1453: The Fall of Constantinople
|
|
- Julius Bryan
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1453: The Fall of Constantinople By Mark Cartwright, January 23, 2018 The city of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was founded by Roman emperor Constantine I in 324 CE and it acted as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire as it has later become known, for well over 1,000 years. Although the city suffered many attacks, prolonged sieges, internal rebellions, and even a period of occupation in the 13th century CE by the Fourth Crusaders, its legendary defences were the most formidable in both the ancient and medieval worlds. It could not, though, resist the mighty cannons of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, and Constantinople, jewel and bastion of Christendom, was conquered, smashed, and looted on Tuesday, 29 May 1453 CE. AN IMPREGNABLE FORTRESS Constantinople had withstood many sieges and attacks over the centuries, notably by the Arabs between 674 and 678 CE and again between 717 and 718 CE. The great Bulgar Khans Krum (r CE) and Symeon (r CE) both attempted to attack the Byzantine capital, as did the Rus (descendants of Vikings based around Kiev) in 860 CE, 941 CE, and 1043 CE, but all failed. Another major siege was instigated by the usurper Thomas the Slav between 821 and 823 CE. All of these attacks were unsuccessful thanks to the city s location by the sea, its naval fleet, and the secret weapon of Greek Fire (a highly inflammable liquid), and, most importantly of all, the protection of the massive Theodosian Walls. The city s celebrated walls were a triple row of fortifications built during the reign of Theodosius II ( CE) which protected the land side of the peninsula occupied by the city. They extended across the peninsula from the shores of the Sea of Marmara to the Golden Horn, eventually being fully completed in 439 CE and
2 stretching some 6.5 kilometres. Attackers first faced a 20-metre wide and 7-metre deep ditch which could be flooded with water fed from pipes when required. Behind that was an outer wall which had a patrol track to oversee the moat. Behind this was a second wall which had regular towers and an interior terrace so as to provide a firing platform to shoot down on any enemy forces attacking the moat and first wall. Then, behind that wall was a third, much more massive, inner wall. This final defence was almost 5 metres thick, 12 metres high, and presented to the enemy 96 projecting towers. Each tower was placed around 70 metres distant from another and reached a height of 20 metres. The towers, either square or octagonal in form, could hold up to three artillery machines. The towers were so placed on the middle wall so as not to block the firing possibilities from the towers of the inner wall. The distance between the outer ditch and inner wall was 60 metres while the height difference was 30 metres. To take Constantinople, an army would, then, need to attack by both land and sea, but all attempts failed no matter who tried and no matter what weapons and siege engines they launched at the city. In short, Constantinople, with the greatest defences in the medieval world, was impregnable. Well, not quite. After 800 years of resisting all comers, the city s defences were finally breached by the knights of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 CE, although the attackers got in through a carelessly left-open door and not because the fortifications themselves had failed in their purpose. Repaired and rebuilt by Michael VIII (r CE) in 1260 CE, the city remained the most difficult military nut to crack in the world, but this reputation did not in any way deter the ever-more ambitious Ottomans. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE The Ottoman Empire had begun as a small Turkish emirate founded by Osman in Eskishehir (western Asia Minor) in the late 13th century CE, but by the early 14th century CE, it had already expanded into Thrace. With their capital at Adrianople, further captures included Thessaloniki and Serbia. In 1396 CE, at Nikopolis on the Danube, an Ottoman army defeated a Crusader army. Constantinople was the next target as Byzantium teetered on the brink of collapse and became no more than a vassal state within the Ottoman Empire. The city was attacked in 1394 CE and 1422 CE but still managed to resist. Another Crusader army was defeated in 1444 CE
3 at Varna near the Black Sea coast. Then the new Sultan, Mehmed II (r CE), after extensive preparations such as building, extending, and occupying fortresses along the Bosporus, notably at Rumeli Hisar and Anadolu in 1452 CE, moved to finally sweep away the Byzantines and their capital. THE DEFENDERS The crushing of the Crusader army at Varna in 1444 CE meant that the Byzantines were now on their own. No significant help could be expected from the West where the Popes were already unimpressed with the Byzantine s unwillingness to form a union of the Church and accept their supremacy. The Venetians did send a paltry two ships and 800 men in April 1453 CE, Genoa promised another ship, and even the Pope later promised five armed ships, but the Ottomans had by then already blockaded Constantinople. The people of the city could only stock up on food and arms and hope their defences would save them yet again. According to the 15th-century CE Greek historian and eyewitness Georges Sphrantzes, the defending army was composed of fewer than 5,000 men, not a sufficient number to adequately cover the length of the city s walls, some 19 km in total. Worse still, the once great Byzantine navy now consisted of a mere 26 ships, and most of those belonged to the Italian colonists of the city. The Byzantines were hopelessly outnumbered in men, ships, and weapons. It seemed that only divine intervention could save them now, but in the many previous sieges over centuries gone by, it was believed that just such intervention had saved the city; perhaps history would be repeated. Then again, there were also ominous tales of impending doom: prophecies that proclaimed the fall of Constantinople when the emperor was called Constantine (a good number were, of course) and there was an eclipse of the moon - which there was in the days before the siege of 1453 CE. The Byzantine emperor at the time of the attack was Constantine XI (r CE), and he took personal charge of the defence along with such notable military figures as Loukas Notaras, the Kantakouzenos brothers, Nikephoros Palaiologos, and the Genoese siege expert Giovanni Giustiniani. The Byzantines had catapults and Greek Fire, the highly inflammable liquid which could be sprayed under pressure from ships or walls to torch an enemy, but the technology of warfare had moved on and the Theodosian Walls were about to get their sternest ever test.
