Chapter 5 The Art of Ancient Greece

Transcription

1 Chapter 5 The Art of Ancient Greece (Iron Age)

2 Famous Greeks: Playwriters: Aeschylus ( father of Greek tragedy ), Sophocles (Antigone, Oedipus), Euripides, Aristophanes (Comedies. Lysistrata) Philosophers: Heraclitus ( You can never step into the same river twice ) Plato, Socrates, Aristotles Mathematicians and scientists: Archimedes, Pythagoras, Aristotles, Euclid Authors and poets: Homer (Odyssey and Iliad), Sappho of Lesbos, Aesop Historians: Herodotus ("The Father of History,"). Thucydides

3 The Greek World

4 Geometric Period d(9-8 th c. BCE)

5 Early Geometric Krater. C. 800 BCE

6 Krater A bowl for mixing wine and water Greek key or Meander An ornament consisting of interlocking geometric motifs. An ornamental pattern of contiguous straight lines joined usually at right angles. Geometric krater, from the Dipylon cemetery, Athens, Greece, ca. 740 BCE. Approx /2 high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

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8 Geometric krater, from the Dipylon cemetery. Detail.

9 Hero and Centaur (Herakles and Nessos? Achilles and Chiron?) ca BCE. Bronze, approx. 4 1/2 high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

10 Geometric krater, from the Dipylon cemetery, Athens, Greece, ca. 740 BCE. Approx /2 high. Hero and Centaur (Herakles and Nessos? Achilles and Chiron?) ca BCE. Bronze, approx. 4 1/2 high.

11 Greek Vase Painting

12 Orientalizing Period (7th c. BCE)

13 Pitcher (olpe) Corinth, c. 600 BCE Ceramic with black-figure decoration, height 11½" British Mus. London Rosette: A round or oval ornament resembling a rose

14 Comparison: Assyrian.. Lamassu, ca BCE. Pitcher (olpe) Corinth, c. 600 BCE Ceramic with black-figure decoration, height 11½" British Mus. London

15 Pitcher (olpe) Corinth, c. 600 BCE Ceramic with black-figure decoration, height 11½" British Mus. London Comparison: Babylonian. Lion from the Processional Way (Associated with the goddess Ishtar). c. 575 BCE. Molded and glazed brick. Babylon. Iraq.

16 Pitcher (olpe) Corinth, c. 600 BCE Ceramic with black-figure decoratio height 11½" British Mus. London Comparison: Sumerian. Soundbox of a lyre from the Royal Cemetery, Ur, Iraq, ca BCE. Wood with inlaid gold, lapis lazuli, and shell

17 Black Figure: Type of Greek pottery that originated in Corinth c. 700 BC. The figures were painted in black pigment on the natural red clay ground. Finishing details were then incised into the black pigment, revealing the red ground. #!v=qlxse _ KOvbE Corinthian black-figure amphora with animal friezes (and Harpies or Sirens,) from Rhodes, Greece, ca BCE. Approx. 1 2 high. h British Museum, London.

18 Siren: In Greek mythology, a creature, half bird and half woman, who lures sailors to their doom with her sweet singing. g

19 Corinthian black-figure amphora Comparison: Geometric krater, from the Dipylon cemetery. Detail

20 Archaic Period Black Figure (6 th - early 5 th c.)

21 KLEITIAS (painter) and ERGOTIMOS (potter), François Vase (Attic black-figure volute krater), from Chiusi, Italy, ca. 570 BCE. Approx. 2 2 high. h Museo Archeologico, Florence.

22 Centauromachy (A fight in which centaurs take part ). François Vase. Detail

23 François Vase: Drawing of the right handle, showing Artemis as the mistress of beasts (above), and Ajax carrying the body of Achilles (below).

