9/28/2015. The Gallipoli Campaign (Dardanelles Campaign) Including the Armenian Genocide. February December 1915

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1 The Gallipoli Campaign (Dardanelles Campaign) Including the Armenian Genocide February December 1915 The Downfall of Winston Churchill?? 1 2 Turkey Enters World War I on 28 October 1914 (Secret treaty signed 2 August 1914) German pressure German military mission Turkish War Minister Enver Pasha influence Germany s early victories in the War Fear of Russian encroachment in the north and east Turkish Navy attacks Russian Black Sea ports on 28 October 1914 Allied powers declare war on Turkey (Ottoman Empire) 4 November German Cruisers Goeben and Breslau join the Turkish navy on 16 August 1914 Engage the Russian navy in November

2

3 Turkey Fears That the Armenians will help the Russians as before. That the Armenians will aid other ethnic groups against the Turkish state. The Armenians are Christian, not Islamic Turkey orders the deportation of the Armenian population Armenian Genocide April

4 Estimated population of nearly 2 million Armenians in Turkey in Genocide killed between million Armenians. Armenian population of Turkey in 2011 is 70, Berlin to Baghdad Railway Continuous rail-line from Europe to the middle east Begun 1890 s Finished 1940 Open port facility to the Germans for trade with the East Access to Arabian oil Increase German influence in an area that had a strong British presence 12 4

5 13 German General Liman von Sanders Faces the British at Gallipoli Sent originally to help to rebuild the Turkish armed forces Start of the war the English government confiscates two Turkish battleships that were being built in England. Germany gives the Turkish government two battlecrusiers from their Mediterranean fleet. Turks close the Dardanelles to Allied shipping after the British seize a Turkish torpedo boat Turks with their battlecrusiers (German) raid Russian Crimean territory on the Black Sea. Turkish Army then engages the Russians in December 1914 at the battle of Sarikamish and suffer a large defeat. Russia then asks Britain for help against Turkey. Churchill becomes involved. Open a supply route to Russia. 15 5

6 16 17 Phase One: 19 February 1915 The element of surprise is lost! 18 6

7 Over the next month numerous attempts will be made to: Seize the coastal forts Clear the mine fields Push towards the Sea of Marmara All will Fail! Battle lines of 18 March 1915 Grey background: Severely damaged; Red background: Sunk Line A HMS Queen Elizabeth Agamemnon Lord Nelson Inflexible French Line B British Line B Supporting ships Gaulois Charlemagne Bouvet Suffren HMS Vengeance Irresistible Albion Ocean HMS Majestic Prince George Swiftsure Triumph Reserve HMS Canopus Cornwallis Originally intended to be a naval assault due to lack of available troops it was determined that land forces would be necessary. 21 7

8 22 23 Second Landings to Break the Stalemate 24 8

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10 No progress made, casualties mount for both the Allies and the Central Powers (Germans were present in limited numbers throughout the campaign) Allied withdrawal begins under cover of darkness on 7 December and continues until 20 December 1915, leaving only a token force behind. Last British soldiers gone by 9 January Ottoman army unaware of the withdrawal. Incredibly: no Allied casualties two men injured at the end. Vast quantities of supplies fall into the Turkish hands. The Gallipoli Campaign is a failure! 28 Gallipoli Casualties (Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs) Dead Wounded Total Total Allies 44,092 96, ,029 - United Kingdom 21,255 52,230 73,485 - France (estimated) 10,000 17,000 27,000 - Australia 8,709 19,441 28,150 - New Zealand 2,721 4,752 7,473 - British India 1,358 3,421 4,779 - Newfoundland Ottoman empire (estimated) 86, , ,309 Total (both sides) 130, , , Political career destroyed? Churchill Resigns in Disgrace Uses influence to rejoin the British army Wanted to be given command of either a Brigade or Regiment Made commander of the 5 th Royal Scots Fusiliers Battalion Will Serve in the frontline trenches for five months in 1916 Narrowly escapes death on several occasions! 30 10

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