4 THE ATTACKERS Mehmed II had one thing that previous besiegers of Constantinople had lacked: cannons. And they were big ones. The Byzantines had actually had first option on the cannons as they had been offered them by their inventor, the Hungarian engineer named Urban, but Constantine could not meet his asking price. Urban then peddled his expertise to the Sultan, and Mehmed showed more interest and offered him four times what he was asking. These fearsome weapons were put to good use in November 1452 CE when a Venetian ship, disobeying a ban on traffic, was blown out of the water as it sailed down the Bosphorus. The captain of the vessel survived but was captured, decapitated, and then impaled on a stake. It was an ominous sign of things to come. According to Georges Sphrantzes, the Ottoman army numbered 200,000 men, but modern historians prefer a more realistic figure of 60-80,000. When the army assembled at the city walls of Constantinople on 2 April 1453 CE, the Byzantines got their first glimpse of Mehmed s cannons. The largest was 9 metres long with a
5 gaping mouth one metre across. Already tested, it could fire a ball weighing 500 kilos over 1.5 km. So mammoth was this cannon that it took an awfully long time to load and cool it so that it could only be fired seven times a day. Still, the Ottomans had plenty of smaller cannon, each capable of firing over 100 times a day. On 5 April, Mehmed sent a demand for immediate surrender to the Byzantine emperor but received no reply. On 6 April the attack began. The Theodosian Walls were relentlessly blasted, chunk by chunk, into rubble. The defenders could do no more than fire back with their own smaller cannons by day, hold off the attackers where the cannons had punched the biggest holes, and try and repair those gaps each night as best they could, using rocks, barrels, and anything else they could get their hands on. The resulting rubble piles actually absorbed the cannon shot better than fixed walls but, eventually, one of the infantry assaults would surely get through. A FIGHT FOR SURVIVAL The onslaught went on for six weeks but there was some effective resistance. The Ottoman attack on the boom which blocked the city s harbour was repelled, as were several direct assaults on the Land Walls. On 20 April, miraculously, three Genoese ships sent by the Pope and a ship carrying vital grain sent by Alphonso of Aragon managed to break through the Ottoman naval blockade and reach the defenders. Mehmed, infuriated, then got around the harbour boom by building a railed road via which 70 of his ships, loaded onto carts pulled by oxen, could be launched into the waters of the Golden Horn. The Ottomans then built a pontoon and fixed cannons to it so that they could now attack any part of the city from the sea side, not just the land. The defenders now struggled to station men where they were needed, especially along the structurally weaker sea walls. Time was running out for the city but, then, a reprieve came from an unexpected quarter. Back in Asia Minor, Mehmed faced several revolts as his subjects became unruly while their Sultan and his army were abroad. For this reason, Mehmed offered Constantine a deal: pay tribute and he would withdraw. The emperor refused, and Mehmed gave the news to his men that now, when the city fell, as surely it would, they could plunder whatever they wished from one of the richest cities in the world.