24 EXEKIAS, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game (detail from an Attic black-figure amphora) from Vulci, Italy, ca BCE. Whole vessel approx. 2 high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

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26 EXEKIAS, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game (detail from an Attic black-figure amphora) from VliI Vulci, Italy, ca BCE. Whole vessel approx. 2 high. Vatican Museums, Rome. Comparison: Orientalizing: Corinthian black-figure amphora Comparison: Geometric krater, from the Dipylon cemetery. Compare and contrast Greek vase paintings from the Geometric, Orientalizing and Archaic periods. Discuss the themes, influences, relationship between the foreground and background, proportions and scale of the figures, level of naturalism, overlapping, division of space, technique, colors etc.

27 EXEKIAS. Achilles Slaying Penthesilea the Amazon Queen. Amphora. late 6 th c. BCE

28 Late Archaic White Ground

29 BRYGOS PAINTER Maenad Late Archaic Attic white-ground kylix, BC, from Vulci. Staatliche Mus., Munich, Germany

30 Comparison: Dionysus, wrapped in panther skin and ivy, holding a wine jar, with thyrsi around. Attic Red-figure amphora by the Kleophrades Painter, c BCE, from Vulci. Antikensammlung, Munich.

31 Late Archaic and Classical Red Figure (late 6 th 5 th c) c.)

32 ANDOKIDES PAINTER, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game (Attic bilingual amphora), from Orvieto, Italy, ca BCE. Black-figure side (left) and red-figure side (right). Approx. 1 9 high. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

33 Black figuge (Archaic) Red figure (late Archaic & Classical)

34 EUPHRONIOS, Herakles wrestling Antaios (detail of an Attic red-figure calyx krater), from Cerveteri, Italy, ca. 510 BCE. Whole vessel approx. 1 7 high. Louvre, Paris.

35 Foreshortening: The representation of forms on two dimensional surface by shortening the length in such a way that the long axis appears to project toward or recede away from the viewer. EUTHYMIDES, Three Revelers (Attic red-figure amphora used to carry wine or oil), from Vulci, Italy, ca. 510 BCE. Approx. 2 high. Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich.

36 ONESIMOS, Girl preparing to bathe (interior of an Attic red-figure kylix) from Chiusi, Italy, ca. 490 BCE. Tondo approx. 6 in diameter. Musées Royaux, Brussels.

37 Greek Sculpture: Archaic Period (6 th c. BCE)

38 Kouros ca. 600 BCE. Marble, approx. 6 1/2 high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Comparison: Hero and Centaur Geometric period. ca BCE. Bronze, approx. 4 1/2 high. Kouros (p. kouroi ) Statue of a male youth, dating from the Archaic Period of Greek sculpture

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40 Kouros ca. 600 BCE. Marble, approx. 6 1/2 high. Naukratis A Greek colony in Egypt, founded in the 7 th c. BCE. The city acted as a trading post for the Greeks in Egypt Comparison: Mentuemhet Egypt, 650 BCE. Granite, approx. 4 5 high.

41 Kroisos from Anavysos, Greece ca. 530 BCE. Marble approx. 6 4 high. Inscription: Stay and morn at the tomb of dead Kroisos, whom raging Ares destroyed one day as he fought in the foremost ranks. Comparison: Kouros ca. 600 BCE. Marble, approx. 6 1/2 high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

42 Kore (pl. korai): A sculpture representing a standing young woman clothed in long robes Peplos Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, approx. 4 high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

43 Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, approx /2 high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

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45 The Gorgorne Medusa from the West pediment of the Temple of Artemis, Corfu, Greece ca BCE. Limestone, greatest height approx Archaeological Museum, Corfu. Pediment: The triangular gable between a horizontal entablature and a sloping roof. usually filled with sculpture.

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47 The Gorgon Medusa From the Archaic temple in Syracuse c BCE Clay yplaque

48 Gorgon head Temple of Apollo, Veii, 500 BCE

49 Comparison: Clay mask of the demon Huwawa (Humbaba) From Sippar, southern Iraq, about BC. British Museum Used in divinations Gorgon head Temple of Apollo, Veii, 500 BCE Comparison: The god Bes. From Dendera temple, 1st c. BCE, Egypt. Comparison Horus Stele 4 th c. BCE. Egypt.

