiing his zone will very likely spend some ime in he inerpreaion zone, if for no oher reason han o gain access o he wilderness hreshold. They will almos cerainly visi he sie of any major erupion aciviy. Access ino his zone and is developmens will be on low sandard roads designed o reain an inimae associaion wih he environmen, no merely o provide access. Uses include pleasure driving, viewing he adjacen wilderness lands, camping, picnicking, and naure sudy. All faciliies, like he road, will be low-key and for small groups of visiors. For example, campgrounds will no exceed 25 sies. Ainahou Ranch, only recenly acquired, conains perhaps he bes poenial for a new campground. The soil deph is good, much of he area has already been disurbed and rainshed waer is available. The Backcounry Zone is he larges zone and as wih oher major parks will coninue o receive he lighes use. Again, visiors o his zone have considerable ime and energy o enjoy long hikes eiher o simply see and appreciae he park's unique resources or o fish along he coas. n he pas, he backcounry has received very limied use, parially because here is no fresh groundwaer available, even along he coas. As a device o encourage and faciliae backcounry use, i is proposed ha shelers be consruced a sies along he coas ha will serve boh for waer collecion and as camp shelers. These sies include Apua Poin and Kakiwai. There is already a sheler a Halape and Keauhou. The exising cabins on Mauna Loa (a Red Hill and on he summi) will be reained for managemen and visior use. Major new rails are proposed in he Hualalai-Mauna Loa area o afford access o Hualalai's summi, Ahuaumi Heiau and he Judd Trail. Trail connecions will also be made beween his area and he summi of Mauna Loa. As in he case wih he coasal par of he park, he dominan problem will be he lack of waer. More deailed planning will be needed o invesigae his problem and offer an appropriae soluion. 63

66 MAUNA KEA K. W. Poin ^ Pee Woonoo Puu Hualolai Hilo Kealakekua Kail ua Canoin Co. k Bay AREA OF POSSBLE ROUTE FOR CROSS SLAND ROAD V Koieoii MAUNA LOA Kealekekua oee /^.` / HAWA` Mokuawwwao. VOLCANOES % ` Korea ^^^ 2 Pahoa Honounau 'Bay CTY OF REFUGE N. H.W. ^ / / auea /Craer NATONAL 0 S A PARK Milolii Paholo r woiohina Noalahu NORTH Scale in Milos 0C Soorh Poin E PROPOSED WLDERNESS AREAS HAWA VOLCANOES NATONAL PARK Recommended wilderness i Poenial wilderness addiions on privaely owned land wihin he auhorized boundary Area suiable for fuure wilderness consideraions on land proposed for addiion o he auhorized boundary 24 80,006 AUG.75 WRO-PD

67 r A major elemen concerning use and managemen of he backcounry is he proposal o designae abou 23, 000 acres of he exising park in wilderness. This proposal and is impac on he environmen are discussed in wo separae documens eniled Wilderness Recommendaions, Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park, and Final Environmenal mpac Saemen, Proposed Wilderness Areas, Hawaii Volcanoes Naional Park. 65 The maser plan and wilderness recommendaions were prepared in concer and special provisions are proposed o allow consrucion of faciliies such as goa fences, backcounry shelers, and research faciliies on lands proposed for wilderness saus. The map on page 64 indicaes wilderness recommendaions and poenial wilderness addiions wihin he auhorized park boundary. The map also indicaes hose lands, proposed for addiion o he park, ha migh be suiable for wilderness in he fuure. A special sudy, however, would be required o arrive a a specific proposal. Moreover, special consideraion would need o be given o he possibiliy of accommodaing a new cross - island road ha migh be roued over he saddle beween Mauna Loa and Hualalai. Oher changes in surrounding land use and in poenial uses of park lands may also have an effec on any wilderness line.

68 66 EXSTNG CRCULATON SYSTEM ROADS TRALS CHAN OF CRATERS ROAD TO BE BULT QNORTH 0 3 Scale in Miles 6 w

69 r,