6 Mehmed launched a massive go-for-broke, throw-everything-at-them assault at dawn on 29 May. First to be sent in after the usual cannon barrage were the second-rate troops, then a second wave was launched with better-armed troops, and, finally, a third wave attacked the walls, this time composed of the Janissaries - the well-trained and highly determined elite of Mehmed's army. It was during this third wave that disaster struck the Byzantines who by now were forced to employ women and children to defend the walls. Some fool had left the small Kerkoporta gate in the Land Walls open and the Janissaries did not hesitate in using it. They climbed to the top of the wall and raised the Ottoman flag, then they worked their way around to the main gate and allowed their comrades to flood into the city. DESTRUCTION Chaos now ensued with some of the defenders maintaining their discipline and meeting the enemy while others rushed back to their homes to defend their own families. It is at this point that Constantine was killed in the action, most likely near the Gate of St. Romanos, although, as he had discarded any indications of his status to avoid his body being used as a trophy, his demise is not known for certain. The emperor could have fled the city days before but he chose to stay with his people, and a legend soon grew up that he had not died at all but, instead, he had been magically encased in marble and buried beneath the city which he would, one day, return to rule again. Meanwhile, the pillage and destruction began. Many of the city s inhabitants committed suicide rather than be subject to the horrors of capture and slavery. Perhaps 4,000 were killed outright, and over 50,000 were shipped off as slaves. Many sought refuge in churches and barricaded themselves in, including inside the Hagia Sophia, but these were obvious targets for their treasures, and after they were looted for their gems and precious metals, the buildings and their priceless icons were smashed, the cowering captives butchered. Uncountable art treasures were lost, books were burned, and anything with a Christian message was hacked to pieces, including frescoes and mosaics. In the afternoon, Mehmed entered the city himself, called an end to the pillaging and declared that the Hagia Sophia church be immediately converted into a mosque. It was a powerful statement that the city s role as a bastion of Christianity for twelve centuries was now over. Mehmed then rounded up the most important survivors from the city s nobility and executed them. AFTERMATH Constantinople was made the new Ottoman capital, the massive Golden Gate of the Theodosian Walls was made part of the castle treasury of Mehmed, while the Christian community was permitted to survive, guided by the bishop Gennadeios II. What was left of the old Byzantine empire was absorbed into Ottoman territory following the conquest of Mistra in 1460 CE and Trebizond in 1461 CE. Meanwhile, Mehmed, aged only 21 and now known as "the Conqueror", settled in for a long reign and
7 another 28 years as Sultan. Byzantine culture would survive, especially in the arts and architecture, but the fall of Constantinople was, nevertheless, a momentous episode of world history, the end of the old Roman Empire and the last surviving link between the medieval and ancient worlds. As the historian J. J. Norwich notes, That is why five and a half centuries later, throughout the Greek world, Tuesday is still believed to be the unluckiest day of the week; why the Turkish flag still depicts not a crescent but a waning moon, reminding us that the moon was in its last quarter when Constantinople finally fell. (383)
The Rise of Rome. After about 800 BC other people also began settling in Italy The two most notable were the and the
The Rise of Rome The Land and People of Italy Italy is a peninsula extending about miles from north to south and only about 120 miles wide. The mountains form a ridge from north to south down the middle
More informationWorld History I SOL WH1.7a, c, e Mr. Driskell
World History I SOL WH1.7a, c, e Mr. Driskell Constantinople was located on the Bosporus Strait, in modern day Turkey. It was put there for several reasons. First, protection. It was located on an easily
More informationWar in Ancient Greece. Essential Question: Why does conflict develop?
War in Ancient Greece Essential Question: Why does conflict develop? I can statements and Essential Standards: Compare and contrast warring factions Identify evidence about the course of ancient Greek
More informationGuided Notes - Persian & Peloponnesian Wars
Guided Notes - Persian & Peloponnesian Wars The Persian Wars - 510-478 B.C.E Major Battles: Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, & Plataea The Persians: Led by Began creating one of the world s largest empires
More informationText 1: Empire Building Through Conquest. Topic 6: Ancient Rome and the Origins of Christianity Lesson 2: The Roman Empire: Rise and Decline
Text 1: Empire Building Through Conquest Topic 6: Ancient Rome and the Origins of Christianity Lesson 2: The Roman Empire: Rise and Decline BELLWORK How did Rome s conquests affect the Empire? OBJECTIVES
More informationBig Idea Constantine creates a New Rome Essential Question How did Constantinople become a rich and powerful city?
Big Idea Constantine creates a New Rome Essential Question How did Constantinople become a rich and powerful city? 1 Essential Question What was the Great Schism? Words To Know Cultural Diffusion the exchange
More informationRemember from last class...
The Onset of War! Remember from last class... The republic lasted for nearly 500 years and this period marked major expansion of Roman power. During this time, Rome became the leading power in the Mediterranean.
More informationThe Byzantine Empire and Russia ( )
Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Chapter 10, Section World History: Connection to Today Chapter 10 The Byzantine Empire
More informationToday. Unit Quiz When you are finished please do something quietly. Castles in the Middle Ages
Today Unit Quiz When you are finished please do something quietly Castles in the Middle Ages ** Hand in all of your assignments for this last unit please The High Middle Ages (1066-1300) Population Power
More informationGreatest sieges. Greatest sieges
Greatest sieges Greatest sieges Contents Introduction: To stand or fall #5 Leningrad The deadliest siege ever. Published at Petitcodiac Regional School May 2016 #4 Malta An island against an empire. #3
More informationCastles. Castles. Visit for thousands of books and materials.