50 Running Woman. Archaic style. C. 500 BCE

51 Comparison: Maened By the Brygos Painter. 490 BCE (late Archaic White-ground) R i W Running Woman Archaic style. C. 500 BCE

52 Early Classical Sculpture

53 Dying warrior, from the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, ca BCE. Dying warrior, from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, approx. 6 1 long. Glyptothek, Munich.

54 Heads of Kouros. Archaic. Attika. C. 600 BCE Blond Boy. Early Classical. C. 480 BCE

55 Contrapposto: The disposition of the human figure in which one part is turned in opposition to another part (usually hips and legs one way, shoulders and chest another), creating a counterpositioning of the body about its central axis. Sometimes called weight shift because the weight of the body tends to be thrown to one foot, creating tension on one side and relaxation on the other. Kritios Boy, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, approx high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

56 High Classical Sculpture: BCE

57 Parthenon sculptures were colored blue, red and green Panathenaic Festival Procession. Detail: Elders and maidens. East frieze. Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, approx. 3 6 high. Louvre, Paris.

58 Panathenaic Festival Procession. Detail: Seated gods and goddesses (Poseidon, Apollo, Artemis, Aprodite and Eros.) East frieze. Parthenon. ca BCE. Marble, approx. 3 6 high. Acropolis Museum.

59 The background was dark blue and the figures were in red and ocher, accented with gold and real metal details such as bronze bridles and bits on the horses. Panathenaic Festival Procession. Detail: Horsemen. North frieze. Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, approx. 3 6 high., h British Museum, London.

60 Three goddesses (Hestia, Dione, and Aphrodite?), from the east pediment of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, greatest height approx British Museum, London.

61 Comparison: Archaic Pediment: The Gorgorne Medusa. Temple of Artemis, Corfu, Greece ca BCE. Limestone, greatest height approx Archaeological Museum, Corfu. Three goddesses (Hestia, Dione, and Aphrodite?), from the east pediment of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, greatest height approx British Museum, London.

62 Caryatid from the south porch of the Erechtheion Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, 7 7 high. h British i Museum, London. Comparison: Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, approx /2 high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

63 Warrior, from the sea off Riace, Italy, ca BCE. Bronze, approx. 6 6 high. Archaeological Museum, Reggio Clbi Calabria. Head of an Akkadian ruler, Nineveh, ca BC. copper, 30.5 cm. Iraq Museum, Baghdad.

64 Comparison: Kritios Boy, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, approx high. Warrior, from the sea off Riace, Italy, ca BCE. Bronze, approx. 6 6 high. Archaeological Museum, Reggio Calabria.

65 Kroisos from Anavysos, Greece ca. 530 BCE. Marble approx. 6 4 high. Inscription: Stay and morn at the tomb of dead Kroisos, whom raging Ares destroyed one day as he fought in the foremost ranks. POLYKLEITOS, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Roman marble copy from Pompeii, Italy, after a bronze original of ca BCE, 6 11 high. Museo Nazionale, Naples.

66 Myron. Discobolus. Marble, Roman copy after a bronze original of the 5th century BC. From the Villa Adriana near Tivoli, Italy. Discussion Question Select a single piece of sculpture that you believe best reflects the stylistic principles of Greek art from the Classical period. Describe the principles and how the work reflects them. Three goddesses from the east pediment of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, greatest height approx Warrior, from the sea off Riace, Italy, ca BCE. Bronze, approx. 6 6 high.

