The Union of City and Sea The Evolution of Venetian Environmental Adaptability
|
|
- Lee Glenn
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Union of City and Sea The Evolution of Venetian Environmental Adaptability Urban History, ARCH 4330 Gina Stovall, Spring 2014
2 THE URBAN ECOSYSTEM; A CLIMATE CONUNDRUM Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. -George Santayana This largely over-employed aphorism from the early 20 th century Spanish philosopher is popular for good reason. Over half of the world s inhabitants call cities home. Urban development, or urbanization, involves transitions over many indicators, including demographic, economic, and land-use changes i and has a considerably long history with the earliest urban centers dating back to antiquity. The 21 st century is experiencing the mega trend of mass urbanization, with rural areas urbanizing at speeds never before witnessed. Although the rate of todays urbanization is unprecedented, the problems encountered during early history s dense development are fundamentally the same, maybe it is time to look back for clues toward solutions. In the face of climate change, cities have been assigned to the challenge of leading in mitigation and adaptation. Urban areas are both the largest emitters of greenhouse gases when viewed as a whole, but the most efficient when examined per capita. It is this fact that motivates our present environmental conundrum. Mankind s dominance over the environment is not novel phenomena. Throughout history humanity has triumphed through feats of innovation, engineering, and organization to build societies. We have become so good at it we moved past lives of sustenance, and into eras that can produce of great art, culture, and technology. Despite progress, humankind still must face the environment in which we live. The urban environment, in particular, has a unique sensitivity to environmental climate impacts engendered by a distinct physical, social, and political constitution, which creates an immediate need for adaptation planning strategy. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 2014 report entitled Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability stated, hazard risks in urban settlements are enhanced by the concentration of populations, economic activities, cultural amenities and built environments... ii A consequence of urban density is the intensified impact of climate due to the volume vulnerable people and their demographic diversity, the existence of many cross-sectoral infrastructure systems, and the economic dominance of urban regions iii. Given all of this knowledge, the fact that densely populated areas are not a modern invention, nor are adverse environmental affects what can be learned? Granted the climate is changing at a magnitude greater than anything seen by the eyes of a modern man, but what can be said about the role development of a city plays in current resiliency strategies? Did our ancestors who built these metropolis from the dirt-, or at times water-, up have more insight as to what determines strength? VENICE, THE ADRIATIC S BRIDE Oh Venice! Oh Venice! When thy marble walls Are level with the waters, there shall be A cry of nations o er thy sunken halls A loud lament along the sweeping sea! -Lord Byron, Ode to Venice (1819) gds2124: 2
3 The city of Venice rises from the waters of the Adriatic Sea, proud and dynamic, an example of innovation throughout its history. Lord Byron s crying ode eloquently expresses the wide influence Venice has in Europe, and alludes to the natural crisis it was accustomed to. Made up of 118 islands connected by canals and bridges, Venice is married to the lagoon in which it sits. The marshy waters are littered with millions of wooden piles hidden beneath the artificial islands the city is built on. Even though the Doge would wed Venice to the sea on Ascension Day every year, this marriage is comparable to that of a shotgun wedding; a forcible and urgent union borne out of necessity, and not necessarily love. The isles lagoon, from which the city grew, served as a temporary refuge from invading Germanic Huns in the 5 th century AD, Yet Venice was not developed until the 9 th century AD as a permanent settlement. Venezia (as Venice is referred to in Italian) has an aqua-culture that was engendered by the lagoon and Adriatic. Canals, the main mode of transport, weave through the classical city as streets do most other cities. Seasonal flooding called Acqua Alta, or high waters, are a product of the natural climate variability in the region and historically exerted little harm to ancient Venetians. The relationship between man and water began benign, but has swollen in modernity to a relentless struggle. Studies reveal that the city sank approximately 