List of Figures List of Tables. List of Abbreviations. 1 Introduction 1

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1 Contents List of Tables Preface List of Abbreviations page x xv xvii xix 1 Introduction 1 part i. the caribbean in the age of free trade: from the napoleonic wars to The Core and the Caribbean Geopolitics in the Core Growth and Development in the Core Trade and Tariff Policy in the Core The Abolition of the Slave Trade and Slave Emancipation 41 3 From Scarce to Surplus Labour in the Caribbean Population Change Slavery and the Illegal Traffic in Slaves Coercion without Slavery Inward Migration Surplus Labour, Free Labour and Wage Rates 69 4 Global Commodity Trade and Its Implications for the Caribbean Caribbean Exports in Demand for and Supply of Leading Commodities Market Access in the Core Commodity Prices and Technological Change 96 vii

2 viii Contents 5 Caribbean Foreign Trade Trade Structure Trade Patterns The Terms of Trade Domestic Exports per Head The Domestic Economy in the Caribbean Goods and Services for the Home Market Infrastructure Public Finance Macroeconomic Performance Haiti: From Independence to US Occupation Haiti and the Core The Export Sector Public Finance When and Why Did Haiti Fall Behind? 186 part ii. the caribbean in the age of preferences: from 1900 to The Core and the Caribbean The World Economy The United States and the Caribbean The UK and the Caribbean The Rest of the Core and the Caribbean Caribbean Foreign Trade The Commodity Structure of Exports Country Shares in Domestic Exports The Terms of Trade Exports and Imports per Head 249 Appendix to Chapter 9. A Selection of Natural Disasters, The Caribbean Domestic Economy National Income The Structure of Output and Employment Public Finance Migration The Rise, Decline and Fall of the Belizean Economy before Independence Prosperity without Sustainability: From Settlement to Colony Colonialism and Economic Decline The Fall of the Belize Economy:

3 Contents ix Devaluation, Diversification and Development 310 Appendix to Chapter 11. Belize s Nineteenth-Century Exports 315 part iii. the caribbean in the age of globalisation: from 1960 to the present 12 The Core and the Caribbean The World Economy The United States and the Caribbean Europe and the Caribbean The Rest of the Core and the Caribbean 342 Appendix to Chapter 12. Caribbean Merchandise Trade with the United States, the European Union, Canada and China Structural Change in the Caribbean Merchandise Exports Service Exports The Public Sector Urbanisation Import Substitution, Manufacturing Export Promotion and Regional Integration in the Caribbean Import Substitution Manufacturing Export Promotion Regional Integration Caribbean Economic Performance Production Distribution between and within Countries The Labour Market, Migration and Remittances The Environment and Sustainable Development The Cuban Economy since the Revolution From Capitalism to Socialism: Growth with Equity: The Special Period and Its Aftermath The Cuban Economy since the Napoleonic Wars 452 Statistical Appendix 463 Notes on A Tables 467 Notes on B Tables 537 Notes on C Tables 556 Notes on D Tables 602 Bibliography 649 Index 683

4 1.1 Production per Head (1900=100), semi-log scale, page Net Barter Terms of Trade (1900=100), Sugar Share of Merchandise Exports (%), Net Outward Migration as Percentage of Population, Core GDP ($bn at 1990 prices), Caribbean Population (millions), School Enrolment as Percentage of Population, c Slaves as Percentage of Population, Net Inward Migration as Percentage of Population, Predial Wage Rates (1870=100) in Selected British Colonies, Exports per Head ($), Top Ten Commodity Exports (%), World Commodity Demand (% change per year), Caribbean World Market Shares (%), Coefficients of Variation for Commodity Prices, Sugar Price, Caribbean and Cuban Domestic Exports ($mn), Sugar Share of Domestic Exports (%), Nonsugar Commodity Exports (1860 prices), Domestic Exports by Destination (%), Imports by Source (%), Caribbean Terms of Trade and Retained Imports (1860=100), Domestic Exports per Head, Domestic Exports per Head in 1900 (1860 prices) 128 x

5 xi 6.1 Depositors in British Colonies as Percentage of Population, Caribbean Railways (km), Change in Final Expenditure per Head (% per year), Ratio of Haitian to Caribbean Merchandise Exports per Head (%), Volume of Haitian Coffee Exports (mn lbs), Volume of Haitian Logwood Exports (mn lbs) (3-year average), Volume per Head (lbs) of Haitian Coffee and Logwood Exports (3-year average), Public Revenue per Head (3-year average), Haitian Public Expenditure by Type as Percentage of Public Revenue, Haitian Exports per Head at Current and Constant Prices (1860=100) (3-year average), Haitian Terms of Trade (1860=100) (3-year average), World Exports at 1930 Prices ($bn) Trade of the Caribbean with the United States as Percentage of Total, Trade of the British Dependencies with the UK as Percentage of Total, Trade of French Dependencies with France as Percentage of Total, Trade of Dutch Dependencies with Holland as Percentage of Total, Sugar Share in Domestic Exports (%), Commodity Shares in Domestic Exports at 1930 Prices (%), Country Shares in Domestic Exports at Current Prices (%), Caribbean Export Unit Value (1930=100), Caribbean Sugar Price Premium as Percentage of Free Market Price, Cuban Import Structure (%), Caribbean Net Barter and Income Terms of Trade (1930=100), Annual Population Growth (%), Caribbean Domestic Exports and Retained Imports per Head (1930 prices), Merchandise Exports per Head ($), Cuban Income and Exports per Head ($),