67 Greek Architecture t r

68 Comparison: Temple of Amen. Karnak. Egypt Temple of Athena Aphaia. Aegina BCE (late Archaic) "Man is the measure of all things: of things which are, that they are so, and of things which are not, that they are not." Protagoras

69 The Doric and Ionic Orders

70 The Greek World

71 The two standardize elevation designs, the Doric and Ionic. Emerged in the Archaic period.

72 Fluting Doric Capital. Temple of Hera II, Paestum, Italy B.C.

73 Frieze Metope Triglyph Architrave Doric order. Detail from Parthenon. Acropolis, Athens, BCE

74 Ionic Order Temple of Nike (Victory), Acropolis, Athens BCE

75 Lincoln Memorial. Washington, D.C.; The monument, designed by Henry Bacon and styled after a Greek temple, has 36 Doric columns representing the states of the Union at the time of Lincoln's death.

76 Corinthian black-figure amphora with animal friezes, ca BCE. Greek Architecture: Orientalizing Period (7th c. BCE)

77 Megaron: The main hall or central room of a palace or house, especially of Mycenaean Greece, having a pillared porch and a central hearth or sacrifical pit. Hearth (pronounced- harth): fireplace Mycenean Palace and citadel. Tiryns, Greece, ca BCE.

78 Temple or House Model c. 700 BCE. Clay. Athens. Acropolis Museum.

79 Plan of Temple A, Prinias, Greece, ca. 625 BCE.

80 Greek Architecture: Archaic Period (6th c. BCE)

81 The Athenian Treasury. Delphi. Greece BCE In Antis plan

82 Greek Temple Plans

83 Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy, ca. 550 BCE.

84 Temple of Hera I. Plan. Paestum, Italy, ca. 550 BCE.

85 Temple of Hera I Paestum, Italy ca. 550 BCE. Temple of Aphaia Temple of Aphaia Aegina, Greece ca BCE

86 Caryatid: a female figure that functions as a supporting column (may represent priestesses of Artemis) Siphnian Treasury Delphi, Greece, ca. 530 BCE.

87 Comparison: Interior of the temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel. Egypt, ca BCE. Sandstone. Pillar statues approx. 32 high.

88 Greek Architecture: Classical Period (5th c. BCE)

89 The Greco - Persian Wars ( BC) Series of wars between Greek states and Persia, particularly two invasions of Greece by Persia (490, ). Greek warriors Persian warriors

90 A band of Spartans under Leonidas was overcome at the Battle of Thermopylae, allowing the Persian army (150,000 to 250,000 men) to reach Athens, which they sacked.

91 When the Persian navy was soundly defeated at the Battle of Salamis, Xerxes withdrew it to Persia.

92 Pericles Athenian general and statesman largely responsible for the full development of Athenian democracy and the Athenian empire. He asserted Athenian control over the Delian League and used the league's treasury to rebuild the Acropolis. KRESILAS, Pericles. (lived ) Roman marble copy after a bronze original of ca. 429 BCE Vatican Museums, Rome. Athens in the time of Pericles was a democracy where citizens -- free males born in Athens -- voted for a variety of officials. "Freedom is the sure possession of those alone who have the courage to defend it." Pericles

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94 3 1 2 Acropolis: (Greek: city at the top ) Central, defensively oriented district in ancient Greek cities, located on the highest ground and containing the chief municipal and religious buildings. Model of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 1. Parthenon 2. Propylaia 3. Erechtheion 4. Temple of Athena Nike. 4

95 IKTINOS and KALLIKRATES, Parthenon, the Temple of Athena Parthenos Acropolis, Athens, Greece, BCE.

96 West Pediment: Contest between Athena and Poseidon IKTINOS and KALLIKRATES, Parthenon, the Temple of Athena Parthenos Reconstructed model of the west facade. Acropolis, Athens, Greece, BCE.

97 Ionic columns Plan of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, with diagram of sculptural program, BCE.

98 Parthenon. L.Diagram of Adjustments. R. stylobate

99 Golden Ratio :1 (Phi) A golden rectangle is a rectangle with dimensions which are of the golden ratio, 1 : φ (i.e., ). It has been claimed to be the most aesthetically pleasing shape of a rectangle.

