List of Illustrations

Transcription

1 List of Illustrations Figures Figure Introduction 1: High Commissioner Sir Robert Stanley at the inauguration of the first Malaita Council in Figure Introduction 2: Salana Ga`a, the first President of the first Malaita Council, and some of its members in Figure Introduction 3: Two of the Malaita Eagles, with weapons...26 Figure Introduction 4: Destroying Dodo Creek Agricultural Station in Figure Introduction 5: Honiara s Chinatown burning during the riots in April Figure Introduction 6: Ishmael Idumaoma Itea (circa ) at Sango, Fataleka, Figure Introduction 7: Noel Fatnowna ( ) and Rex Ringi Angofia in Honiara in Figure Introduction 8: Three east Fataleka leaders in the Bubuileli Council House, Figure 1.1: Malaitan plank-built ocean-going canoe from Langalanga Lagoon...49 Figure 1.2: Malaitan women and children in dugout canoes near one of the artificial islands, possibly in Lau Lagoon...50 Figure 1.3: Maasupa Village, Maro`umasike (Takataka or Deep Bay), east `Are`are, 1970s...52 Figure 1.4: Langalanga women using hand drills to make holes in the process of making akwala`afi shell wealth in vii

2 Making Mala Figure 1.5: Langalanga women grinding shells to make akwala`afi during a 1998 demonstration of shell wealth manufacture for tourists on Gwaelaga Island...58 Figure 1.6: Lobotalau rolls up his bata after a mortuary feast for the death of Na`oni`au at `Ai`eda in east Kwaio in August Figure 1.7: Porpoise hunting at Bita`ama, north Malaita, early 1960s...60 Figure 1.8: Gwali Asi of Sulufou artificial island was an important bigman in Lau Lagoon early in the twentieth century...61 Figure 1.9: A large hamlet in central Kwaio, inland from Sinalagu, in `Oloburi Harbour s watershed. Two men s houses sit at the upper reaches...62 Figure 1.10: A well-built hamlet at `Ai`eda, inland from Sinalagu in Kwaio, at 853 metres (2,800 feet) above sea level...68 Figure 1.11: `Are`are woman wearing traditional jewellery and smoking a pipe, Figure 1.12: `Are`are woman and child, Figure 1.13: Bush women at Roas Bay, south Malaita, Figure 1.14: Sacrificial altar at Ferasubua Island in Lau Lagoon, Figure 2.1: Christie Fatnowna with the model ship made by Jack Marau...84 Figure 2.2: John Renton managed to get this piece of wood with its message on both sides to the Bobtail Nag in August Figure 2.3: An illustration of the Peri survivors being picked up by HMS Basilisk off the coast of Queensland in early Figure 2.4: Recruiting at Maanakwai in north Malaita Figure 2.5: Malaita men in the 1920s at the age typical of labour recruits Figure 2.6: This photograph from Bundaberg in 1889 is of the Helena, a 126-ton schooner, which made 40 voyages from , and the May, a 237-ton schooner, which made 15 voyages from viii

3 List of Illustrations Figure 2.7: There are no known photographs of accommodations below decks. On the early voyages it would have been much more basic. This sketch is by William Wawn, who was a captain in the labour trade from 1875 to It probably depicts one of his 1880s ships Figure 2.8: Men from Guadalcanal and Malaita on Foulden plantation at Mackay, Queensland, in the 1870s Figure 2.9: At Mackay, Hugh Hossack owned one of the larger Kanaka stores, shops that catered predominantly to Islanders. They bought their trade boxes and their contents there, and were allowed to store their possessions there. The photograph shows how central Islanders were to Hossack s trade, and his relationship with them Figure 2.10: This photograph, of a Malaitan canoe in Fiji, presumably manufactured and decorated there, is one of the most remarkable from the overseas plantations. The image, from a collection by A.M. Brodziack & Co., was probably taken in the 1880s. The canoe is in Walu Bay, an old local shipping area and Solomon Islander settlement Figure 2.11: Malaitans at Innisfail in north Queensland early in the 1900s. The slit-drum and the bows and arrows would have been made in Queensland Figure 3.1: Queensland Kanaka Mission baptism by full emersion, Johnstone River, Geraldton (Innisfail), Figure 3.2: Students at Mary Robinson s Anglican Selwyn Mission when it operated from Marian in the Pioneer Valley west of Mackay. The photograph dates from the 1890s when William Wawn visited Figure 3.3: Many mission photographs are of groups of men, though women and children also attended services and classes. This group is at the Selwyn Mission in Figure 3.4: The congregation at St Marys Church at Pioneer, outside Mackay, in the early 1900s Figure 3.5: One of the Islanders grass-roofed churches in north Queensland, possibly the one at Cordelia Mount ix