10cm every one hundred years until 1900 AD. After 1900 that rate doubled and Venice sank 20cm in a single century. The floating city sinks due to geologic characteristics inherent to the lagoon and land-use traditions associated with modernization. Wooden stakes supporting foundational platforms were driven into the clays below and natural sinking of the soils was the original driver for the 10cm per century lowering. But as the city developed and industrialized groundwater extraction exacerbated the subsidence of Venice. The city is presently sinking at an accelerated rate due to withdrawal of water from aquifers beneath the city, which is to fast for precipitation to recharge them. This overextension of the subsurface water table leaves voids underground that enable further gradual collapse of the topography iv. More recently, the high waters have become a major concern for the city. As global atmospheric temperatures rise due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the oceans warm and thermally expand (and therefore rise). To make matters worse, sea ice and ice sheets in the northern Polar Regions are Traditional Venetian foundation cross section; World Monuments Fund (iv) gds2124: 3
4 melting, adding water volume to the oceans. This sensation manifests as mean sea level rise across the worlds oceans. The seas of the Mediterranean, including the Adriatic are experiencing the effects of this sea level rise ii. Natural flooding, natural and artificial subsidence, and man-induced higher seas is causing Venice to become inundated ten times more frequently this century than last. In 1900 AD Saint Mark s Square (the lowest lying area in the city) would flood when water levels reach 120cm above mean sea level (msl), today it only requires 100cm. Likewise, the rest of the city would flood at 140cm above msl; now 120cm will produce the same flood conditions, and more portions are being affected by flooding above 120cm iv. Map of Venice inundation locations 1900 to present; World Monuments Fund (iv) gds2124: 4
5 The Italian Environmental Protection Agency has measured an increase of 10cm for Venice s summer sea levels higher and 20cm higher for winter sea levels in the three-year period from ; longer analysis shoes since the 1870s sea levels have risen about 40cm. Some of this increase can be attributed to natural climate oscillations, but the trend is amplified and will continue to increase with climate change v. Global estimates for sea level rise by 2100 vary: the IPCC forecasts global average sea level can increase from approximately a quarter of a meter to about one meter by 2100 vi. Such increases would Venice, turning it into a year round city submerged in the swampy waters of it s lagoon. To address the impending problems of higher high waters, Venice has implemented early warning flood systems and will soon unveil large-scale flood barrier, MOdulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico also known as MOSE ii. Yet even the massive infrastructure investments to isolate the lagoon from the rising Adriatic will limit impacts for just a few decades iv. It is important here to ask, how did Venetians of the past adapt to the climate variability of the Acqua Alta they likely did not anticipate when first seeking refuge from the barbarians? THE EMERGENCE OF A GENIUS CITY "There is no more magnificent absurdity than Venice. To build a city where it is impossible to build a city is madness in itself, but to build there one of the most elegant and grandest of cities is the madness of genius." -Alexander Herzen (ca. 1850) The city of Venice was founded in 421 AD on March 25 th according to legend. Although the date is dubious, the timeline for the city s establishment is generally agreed upon. Initially under the rule of the falling Roman Empire, Venice and its neighboring mainland Venetia were absorbed into the rising Byzantine (or Eastern Roman) Empire. Prior to the invasions of Attila the Hun in the 5 th century, and as early as Roman rule fisherman inhabited the lagoon. These fishermen were referred to as referred to as incolae lacunae or lagoon dwellers. It was not until the end of the 6 th century AD that pressure from invaders pushed wealthy from the mainland province to the marshy islands of the lagoon where they could remain under Byzantine Rule vii. Since Roman times, the lagoon was experiencing a rise in sea level due to a melt in the polar ice caps viii ; melt was induced by the warmer global temperatures of the Holocene interglacial period. Native Venetians were accustomed to lunar tides and the less predictable tides determined by weather conditions in the Adriatic Sea vii. In spite of the terrain, or lack thereof, the Venetians managed to conquer the landscape. Typical Venetian foundation consisted of wooden piles hammered into the muddy silt, clay, and bedrock below the lagoon surface. On top of that is a stone able to resist erosion. Above the footings brick and stone buildings were constructed. Venetians also maintained their canals and channels by dredging them, and the resultant silt was used to form more building land. The settlers adapted to their surroundings using the unfamiliar resources they had. They evolved into a maritime people, taking advantage of fishing and merchant trade; building an equitable society on the one advantage they had, the sea. gds2124: 5