100 Varvakeion Athena Small Roman copy of Pheidias's Athena Parthenos from 5th century BCE. Athens, National Archaeological l Museum. Roman copy of Athena s shield British Museum

101 PHIDIAS, Athena Parthenos ('virgin') ca. 438 BCE. approx. 38 tall. Ivory and gold on wooden frame. Gold plates weighed approximately 1,500 pounds. R: Model from Ontario Mus., Toronto. L. from replica of Phrthenon in Nashville

102 Elgin Marbles Greek sculptures in the British Museum. They were taken from Athens to England in 1803 by Lord Elgin.

103 Discussion Question: Form a group of three students. One student should represent the Greek government and ask for the return of the Elgin Marbles to Greece. One student should represent the British government and should argue why they should stay in the British Museum. The third person should represent the U.N and come up with a decision about the fate of the marbles. Write down all the arguments as well as the decision. Panathenaic Festival Procession. From the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, approx. 3 6 high., British Museum, London.

104 Late Classical Period 4 th c. BCE

105 POLYKLEITOS THE YOUNGER, Theater, Epidauros, Greece, ca. 350 BCE.

106 (stage)

107 THEODOROS OF PHOKAIA, Tholos, Delphi, Greece, ca. 375 BCE.

108 POLYKLEITOS THE YOUNGER, Corinthian capital, from the Tholos, Epidauros, Greece, ca. 350 BCE. Archaeological Museum, Epidauros.

109 Restored replica of Hermes and Dionysos PRAXITELES, Hermes and the infant Dionysos, from the Temple of Hera, Olympia, Greece. Marble copy after an original of ca. 340 BCE, approx. 7 1 high. Archaeological Museum, Olympia.

110 PRAXITELES, Aphrodite of Knidos. Roman marble copy after an original of ca BCE. Approx. 6 8 high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

111 Comparison: Athena, Herakles, and Atlas with the apples of the Hesperides, metope from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, approx. 5 3 high. LYSIPPOS, Weary Herakles. Roman marble copy from Rome, Italy, after a bronze original of ca. 320 BCE. Approx high. Museo Nazionale, Naples.

112 LYSIPPOS, Weary Herakles. Roman marble copy from Rome, Italy, after a bronze original of ca. 320 BCE. Approx high. Comparison: POLYKLEITOS, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Roman marble copy after a bronze original of ca BCE, 6 11 high

113 Abduction of Persepone. Wall painting from Tomb I. Vergina. Macedonia. Modeling (also called shading ): c. 366 BCE In two-dimensional art, simulating the effects of light and shadow in order to portray optically convincing masses.

114 Alexander the Great, B.C., king of Macedon, conqueror of much of Asia. The son of Philip II of Macedon, he had Aristotle as his tutor and was given a classical education. At the peak of his powers, his empire stretched from the western edge of modern-day d India across to Egypt (where he founded the city of Alexandria and named it for himself). He died at age 33. Alexander the Great. Roman copy (1st or 2nd century CE) of a bronze sculpture made by Lysippos

115 Alexander Empire c. 323 B.C.E

116 PHILOXENOS OF ERETRIA Battle of Issus ca 310 BCE Roman copy PHILOXENOS OF ERETRIA, Battle of Issus, ca. 310 BCE. Roman copy (Alexander Mosaic) from the House of the Faun, Pompeii, Italy, late second or early first century BCE. Tessera mosaic, approx X Museo Nazionale, Naples.

117 PHILOXENOS OF ERETRIA PHILOXENOS OF ERETRIA, Battle of Issus. ca. 310 BCE. Roman copy (Alexander Mosaic) from the House of the Faun, Pompeii, Italy, late second or early first century BCE. Tessera mosaic, approx X Museo Nazionale, Naples.