4 Making Mala Figure 3.6: The Churches of Christ Mission Hall in the Isis, with John Thompson s house alongside Figure 3.7: Rev. McIntyre with his Sunday school class, Presbyterian Mission at Walkerston Figure 3.8: This photograph is thought to be of the Methodist mission to Islanders in Fiji Figure 3.9: Kwailiu Fatnowna and his wife Orrani and family at Mackay in 1906, not long before his death Figure 4.1: St Andrew s College, Kohimarama, Auckland, New Zealand. A small number of Malaitan students were there between 1862 and Figure 4.2: The Melanesian Mission school at Uru, east Malaita, Figure 4.3: Clement Marau and Joseph Wate`ae`pule in about Figure 4.4: The new church built at Fiu, Figure 4.5: A food storage house at `Adagege Island, Kwaisulia s stronghold in Lau Lagoon, Figure 4.6: Rev. Arthur Hopkins s mission house at Ngorefou, Lau Lagoon, Figures 4.7 8: Outside and inside the mission palisade at Ngorefou, Figure 4.9: St Barnabas College staff and students, Norfolk Island, Figure 4.10: Interior of the St Barnabas College dining room, Norfolk Island Figure 5.1: Peter Abu`ofa in middle age Figure 5.2: Men and youths of `Adagege, Kwaisulia s island, Lau Lagoon, Figure 5.3: The final decision to close the Queensland Kanaka Mission and reestablish it as the South Sea Evangelical Mission was made at this religious convention at Katoomba, New South Wales, in x

5 List of Illustrations Figure 5.4: The 12-ton lugger-style Daphne, which Florence Young brought with her in The ship served as the main means of transport for the QKM until the Evangel arrived in Figure 5.5: Florence Young, superintendent of the Queensland Kanaka Mission and the driving force of the South Sea Evangelical Mission until the mid-1920s Figure 5.6: Mrs L.D. Eustace, holding classes at Yungaba, the Immigration Depot at Kangaroo Point, Brisbane, Figure 5.7: Malaitans on the beach just after returned labourers have been landed with their boxes of trade goods, northwest Malaita, Similar scenes occurred thousands of times between the 1870s and the 1930s Figure 5.8: A scene of labourers returning to east Kwaio, probably at the site of the present-day SSEC Gounaabusu Village at the southern end of Sinalagu Harbour Figure 6.1: SSEM mission staff and children in the 1910s Figure 6.2: Senior teachers at Baunani in the 1910s Figure 6.3: The SSEM church and school at `Oloburi, east Malaita Figure 6.4: Evangel, the first of many SSEM ships of this name. It was built for the mission in Sydney in 1906 and arrived in the Solomons the next year Figure 6.5: Northcote Deck at a river baptism at Maanakwai in north Malaita Figure 6.6: Much of the religious teaching employed a roll of illustrated Bible stories. Here Northcote Deck and his staff carry a roll as they go ashore to preach at Fouia in Lau Lagoon Figure 6.7: The newly constructed SSEM mission house at Onepusu, west Malaita, probably in Figure 6.8: Malu`u mission house, north Malaita, probably in the 1910s Figure 6.9: Feriasi SSEM mission station on the mainland opposite Kwai and Ngongosila, east Malaita xi

6 Making Mala Figure 6.10: The SSEM mission station on Ngongosila Island, east Malaita Figure 6.11: Street scene in the women s quarters on Ferasubua Island, Lau Lagoon, Figure 7.1: The residency, the Malaita resident magistrate s (later the district officer s) house, and the office built for Thomas Edge-Partington in Figure 7.2: The police commander s house at `Aoke, built for Frederick M. Campbell in Figure 7.3: Malaita s first protectorate official, Resident Magistrate Thomas Edge-Partington, with the Armed Constabulary Figure 7.4: Men from an inland village around Figure 7.5: Mary Edge-Partington in the living room of the resident magistrate s house, `Aoke, 1913 or Figure 7.6: `Aoke police barracks and tennis court, pre Figure 7.7. `Aoke hospital in about Figure 8.1: On board a recruiting vessel in about Figure 8.2: The river mouth at Baunani, showing the young coconut palms on the Malayta Company plantation Figure 8.3: SSEM teachers at Manaba, part of the Malayta Company plantation Figure 8.4: The Baunani labour line accommodation sometime before Figure 8.5: Arisimae, the most feared ramo in `Are`are Figure 8.6: Two brothers, Donatien and Jean Coicaud, served as Catholic priests on Malaita. This is Donatien and one of his congregation, probably from the late 1910s at Buma Figure 9.1: William Bell with his police Figure 9.2: William Bell on patrol by canoe Figure 9.3: Three of William Bell s police Figure 9.4: In 1921 the protectorate provided the Malaita administration with its own patrol vessel, the Auki xii