6 The rise of the Venetian Republic was marked when the settlements were made a military unit in 697AD under the Doge (Dux). By 810 AD the Doge relocated from Ravenna and then Malamocco in retreat from the invading Lombards prior to landing on the present day Rialtovi. The Rialto, formerly Rivo Alto, gradually developed as the heart of the Republic gaining prominence as the Byzantine Empire declined; in 810 AD it became the capital of Venice. When Rialto was first established it was substantially above high tide, whereas now it is essentially at seal levelvii. Map of Venice Lagoon; Wikipedia Commons Prior to Venice establishing it s capital, Charlemagne, the leader of the Holy Roman Empire sought to conquer them. In 809 AD Charlemagne suggested his son Pepin of Italy, king of the Lombards, take Venice. The siege lasted six months. Pepin s army could not navigate the marshland and contracted diseases, weakening his forcesvi. Venice was protected by the waters, from which it blossomed. The lagoon that accommodated the earliest Venetians, acted as their saviors once again. Shortly after Pepin withdrew he succumbed to a disease he contracted during the siege and only months following his death did Charlemagne recognize Venice as a Byzantine state. After 811 AD, when the Pax Nicephori was signed granting Venice semi-independent provincial status, Venetian merchants began to gds2124: 6
7 capitalize on their access to the East. As a Byzantine territory, the agreement granted Venice commerce rights to the Adriatic coast. Roman classicism was overshadowed by the extravagance for Byzantium and Venice grew more independent. In 828 AD (or 829) two Venetian merchants accompanied by two monks are said to have stolen the body of Saint Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, Egypt. The relics were smuggled back to Venice within shipments of pork to evade Muslim customs officers, and Saint Mark became the patron saint of the city. The Basillica of San Marco (Church of Saint Mark) is one example of ornate, monumental architecture stimulated by Byzantine influence. The Church honoring the city s new patron was built in a construction similar to that of the Twelve Apostles in Constantinople vii. Life and water were one in the pre-republic city. The water enabled the city s growth to eminence, wealth and culture, but successes gained by water would lead Venice to become discontent with it. Piazza San Marco, Venice. Canaletto ca gds2124: 7
8 A TUMULTOUS ROMANCE There are three enemies of the lagoon: the land, the sea, and man. (Old Venetian Proverb) The construction of Saint Mark s Basillica was not conducted in ignorance of the intermittent tides. Venetians recognized the necessity of city planning, and the method of driving piles into incidental landmasses ( building land ) made up of silt and debris was concocted. By 1224 a magistrate to maintain clear channels and canals was formed. By 1501 the Magistrato all Acqua (a hydrologic engineering magistrate) was formed. The Venetians became more audacious as the city matured, diverting rivers and determining physical chemistry with dykes of the lagoon; they manufactured a custom ecosystem was built viii. By regulating silt inflows and freshwater fluxes the Venetian administrative officials began to dominate its formerly humble relationship with the lagoon. The space in front of San Marco was cleared to create the grand Piazza, while a nearby moat was filled to build the Piazzatta. During the middle ages the Venetian prowess to alter the urban form exploded, and the natural topography of the lagoon had no defense. Venice understood that the culture and economic fortitude that had been created was in delicate equilibrium with the shifty lands below it, the temperamental seas surrounding it, and the men who inhabited it. The proverb of the three enemies signifies an important shift in perception that the waters, which repeatedly served as their protector prior, were now a threat. The Piazza and Piazzetta and San Marco. debarbari ca gds2124: 8