Castles A Reading A Z Level Q Leveled Reader Word Count: 1,515 LEVELED READER Q Castles Written and Illustrated by Paula Schricker Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. www.readinga-z.com
More informationChapter 25 Section One: Istanbul: A Primate City throughout History urban primate city
Chapter 25 Section One: Istanbul: A Primate City throughout History Meryem lives in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey. It is early morning. She is riding a ferryboat to get to work. The ferry carries
More informationAthens and Sparta. Chapter 7, Section 2
Athens and Sparta Chapter 7, Section 2 Objectives In this section you will 1. Learn how people lived in ancient Sparta. 2. Discover some results of the Persian invasion of Greece. 3. Understand the conflicts
More informationWritten by Peter Hammond Monday, 01 February :51 - Last Updated Wednesday, 27 September :32
To view this article as a PowerPoint, click here. To listen to the audio, click here. 7 th October is the anniversary of the Battle of Lepanto, one of the most decisive naval battles in history, which
More informationTHINK: How did the many Greek city-states commonly relate/deal with each other?
World History 2017 Mr. David Giglio THINK: How did the many Greek city-states commonly relate/deal with each other? Nationalism: extreme or intense loyalty and devotion to a nation Exalting one nation
More informationUnit 6 Lesson 8 The Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
Unit 6 Lesson 8 The Persian and Peloponnesian Wars Lesson 8 The Persian and Peloponnesian Wars 1. Greece defeated two major Persian invasions in the. (Battle of Salamis/Persian Wars) 2. The began when
More informationThe Fall Of Constantinople: The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire And The End Of The Byzantine Empire By Charles River Editors READ ONLINE
The Fall Of Constantinople: The Rise Of The Ottoman Empire And The End Of The Byzantine Empire By Charles River Editors READ ONLINE The conquest of the city of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine
More informationThe Byzantine Empire
Do not dwell in the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind on the present moment. -- Buddha Name: The Byzantine Empire Aim: To what extent was the Byzantine Empire, the new Rome? Development
More informationByzantine Empire. Why did Emperor Constantine move the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 CE?
Byzantine Empire Why did Emperor Constantine move the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 CE? Byzantine Empire Why did Emperor Constantine move the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople
More informationUsing evidence from the documents, write a paragraph discussing three ways Constantinople s location was beneficial to the Byzantine Empire.
Name : Constantinople DBQ Historical Context: Task: Constantinople s beneficial to the Byzantine Empire Using evidence from the documents, write a paragraph discussing three ways Constantinople s beneficial
More informationThe Punic Wars The Punic Wars BCE Carthage The Harbor of Carthage Carthage Carthaginian Navy
The Punic Wars The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Punic comes from the Latin word for Phoenician Three conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage First Punic War 264-241 BCE Fought over Sicily Second Punic War
More informationPersians were creating a huge empire that stretched from Asia Minor to India
Persians were creating a huge empire that stretched from Asia Minor to India Athens had emerged as the wealthiest Greek city-state Greek city-states in Ionia, located in Asia Minor, had been conquered
More informationAlexander fighting Persian king Darius III. Alexander Mosaic, from Pompeii, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale.
Alexander fighting Persian king Darius III. Alexander Mosaic, from Pompeii, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. IV) HELLENISTIC GREECE The Hellenistic period of Greek history was the period between the
More information(1) For many years the Greek city-states had fought against each other over land and TRADE In the 400 s B.C., the city-states UNITED to confront a com
(1) For many years the Greek city-states had fought against each other over land and TRADE In the 400 s B.C., the city-states UNITED to confront a common enemy, Persia Persia s empire was huge, it stretched
More informationThe Battle of Quebec: 1759
The Battle of Quebec: 1759 In the spring of 1759, the inhabitants of Quebec watched the river with worried eyes. They waited anxiously to see whether the ships of the French, or those of the British fleet,
More informationPERSIAN EXPANSION 520 B.C.,
PERSIAN EXPANSION The Persian empire expanded west from its base in Southwest Asia (Suza) Around 520 B.C., King Darius army reached the Ionic cities of Ephesus and Miletus on the eastern coast of the Aegean
More informationTOPKAPI PALACE BLUE MOSQUE
ABOUT ISTANBUL Istanbul is the only city in the world built on two continents. Its fate has been determined by its vital strategic location and enchanting natural beauty. It has long been coveted by powerful
More informationThe Persian Wars: Ionian Revolt The Ionian Revolt, which began in 499 B.C. marked the beginning of the Greek-Persian wars. In 546 B.C.
The Persian Wars: Ionian Revolt The Ionian Revolt, which began in 499 B.C. marked the beginning of the Greek-Persian wars. In 546 B.C. the Persians had conquered the wealthy Greek settlements in Ionia
More informationClip Art Ancient Greece Alexander the Great
Clip Art http://sg-greece.gr.nation2.com/gallery/81_alexander-the-great-print-c12180748.jpg Ancient Greece Alexander the Great Macedonia Macedonia was a territory just to the north of Greece MACEDONIA
More informationA Day in Istanbul visiting City Walls of Istanbul - Golden Horn & Bosphorus Cruise.