7 List of Illustrations Figure 9.5: An elderly Peter Abu`ofa in a SSEM group photograph with his rival Shem Irofa`alu (later a key Maasina Rule leader), among others, probably from the 1920s Figure 9.6: A game of cricket at `Aoke during William Bell s years as district officer Figure 9.7: Waterfront view of Onepusu, the SSEM headquarters, in the late 1920s or 1930s Figure 9.8: School boys drilling at the SSEM Onepusu School, Figure 10.1: A member of the Whiskey Army expedition, possibly one of the crew from HMS Adelaide sent from Australia to support the 1927 government expedition to east Kwaio. The Malaitan man is from Kwaio Figure 10.2: Feeding the labourers and police who accompanied the punitive expedition to east Kwaio, Figure 10.3: Lining up to pay taxes at Maro`umasike (Takataka or Deep Bay), southeastern `Are`are, about A policeman stands on the right Figure 10.4: Hospital of the Epiphany at Fauaabu, northwest Malaita in the 1930s Figure 10.5: Qaibaita leper colony, the first in Solomon Islands, was established in 1929 as an outstation of the Hospital of the Epiphany at Fauaabu. In the 1930s it was moved closer, to a new site overlooking the hospital Figure 10.6: Patients at the Hospital of the Epiphany at Fauaabu Figure 10.7: Training a young boy as a dresser (an orderly) at the Hospital of the Epiphany at Fauaabu Figure 10.8: SSEM girls school at Onepusu, with Mr and Mrs Cronau and son, and Miss Dring Figure 10.9: This dance was performed at the Hospital of the Epiphany at Fauaabu in the early 1930s Figure 10.10: Peter Abu`ofa in old age working on carving a slit drum. By the time Abu`ofa died in 1937 he had become alienated from the SSEM, which he helped found xiii

8 Making Mala Maps Map 1: Solomon Islands...1 Map 2: Malaitan topography, passages, bays and place names...40 Map 3: Called Greater Bukida by some archaeologists, one long island once stretched from Buka to Isabel, with Guadalcanal almost joined to it, but never Malaita, which was within easy reach but required a sea crossing...44 Map 4: Malaita languages and dialects. Guala`ala`a is the language of Kwai and Ngongosila, and is also used for trade along the east coast...47 Map 5: East Fataleka migration patterns from Bina to Fokanakafo Bay, according to oral testimony in the 1970s...65 Map 6: The Malaitan eight isles world and the extent of the trading area for Malaitan shell valuables...75 Map 7: Shipping routes between eastern Australia and Asia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries...88 Map 8: Sketch of Port Adam from the visit of HMS Havannah in Map 9: Typical recruiting voyages around Malaita, Map 10: Typical recruiting voyages around Malaita, Map 11: Sugarcane growing areas in Queensland and New South Wales Map 12: Early Melanesian Mission bases, Map 13: Major SSEM and Malayta Company plantation bases on Malaita Map 14: Major foreign bases on Malaita, Map 15: The 24 kilometres of Malayta Company land claims along the west coast of Malaita in Map 16: Major settlements around Malaita, 1930s Map 17: By the mid-1920s, the SSEM had spread throughout Malaita and Makira, with other bases on Guadalcanal, the Russell Islands and Rennell and Bellona Islands xiv

9 List of Illustrations Plan Plan 1: Gender divisions in Malaitan houses, villages and canoes, and garden design...71 Graphs Graph 1: Migration of Pacific Islanders to Queensland, , showing total migration, and numbers from Solomon Islands and from Malaita Island. The black section indicates Malaitan recruiting Graph 2: Migration of Pacific Islanders to Queensland, , showing ships voyages that visited Malaita Island Graph 3: BSIP annual labour statistics, xv

10 This text is taken from Making Mala: Malaita in Solomon Islands, 1870s 1930s, by Clive Moore, published 2017 by ANU Press, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.