9 Rotta della Cucca (the breach at Cucca) reported by Paolo Diacono in Historia Langobardorum (translated as Paul the Deacon s History of the Lombards ) is the earliest record of flooding in the region near Venice. His account details the all the rivers emptying to the lagoon of Venice in the year 596 AD, simultaneously flooding and forever changing the lagoon s morphology: In quel tempo ci fu un diluvio nei territori della Venezia, della Liguria e di altre regioni d'italia, quale, si crede, non ci fosse più stato dai tempi di Noé. Fattorie e terreni si trasformarono in lavine e ci fu gran strage sia d'uomini che di animali, furono disfatti i sentieri e cancellate le strade; il fiume Adige si gonfiò tanto, che le sue acque giunsero a toccare le finestre superiori della chiesa del beato martire Zenone, che è posta fuori di Verona 1. -Paolo Diacono (787 AD AD) ix Paul the Deacon speaks of loss of life and livelihood. Over 600 years later, in 1240 AD the water in the streets of Venice was higher than a man. And 1600 AD is recorded as a year of frequent flooding, breaking the shores of many nearby cities and towns, including those on the protecting Lido inlet x. The Republic of Venice had a lauded reputation for egalitarianism and liberty. The circumstances by which early settlers came to the lagoon, as refugees with no property and no resource but the sea, enabled Venice s democratic culture. And the freedoms granted by the Byzantines after Charlemagne s failed attempt to annex them during the city s infancy persisted in politics until the Republic s fall vii. Venice s ideal of equality and autonomy may have roused the desire to be free of its marriage to the sea; to control its own destiny and engineer its freedom, opposed to obliging the sea. IS DIVORCE IMMINENT? You own many and many a ship; your vessels fear not the stormy winds. They come home safely to port, nor do they ever founder, they who time after time set sail from shore. The famous Venetia, already rich in nobility, touches, to the south, Ravenna and the Pol to the east it enjoys the smiling shores of the Ionian Sea, where the alternate ebb and flow cover and uncover the face of land. There lie your houses, like water fowl, now on land, now on islands; and when the change comes, they are seen scattered like the Cyclades over the dace of the water- habitations not made by nature, but founded by the industry of man. For the land is made by solid wattled piles, nor do you dread to offer so fragile a bulwark to the waves of the sea when the low-lying islands fail to beat back the weight of water because they are not high enough. - Cassiodorus (ca. 523 AD) xi 1 English Translation: "At that time there was a flood in the territories of Venice, Liguria and in other regions of Italy, which, it is believed, there had been more since the days of Noah. Farms and land turned into avalanches and there was great slaughter both of men and animals, were defeated and the trails cleared the streets; the Adige river swelled so much, that its waters reached to touch the upper windows of the church of the Blessed Martyr Zenon, which is located outside of Verona." gds2124: 9
10 Cassiodorus, a Roman writer and statesman, aptly acknowledges Venetians mastery of the water: They come home safely to port, not do they ever founder. And yet he also recognizes their instability: For the land is made by solid wattled piles, nor do you dread to offer so fragile a bulwark to the waves of the sea when the low-lying islands fail to beat back the weight of water because they are not high enough. But with worsening and more frequent flooding, some Venetians are fearful of the flooding waters, or at least have grown tired of them vii. During the 17 th and 18 th centuries Venice experienced significant fluctuations in population; resident numbers ranged from 100,000 to 160,000 people. In 1969 population size was at 120,000 vii, but has been recorded to be below 60,000 as recently as 2012 viii. Some may attribute this to increases in touristic activity. But it seems more likely that foreboding climate change forecasts that are becoming apparent with increased flooding and rapidly degrading infrastructure would have more of an impact than increased daytime foot traffic. November 4th, Photograph of 194cm high Acqua Alta gds2124: 10