Full Day Istanbul City Walls - Golden Horn - Bosphorus Tour Full Day Tour starts @ 08:30 - Lunch Included. A Day in Istanbul visiting City Walls of Istanbul - Golden Horn & Bosphorus Cruise. Booking Turkey
More informationCar Hire Limassol. {carman_quicksearch}
{carman_quicksearch} Limassol or Lemesos is the second-largest city in Cyprus, with a population of 228,000 (2008). It is the largest city in geographical size, and the biggest municipality on the island.
More informationAncient Rome and Byzantium The Birth of the Byzantine Empire
Non-fiction: Ancient Rome and Byzantium - The Birth of the Byzantine Empire Ancient Rome and Byzantium The Birth of the Byzantine Empire In A.D. 326, the Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman
More informationThe Byzantine Empire Russia And Eastern Europe Section 2
The Byzantine Empire Russia And Eastern Europe Section 2 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE RUSSIA AND EASTERN EUROPE SECTION 2 PDF - Are you looking for the byzantine empire russia and eastern europe section 2 Books?
More informationGreece. made up of two parts: mainland hundreds of small islands. Two main features: Mountains Seas
Greece made up of two parts: mainland hundreds of small islands Two main features: Mountains Seas Geography MOUNTAIN RANGES mountain ranges separated the small, independent Greek communities caused them
More informationHannibal crosses the Alps
Hannibal crosses the Alps 247-182 BC Early years Hannibal Barca was born in Carthage, North Africa, (now a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia) in 247 BC. At that time this once prosperous seaport was losing a long
More informationNotes: The Greek World (Chapter 9)
Notes: The Greek World (Chapter 9) I. Persia Becomes an Empire under Cyrus the Great A. Cyrus the Great led a Persian revolt against the in 580 BCE 1. the Great won independence for Persia from the Medes,
More informationSection 2. Objectives
Objectives Understand why a stalemate developed on the Western Front. Describe how technology made World War I different from earlier wars. Outline the course of the war on the Eastern Front, in other
More informationGreece at War. Persian Wars. May 01, 2013
Bell Work: Make sure these are in your notes. Things to remember about Persian and Greek Wars: 1. Persia under the reign of Cyrus the Great wanted to take over Asia Minor and Greece. 2. Asia Minor was
More informationGreece and Persia. The Persian Wars Greece s Finest Hours
Greece and Persia The Persian Wars Greece s Finest Hours Where is Persia? Why Fight? Greeks had been settling on the west coast of Asia Minor (Persia) Persia conquered these colonies In 499 B.C. Greeks
More informationCanada s Contributions Abroad WWII
Canada s Contributions Abroad WWII Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945) Struggle between the Allied and German forces for control of the Atlantic Ocean. The Allies needed to keep the vital flow of men and
More informationTHE GEOGRAPHY OF THE NILE. Section 1
THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE NILE Section 1 The Nile River is the world s longest river. It flows north from its sources in East Africa to the Mediterranean Sea for more than 4,000 miles. THE COURSE OF THE NILE
More informationJAPAN S PACIFIC CAMPAIGN. Chapter 16 section 2
JAPAN S PACIFIC CAMPAIGN Chapter 16 section 2 Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor October 1940 the U.S. had cracked one of the codes that the Japanese used in sending secret messages. Which meant the U.S.
More informationAncient Greek Warfare. Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, and Alexander the Great
Ancient Greek Warfare Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, and Alexander the Great Greek Warfare l Hoplite armed men l Large 3 foot shield (Hoplon) protected his left side l The other side was protected by
More informationBig Idea Rome Becomes an Empire Essential Question How did Rome become an Empire?