6 xii 10.2 Share of Agriculture in GDP and PEA (%), c Share of Manufacturing in GDP and PEA (%), c Import Duties (%), c Caribbean Domestic Exports and Public Expenditure per Head (1930 prices), Caribbean Crude Birth and Death Rates, Belize: Volume of Logwood and Mahogany Exports, (3-year average) Belize: Merchandise Exports per Head ($), Belize: Public Revenue per Head, (3-year average) Belize: Volume of Logwood and Mahogany Exports, Belize: Nontraditional Exports, Belize: Volume of Logwood and Mahogany Exports, Belize: Exports per Head, Belize: Share of Forest and Nonforest Products in Domestic Exports (%), Belize: Net Outward Migration as Percentage of Population, Ratio of Belizean to Caribbean Exports per Head, World Imports of Services ($bn), Caribbean Share of US Sugar Imports (%), Caribbean Merchandise Exports to United States as Percentage of Total, Merchandise Imports from the United States as Percentage of Total, Merchandise Trade of Caribbean (excluding US territories) with the European Union as Percentage of Total, Caribbean Merchandise Exports to Canada as Percentage of Total, Caribbean Merchandise Imports from China as Percentage of Total, Merchandise Exports by Subregions as Share of Total (%), Country Shares of Merchandise Exports (%), Commodity Shares of Merchandise Exports (%), Volume of Sugar Exports (000 MT), Service Exports as Percentage of Total Exports, Tourist (Stop-Over) Arrivals and Cruise Passenger Visits in 2008 (% of total) Total Exports as Percentage of GDP, Public Spending as Share of GDP (%), 1960 and c Public Debt/GDP (%), c

7 xiii Share of Agriculture in Total Employment (%), c Total Imports per Head (2000 prices), Total Imports per Head in the Caribbean and Other Regions ($), Share of Imports in Total Food Supply in the Caribbean (%), Nontraditional Exports as Share of Merchandise Exports (%), Sample of Manufactured Exports from Trinidad & Tobago ($mn), Cuban Biotechnology Exports ($mn), CARICOM Intraregional Exports as Percentage of Merchandise Exports, CARICOM Intraregional Exports by Country (%), Shares of CARICOM Intraregional Imports (%), Intraregional Exports as Percentage of Merchandise Exports, GDP at Constant (2000) Prices, GDP per Head (2000 prices), (% per year) Caribbean Terms of Trade (2000=100), Regional Comparisons of GDP per Head (2000 prices), 2008 ($) GDP per Head ($) at Official and PPP Exchange Rates, Ratio of GNI to GDP, Unemployment Rate (%), c Remittances as Percentage of GDP, c Biodiversity Potential Index, 2005 and Proportion of Land Area Covered by Forest (%), Fertilizer Consumption, Caribbean CO 2 Emissions Intensity, Cuban Merchandise Trade to GDP Ratio (%), Cuban GDP per Head (2000 prices), Cuban GDP per Head (2000 prices), Cuban Ratio to GDP (%) of Total Exports, Total Imports and Investment, Cuban GDP and GDP per Head (2000 prices), Cuban Composition of Total Exports, Cuban Share of Caribbean Merchandise Exports (%), Cuban Migration Rate (%), Ratio of Cuban to Rest of Caribbean Merchandise Exports per Head and Share of Cuban Sugar in Caribbean Sugar Exports (%),

8 xiv Cuban Exports per Head at Constant Prices (1900=100), Cuban Net Barter Terms of Trade (1900=100), Ratio of Cuban to Rest of Caribbean GDP and Merchandise Exports per Head (%),

9 List of Tables 1.1 Export Growth at Current Prices (% per year), page Trade-Offs in the Caribbean between Production, Distribution, Employment and Sovereignty Core Population Growth Rates (% per year), Core GDP Growth Rates (% per year), Core Import Growth (% per year), (3-year averages) Slave Imports as Percentage of Population, Occupational Structure in the Caribbean (%): Selected Countries Correlation Coefficients for Commodity Prices, c Price Trends for Leading Commodities, c Composition of Imports, c.1900 (%) Export Unit Values for Caribbean and Subregions (1860=100), Import Price Indices for Jamaica, Domestic Exports per Head (at 1860 prices), Secondary and Tertiary Occupational Structure, c.1900 (%) Public Revenue per Head (1860 prices), Average Tariff Rates (%), Annual Change (%) in Final Expenditure per Head at 1860 Prices by Subregions, Final Expenditure per Head at Current Prices: Top Quartile Country Rankings, Final Expenditure per Head at Current Prices: Bottom Quartile Country Rankings, Comparative Indicators of Haitian Performance, c Trade Growth (%) at 1930 Prices: Core Imports and Caribbean Exports, Correlation Coefficients for Sugar Export Prices, xv

10 xvi List of Tables 9.2 Commodity Concentration by Country, Changes in Income Terms of Trade (% per year), Change in Domestic Exports and Retained Imports per Head at 1930 prices (% per year), National Income and Exports per Head in the Caribbean (current dollars), mid-1950s Caribbean National Income per Head as Percentage of Other Regions, Public Revenue per Head as Percentage of Caribbean Average, Net Annual Migration as Percentage of Population, Annual Rate of Change of Domestic Exports per Head (1930 prices), Belize: Public Revenue, Services as Share of Total Exports by Subregions (%), Rate of Urbanisation by Subregions (%), CARICOM Manufacturing, c Annual Rate of Growth of Population by Subregions (%), Annual Rate of Growth of GDP per Head (2000 prices) by Subregions (%), Income Distribution and Poverty, c Net Outward Migration per Year as Percentage of Population, Cuban Trade with the United States and the USSR as Percentage of Merchandise Trade, Annual Sugar Subsidy Received by Cuba as Percentage of GDP, Revenue, Expenditure and the Monetary Surplus in Cuba, The Crisis Years in Cuba: Income per Head in Current Dollars: Latin America (1956) and Caribbean (1960) 458

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