11 The Italian government, highly cognizant of the current and projected sea level rise impacts, has embarked on the Venice Lagoon Project. The most dramatic and controversial component of this plan is centered on the mobile barrier system MOSE, Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico. The system is designed to create a gate that will join the Lido inlets to block waters from the Adriatic from entering the Venetian Lagoon during high tide events and storms iv. The apparent estrangement and love lost between Venice and its lagoon makes one wonder if the lust of the medieval development can be rekindled. Should Venice continue to resist the rising tide with gargantuan feats of engineering or is there a more cooperative way to work with the changing environment? It is possible that bending the waters to our will with massive adaptation engineering is not the way to make the relationship last. Yet if no compromise can be made between the city and the water, is a retreat in order? An effective divorce of the genius city and the lagoon that fostered it? A divorce of this type is exponentially more consequential than an ordinary divorce. The art, architecture, and culture born out of the love affair between a city and the sea is at risk at being lost. So maybe we have no choice but to continue on our path of manipulating the environment to our will in order to hold on to these invaluable treasures a little longer. i IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. ii IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. iii Rosenzweig, C., et al. (2011). Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. iv Cocks, A. S. (2005). Science of Saving Venice. New York: World Monuments Fund. v Umgeisser G., et al. (2011). The Future of Venice and Its Lagoon in the Context of Global Change. Venice: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). gds2124: 11
12 vi IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. vii Howard, D. (2002). The architectural history of. New Haven: Yale University Press,. viii Lane, F. C. (1973). Venice, a maritime republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ix Paul. (1974). History of the Lombards. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. x Giordani Soika, A. Supplemento al vol. XXVII del bollettino del Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia xi Molmenti, P. (1906). Venice: Its Individual Growth from the Earliest Beginnings to the Fall of the Republic. John Murray. gds2124: 12
MOSE PROJECT: STATE-OF-THE-ART AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
AIPCN-France Third Mediterranean Days of Coastal and Harbour Engineering Troisièmes journées méditerranéennes de génie côtier et portuaire 23/05/2013 Marseille MOSE PROJECT: STATE-OF-THE-ART AND FUTURE
More informationVenice. Rialto Bridge. [ To build a city where it is impossible to build a city is mad-
21026 Venice Italy Venice Built on over 100 islands in a marshy lagoon at the edge of the Adriatic Sea, Venice has a skyline that rises from the water to create a unique architectural experience. There
More informationVenice. Historical Model for a Modern Prototype in Water and Wetland Conservation
Venice Historical Model for a Modern Prototype in Water and Wetland Conservation The hard story of a people who, at a particular moment in their history, witnessed the sea threaten their settlements (in
More informationIndian Ocean Small Island States: Indicators of Dangerous Anthropogenic Influences of Climate Change?
Indian Ocean Small Island States: Indicators of Dangerous Anthropogenic Influences of Climate Change? Prepared for: AGU Fall Meeting San Francisco CA December 5, 2005 Prepared by: Bill Mills Chih-Fang
More informationS C.F.
Rif. 0255 Venice Venice Real Estate Lionard Luxury Real Estate Via dei Banchi, 6 - ang. Piazza S. Maria Novella 50123 Florence Italy Tel. +39 055 0548100 Fax. +39 055 0548150 DESCRIPTION Exclusive home
More informationVAT
Rif. 0255 Lionard Luxury Real Estate Via de Tornabuoni, 1 50123 Florence Italy Tel. +39 055 0548100 Venice Venice Real Estate DESCRIPTION Exclusive home in Venice Italy located on one of the most fascinating
More informationNorth Africa. Chapter 25. Chapter 25, Section
Chapter 25, Section World Geography Chapter 25 North Africa Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Chapter 25, Section World
More informationDisaster Risk Management in Tourism Destinations
Disaster Risk Management in Tourism Destinations Dr. Stefanos Fotiou United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics This presentation is about Tourism and Risk Tourism
More informationGlobal Warming in New Zealand
Reading Practice Global Warming in New Zealand For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting warmer. As the nearest country of South Polar Region, New Zealand has maintained an upward trend
More informationEARTHJUSTICE 350.ORG HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCATES GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL
EARTHJUSTICE 350.ORG HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCATES GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL 1 November 2010 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Palais Wilson, 52 rue des Pâquis, CH-1201 Geneva, Switzerland Re: Universal
More informationFrom Sketch. Site Considerations: Proposed International Eco Research Center and Resort, Republic of Malta. Introduction.