Big Idea Rome Becomes an Empire Essential Question How did Rome become an Empire? 1 Words To Know Reform To make changes or improvements. Let s Set The Stage After gaining control of the Italian peninsula,
More informationKAMENETZ-PODOLSKI. 1/8, Lit.G, Igorivska str, Kyiv, tel./fax: bluechip.ua
KAMENETZ-PODOLSKI 1/8, Lit.G, Igorivska str, Kyiv, 04070 tel./fax: +38 044 201-10-60 bluechip.ua Preliminary program. Day 1. Arrival to Kamenetz-Podolski Check in Breakfast Walking city tour fortress of
More informationGRECO-PERSIAN WARS NAME: B.C. 499 TO 479. Task: Read ~ Write ~ Respond Use your Split note-taking skills
NAME: PERIOD: Task: Read ~ Write ~ Respond Use your Split note-taking skills GRECO-PERSIAN WARS B.C. 499 TO 479 As many historians have suggested, the Greco-Persian Wars were a David and Goliath struggle
More informationTEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. World War I on Many Fronts
World War I on Many Fronts Objectives Understand why a stalemate developed on the Western Front. Describe how technology made World War I different from earlier wars. Outline the course of the war on the
More informationThe Byzantine Empire By Charles William Chadwick Oman READ ONLINE
The Byzantine Empire By Charles William Chadwick Oman READ ONLINE The Byzantine Empire [Charles Oman] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Using clear and eminently readable prose, Charles
More informationThe Persian Wars. Section 1 Introduction
Section 1 Introduction In the 400s B.C.E., the vast Persian Empire extended from the Middle East and northeastern Africa to modern-day Pakistan. The Persians wanted to claim Greece as well. In the 400s
More informationD-Day. June 6th, 1944
D-Day June 6th, 1944 The Move on to France Because the Germans were being fought in Italy, the allies planned to move forward with their plan to open up the western front in Europe The Plan Winston Churchill
More informationGo Global Tours. Affordable Turkey Tour. Summary. Overview. Destination & Sightseeing
Affordable Turkey Tour Summary Country: Turkey Starting From: 62,029 Duration: 5 Days & 4 Nights. Dates: 09 Nov, 2018 to 22 Dec, 2018 Highlights: Categories: Adventure Tours, Family Tours Overview. Destination
More informationThe Establishment of the Roman Republic
Slide 1 The Establishment of the Roman Republic (c) Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com Slide 2 Geography of Rome Protection for Rome and Italy Rome built on seven hills Alps Barrier to the
More informationChapter X: Medieval Kingdoms in Europe (pages )
FOCUS SHEET - Chapter X: Medieval Kingdoms in Europe (pages 226-242) Name Charlemagne's empire did not survive long after his death. His grandsons up and soon, invasions by, Magyars, and encouraged a new
More informationWindsor Castle. Name.. Date... School. In the Footsteps of Medieval Kings Site Visit Workbook
Windsor Castle Name.. Date... School. In the Footsteps of Medieval Kings Site Visit Workbook You will need: Weather appropriate clothing Sensible shoes Site visit workbook Pen and pencil Packed lunch Water
More informationConstantinople 1453 By Christer Jorgensen From Battles of the Medieval World
The fall of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, to the Muslim Turks in May 1453 was a disastrous event for the Christian world, who viewed it as the beginning of the end of their faith.
More informationEssential Question: What is Hellenism? What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire?
Essential Question: What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire? Warm-Up Question: What is Hellenism? Why was Alexander of Macedonia considered great? In addition to
More informationCrusader attitudes towards Byzantium between 1204 and By Ferdinand Goetzen
Crusader attitudes towards Byzantium between 1204 and 1453 By Ferdinand Goetzen The Lost Empire: Byzantium and the Slavs 1004604 How did crusader attitudes change towards Byzantium between 1204 and 1453?
More informationMSMC Ecclesia Series Fr. Felix Just, S.J., Ph.D.
MSMC Ecclesia Series Fr. Felix Just, S.J., Ph.D. http://catholic-resources.org THURS, MAY 23, DAY 11: KUSADASI to SMYRNA to PERGAMUM to AYVALIK: Izmir (ancient Smyrna), one of the oldest cities of the
More informationPart 5 War between France and Great Britain
Part 5 War between France and Great Britain The objects of colonial rivalries PAGE 111 France Wanted to control the fur trade Expand their territory Great Britain Wanted to control the fur trade Expand
More informationFort Ticonderoga Carillon Battlefield Walking Trail Guide
Fort Ticonderoga Carillon Battlefield Walking Trail Guide Copyright Fort Ticonderoga. Photo Credit Carl Heilman II Length: Approximately 1¾ mile Welcome to Fort Ticonderoga s Walking Trail Blue markers
More informationPart 5 War between France and Great Britain
Part 5 War between France and Great Britain The objects of colonial rivalries PAGE 117 France Wanted to control the fur trade Expand their territory Great Britain Wanted to control the fur trade Expand
More informationGALLIPOLI THE WICKHAM CONNECTION
GALLIPOLI THE WICKHAM CONNECTION The eight-month campaign which took place between 25 April 1915 9 January 1916 on the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire. It was one of the Allies great disasters
More informationThe Ottoman Empire: From Beginning To End (First Balkan War - Gallipoli Russo-Turkish War - Crimean War - Battle Of Vienna) By Stephan Weaver
The Ottoman Empire: From Beginning To End (First Balkan War - Gallipoli 1915 - Russo-Turkish War - Crimean War - Battle Of Vienna) By Stephan Weaver Go to Manzikert, Battle of (1071) in A Dictionary of
More informationPHILIP II OF MACEDONIA Accomplished bringing Greece under his control by winning the BATTLE OF CHAERONEA
PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA Considered backward and barbaric though He admired Greek culture Hired Aristotle to tutor his son, Alexander Dreamed of conquering the Greek city-states PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA Accomplished
More informationAFRICAN CIVILIZATION. The Kushite Kingdom in Upper Egypt and the Sudan
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION The Kushite Kingdom in Upper Egypt and the Sudan The Kingdom of Kush The civilization of Kush thrived from about 2000 B.C.E. to 350 C.E. Kush and Egypt had a close relationship throughout
More informationJewels of Istanbul and Thessaly
Jewels of Istanbul and Thessaly 8 DAYS /7 NIGHTS EXTEND YOUR STAY IN A CLUB MED RESORT: Bodrum Palmiye, Gregolimano, Kemer, Palmiye Hotel, Palmiye CRUISE ON THE CLUB MED 2 Welcome aboard Club Med 2, for
More informationBattle of Marathon B.C.E.