118 Hellenistic Art 323 BCE - 31 BCE (approx. (pp 3 rd 1 st c. BCE) Hellas: The Greek name for Greece Hellens: Greeks

119 The Attalid dynasty in Anatolia based at Pergamum The Antigonid dynasty in Macedon and central Greece The Seleucid dynasty in Syria and Mesopotamia based at Antioch The Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt based at Alexandria

120 Reconstructed west front of the Altar of Zeus from Pergamon Turkey, ca. 175 BCE. Staatliche Museen, Berlin.

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122 Athena battling Alkyoneos, detail of the gigantomachy frieze, from the Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, Turkey. Marble, approx. 7 6 high. Staatliche Museen, Berlin.

123 EPIGONOS(?), Gallic chieftain killing himself and his wife. Roman marble copy after a bronze original from Pergamon, Turkey, ca BCE, approx high.

124 EPIGONOS(?), Gallic chieftain killing himself and his wife. Roman marble copy after a bronze original from Pergamon, Turkey, ca BCE, approx high. Comparison: POLYKLEITOS, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Roman marble copy from Pompeii, Italy, after a bronze original of ca BCE, 6 11 high. Museo Nazionale, Naples.

125 EPIGONOS(?) Dying Gaul Roman marble copy after a bronze original from Pergamon EPIGONOS(?), Dying Gaul. Roman marble copy after a bronze original from Pergamon, Turkey, ca BCE, approx. 3 1/2 high. Museo Capitolino, Rome.

126 Nike of Samothrace from Samothrace Greece Nike of Samothrace, from Samothrace, Greece, ca. 190 BCE. Marble, figure approx. 8 1 high. Louvre, Paris.

127 Comparison: Three goddesses, from the east pediment of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, greatest height approx Nike of Samothrace, from Samothrace, Greece, ca. 190 BCE. Marble, figure approx. 8 1 high. Louvre, Paris.

128 ALEXANDROS OF ANTIOCH-ON-THE- MEANDER, Aphrodite (Venus de Milo), from Melos, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, approx. 6 7 high. Louvre, Paris.

129 ALEXANDROS OF ANTIOCH-ON-THE-ON THE MEANDER, Aphrodite (Venus de Milo), from Melos, Greece, ca BCE. Marble, approx. 6 7 high. Louvre, Paris.

130 Sleeping satyr, from Rome, Italy, ca BCE. Marble, approx. 7 1 high. Glyptothek, Munich.

131 Old market woman, ca BCE. Marble, approx. 4 1/2 high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

132 ATHANADOROS, HAGESANDROS, and POLYDOROS OF RHODES, Laocoön and his sons, from Rome, Italy, early first century CE Marble, approx /2 high. Vatican Museums, Rome.

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134 Discussion Question: Discuss the development of the standing male nude in Greek sculpture. Note particularly the changing proportions, the depiction of motion, and the conception of the figure in space. Cite specific examples to illustrate your discussion. Geometric: Hero and Centaur Geometric period. ca BCE. Bronze, approx. 4 1/2 high. Classical: POLYKLEITOS, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Roman marble copy after a Archaic: Kouros ca. 600 BCE. Marble, approx. 6 1/2 high. Metropolitan bronze original of Museum of Art, New ca BCE, York high. Hellenistic: EPIGONOS(?), Gallic chieftain killing himself and his wife. Roman marble copy after a bronze original from Pergamon, Turkey, ca BCE, approx high.

135 Statues of Asclepius with his symbol, the serpent-entwined staff Asclepius is the god of Asclepius is the god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology.

136 Anatomical votives dedicated to Asklepius This first-century A.D. relief of a leg was dedicated di d by a man named Tycheas as a thank-offering to Asklepius and Hygeia at the Asklepion on the island of Melos, Greece. This gilded bronze ear was presented to the Asklepion at Pergamum by a woman named Fabia Secunda, who had in made for the god Asklepius because the ear was healed in a dream.