Vectorworks: From Sketch ToBIM Site Considerations: Proposed International Eco Research Center and Resort, Republic of Malta Introduction The client for this project is a North American corporation that
More informationMediterranean Europe
Chapter 17, Section World Geography Chapter 17 Mediterranean Europe Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Chapter 17, Section
More informationNATIONAL AIRSPACE POLICY OF NEW ZEALAND
NATIONAL AIRSPACE POLICY OF NEW ZEALAND APRIL 2012 FOREWORD TO NATIONAL AIRSPACE POLICY STATEMENT When the government issued Connecting New Zealand, its policy direction for transport in August 2011, one
More informationAntarctic glaciers' melt is happening more rapidly than was first believed
Antarctic glaciers' melt is happening more rapidly than was first believed By Los Angeles Times, adapted by Newsela staff on 05.20.14 Word Count 908 This undated handout photo provided by NASA shows the
More informationAntarctic glaciers' melt is happening more rapidly than was first believed
Antarctic glaciers' melt is happening more rapidly than was first believed By Los Angeles Times, adapted by Newsela staff on 05.20.14 Word Count 908 This undated handout photo provided by NASA shows the
More informationRegional impacts and vulnerability mountain areas
Regional impacts and vulnerability mountain areas 1 st EIONET workshop on climate change vulnerability, impacts and adaptation EEA, Copenhagen, 27-28 Nov 2007 Klaus Radunsky 28 Nov 2007 slide 1 Overview
More informationCity of Fort Lauderdale. Frequently Asked Questions. Proposed Sea Wall Ordinance
City of Fort Lauderdale Frequently Asked Questions Proposed Sea Wall Ordinance The City of Fort Lauderdale is considering amending the Unified Land Development Regulations of the City of Fort Lauderdale
More informationTHE STORY OF MALDIVES. DR MARIYAM SHAKEELA Minister Of Environment and Energy Republic Of Maldives
THE STORY OF MALDIVES DR MARIYAM SHAKEELA Minister Of Environment and Energy Republic Of Maldives Significance of ecotourism & coral reefs on regional economy Coral reefs are among the most diverse and
More informationVenice and Its Location
Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository The First-Year Papers (2010 - present) Trinity Serial Publications (1824 - present) Summer 2011 Venice and Its Location Hyungsun Chloe Cho Trinity College,
More informationTidewater Glaciers: McCarthy 2018 Notes
Tidewater Glaciers: McCarthy 2018 Notes Martin Truffer, University of Alaska Fairbanks June 1, 2018 What makes water terminating glaciers special? In a normal glacier surface mass balance is always close
More informationTypical avalanche problems
Typical avalanche problems The European Avalanche Warning Services (EAWS) describes five typical avalanche problems or situations as they occur in avalanche terrain. The Utah Avalanche Center (UAC) has
More informationAlexander fighting Persian king Darius III. Alexander Mosaic, from Pompeii, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale.
Alexander fighting Persian king Darius III. Alexander Mosaic, from Pompeii, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. IV) HELLENISTIC GREECE The Hellenistic period of Greek history was the period between the
More informationEssential Question: What is Hellenism? What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire?