Wars of the Greeks Marathon Battle of Marathon - 490 B.C.E. The Battle of Marathon took place during the first Persian invasion of Greece, fought between the combined forces of Athens and Plataea against
More informationWorld Leaders: Ramses the Great
World Leaders: Ramses the Great By Encyclopaedia Britannica, adapted by Newsela staff on 03.15.17 Word Count 879 Level 1050L TOP: A statue of Ramses the Great. SECOND: View of the temple of Ramses II.
More informationSubject of the book: The book consists of:
Subject of the book: Title: Expedition to the Golden Horn. Military Operations in the Dardanelles and on the Aegean Sea (August 1914 March 1915), Wydawnictwo Arkadiusz Wingert, Krakow 2008; 373 pages including:
More informationThe Persian Empire. An Outsider Invader Threatens the Greek Mainland.
The Persian Empire An Outsider Invader Threatens the Greek Mainland. Hello Sports Fans! Read Section 1: The Persian Empire 2. How did the Persians build their empire? Persia started in southwestern Iran
More informationHome work. Fill in the Blanks Use your study sheet to find the correct answers. THE CRADLE OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION
Date: 1 THE CRADLE OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION The ancient G introduced many valuable i that i the way we live today. The Greeks lived on a small, rocky p in southeast E. They were unable to f most of their
More informationGet in Touch with Tapasvi IAS
Know About Cuban Missile Crisis International Relation/World History Watch Full Video Here: https://bit.ly/2pf6min Get in Touch with Tapasvi IAS To Get free Study Material on WhatsApp Save our Number 06353628568
More informationCyrus the Great. A tolerant ruler he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions. The Greeks called him a Law-Giver.
The Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great A tolerant ruler he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions. The Greeks called him a Law-Giver. 580 529 B. C. E. The Jews called
More informationHistory of the Mexican Revolution
History of the Mexican Revolution By ThoughtCo.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.19.17 Word Count 1,098 Level 840L Revolutionaries Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa are among the prominent figures from
More informationDuring the Age, B.C.E., copper was traded within the region and wealth was brought to Cyprus.
Note Taking Worksheet Ancient Times The oldest remains of the island of Cyprus come from the Neolithic Age, in 8200 3900 B.C.E. These people used stone, and later, pottery, to store food. Between the Stone
More informationChapter 3. The Loss of Azlan
Chapter 3 The Loss of Azlan Objective: Students will be able to identify key events during the fight for Mexican Independence, and identify key people that helped in the fight for Independence. DO NOW:
More informationName: Period: Date: Mediterranean Sea , '13"N 18 48'30"E. Nile River , '14.06"N 31 26'27.
Name: : Date: Directions: Label the items in this column on the map. Mediterranean Sea 35.603719, 18.808594 35 36'13"N 18 48'30"E Nile River 26.853906, 3440919 26 51'14.06"N 31 26'27.31"E River Current
More informationgovernment religion -religious leader (pope) people -culture -dress -language -rank -literacy -population -health
italy in the middle ages: overview -nationality -ruler -structure -politics -religious leader (pope) -territory -empire -east/west/central -north/south -culture -dress -language -rank -literacy -population
More informationAthens vs. Sparta! The Peloponnesian War Cast of Characters
Scene 1 Pericles General in the Athenian army and popular leader in Athens Athens Representative #1 Athens Representative #2 Scene 2 Representatives from city-states in Athens alliance Euboea Representative
More informationTHE WALLS OF CONSTANTINOPLE AD
THE WALLS OF CONSTANTINOPLE AD 324 1453 STEPHEN TURNBULL ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS FORTRESS 25 THE WALLS OF CONSTANTINOPLE AD 324 1453 STEPHEN TURNBULL ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS Series editors Marcus
More informationGreek Test Review Chapter 10 and Chapter 11
Name: Class: Date: 10.1: Greek Test Review Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 1) How did the geographical nature of Greece shape its culture? The city- states were isolated from each other due to the mountainous
More information2009 runner-up Northern Territory. Samuel van den Nieuwenhof Darwin High School
2009 runner-up Northern Territory Samuel van den Nieuwenhof Darwin High School World War I had a devastating effect on Australian society. Why should we commemorate our participation in this conflict?
More informationThe Age of European Expansion
The Age of European Expansion 1580-1760 Spanish and Portuguese America 1581-1640 1. The Viceroyalty of New Spain was first established in 1535 by King Charles I 1 2. The 15 Captaincies of Brazil were first
More informationGreco-Roman: Early Experiments in Participatory Government
Greco-Roman: Early Experiments in Participatory Government By Cynthia Stokes Brown, Big History Project, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.18.16 Word Count 1,357 A Roman statue of Athena. Photo: Mimmo Jodice/CORBIS,
More informationThe Eighty Years War and the Dutch Republic
The Eighty Years War and the Dutch Republic Europe in 1555 Background Info The Netherlands was a wealthy area within the Holy Roman Empire It was a rich trading center A key region in the manufacture of
More informationThe Balkan Explorer Golden Eagle Danube Express
The Balkan Explorer Golden Eagle Danube Express A Private, Historical and Cultural Tour from Venice to Istanbul with your English-speaking guides Day 1 Venice, Italy Arrival day in Venice where you will
More informationChapter 10: The Kingdom of Kush
Chapter 10: The Kingdom of Kush Learning Target: I can explain how location influenced the Kingdom of Kush. Introduction The African kingdom of Kush was located on the Nile River, to the south of Egypt.
More informationANCIENT ROME AND THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
ANCIENT ROME AND THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 1 GEOGRAPHY -Located on the Italian peninsula, in the center of the Mediterranean Sea -The Alps are in the North -The Apennine Mts. are on the eastern coast -Broad,
More informationWorld War II in Japan:
World War II in Japan: 1939-1945 The Japanese Empire Japan wanted to expand to obtain more raw materials and markets for its industries/population 1931: Japan seized Manchuria 1937-40: Japan seized most
More information9/28/2015. The Gallipoli Campaign (Dardanelles Campaign) Including the Armenian Genocide. February December 1915
The Gallipoli Campaign (Dardanelles Campaign) Including the Armenian Genocide February December 1915 The Downfall of Winston Churchill?? 1 2 Turkey Enters World War I on 28 October 1914 (Secret treaty
More informationPlaces of Worship Tour of Rhodes
Copyright by GPSmyCity.com - Page 1 - Places of Worship Tour of Rhodes Rhodes has a great variety of religious buildings, many of which date back centuries. Mosques, Catholic churches, synagogues-- these
More informationOperation 25 & Operation Marita. By: Young Young, Cecil, Ramsey,and michael
Operation 25 & Operation Marita By: Young Young, Cecil, Ramsey,and michael Background on invasion of yugoslavia Operation 25, more commonly known as the Invasion of Yugoslavia or the April War, was an
More informationJFK AND FLEXIBLE RESPONSE
JFK AND FLEXIBLE RESPONSE JFK is elected president of the U.S. in 1960. Flexible Response=JFK s new military policy. A) Increased spending on nonnuclear forces such as troops, ships, and artillery. B)
More informationThe Rise of Rome. Chapter 5.1
The Rise of Rome Chapter 5.1 The Land and the Peoples of Italy Italy is a peninsula about 750 miles long north to south. The run down the middle. Three important fertile plains ideal for farming are along
More informationTeam: Venetians A. Find the sight on the map and fill in the text at its description
Team: Venetians A 6 8 2 4 1 7 5 3 Find the sight on the map and fill in the text at its description 1 The is the only bastion to escape demolition and survive to the present day. It is on the north west
More information3.2.5: Japanese American Relations U.S. Entry into WWII. War in the Pacific
3.2.5: Japanese American Relations 1937-1942 U.S. Entry into WWII War in the Pacific 1920s 1930s Review USA Wilson s 14 Points...League of Nations Isolationism Economic Depression FDR Japan Emerging world
More informationVictoria Lodge of Education and Research 650 Fisgard St, Victoria, B.C. Canada THE KNIGHTS OF RHODES
Victoria Lodge of Education and Research 650 Fisgard St, Victoria, B.C. Canada THE KNIGHTS OF RHODES R.W.Bro. Art Scott (refer to page 96 in ritual book) Last October my wife and I visited the Island of
More informationHISTORY OF ASVESTOHORION
HISTORY OF ASVESTOHORION By Harilaos Geor,~e Tsekos, M.D. ThessaloHiki, Greece January 1957 ~ ~ Edited by Steven J. Kitses Translated from the Greek by George F. Steffanides ASVESTOHORION DESCENDANTS ASSOCIATION
More informationTHE GRECO-PERSIAN WARS BCE
THE GRECO-PERSIAN WARS 500-450 BCE By Mrs. Erin C. Ryan 2016 Who was Herodotus? Herodotus (c. 484 425/413 BCE) was a traveler and writer who invented the field of study known today as history. He was called
More informationNorth Africa and Italy Campaigns
North Africa and Italy Campaigns Why Fight in North Africa? The North African military campaigns of World War II were waged between Sept. 1940 and May 1943 were strategically important to both the Western
More information