Essential Question: What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire? Warm-Up Question: What is Hellenism? Why was Alexander of Macedonia considered great? In addition to
More informationFifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA
Fact Sheet 2009 3046 >> Pubs Warehouse > FS 2009 3046 USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS Fifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA Fifty years
More informationEgyptian Civilization. World History Maria E. Ortiz Castillo
Egyptian Civilization World History Maria E. Ortiz Castillo Egypt 5000 B.C. Villages with its own rituals, gods and chieftain 3200 B.C. Two Kingdoms Lower Egypt Upper Egypt 3000 B.C. Unification of Egypt
More informationOfficial Journal of the European Union L 337/43
22.12.2005 Official Journal of the European Union L 337/43 PROTOCOL on the implementation of the Alpine Convention of 1991 in the field of tourism Tourism Protocol Preamble THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY,
More informationORIGINS OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY
ORIGINS OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY Communications and Commerce, A.D.300-goo Michael McCormick Harvard University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS List of maps xiv List of figures xvi List of tables xviii List of
More informationGreek Identity and the EU Conclusion
Greek Identity and the EU Conclusion The Greek state, as is known today, is the product of century long process of military and political struggle. 1770-1850, the belief that the modern Greeks are the
More information43. DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF TOURISM
Tourism Tourism is one of the world s largest industries. In many regions it is also the greatest source of revenue and employment. Tourism demand is based on the values and needs of modern tourists, while
More informationEARLY PEOPLE OF ITALY. Chapter 9: The Ancient Romans
EARLY PEOPLE OF ITALY Chapter 9: The Ancient Romans INTRO: The Italian peninsula is a mountainous land, shaped like a highheeled boot. Many different people migrated to the Italian peninsula through many
More informationPPCR/SC.4/5 October 9, Meeting of the PPCR Sub-Committee Washington, D.C. October 28, REVIEW OF ON-GOING WORK OF THE MDBs IN DJIBOUTI
PPCR/SC.4/5 October 9, 2009 Meeting of the PPCR Sub-Committee Washington, D.C. October 28, 2009 REVIEW OF ON-GOING WORK OF THE MDBs IN DJIBOUTI Proposed Sub-Committee Decision The Sub-Committee reviewed
More informationWorld Heritage Site Venice and its Lagoon Reactive monitoring mission, th October Venice Port Authority: Port actions since 1987
World Heritage Site Venice and its Lagoon Reactive monitoring mission, 13 18 th October 2015 Venice Port Authority: Port actions since 1987 Ente: APV Presidente: prof. Paolo Costa Referente: Ing. Nicola
More informationMission Atlas Project. South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. Country Name: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Mission Atlas Project South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Country Name: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Country Founded in: June 1982 Population: 0, the small military garrison on South
More informationLake Ohrid. our shared responsibilities and benefits. Protecting
Towards strengthened governance of the shared transboundary natural and cultural heritage of the Lake Ohrid region Protecting Lake Ohrid region our shared responsibilities and benefits This publication
More informationRequest for a European study on the demand site of sustainable tourism
Request for a European study on the demand site of sustainable tourism EARTH and the undersigned organizations call upon European institutions to launch a study at the European level, which will measure
More informationThe Eighty Years War and the Dutch Republic
The Eighty Years War and the Dutch Republic Europe in 1555 Background Info The Netherlands was a wealthy area within the Holy Roman Empire It was a rich trading center A key region in the manufacture of
More informationDr. Dimitris P. Drakoulis THE REGIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EARLY BYZANTINE PERIOD (4TH-6TH CENTURY A.D.
Dr. Dimitris P. Drakoulis THE REGIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EARLY BYZANTINE PERIOD (4TH-6TH CENTURY A.D.) ENGLISH SUMMARY The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to contribute
More informationHELLENIC REPUBLIC Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 16 July 2018
HELLENIC REPUBLIC Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 16 July 2018 1 HELLENIC REPUBLIC Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the
More informationWelcome. Sustainable Eco-Tourism in the face of Climate Change. Presented by Jatan Marma
Welcome Sustainable Eco-Tourism in the face of Climate Change Presented by Jatan Marma Definition Sustainable Development: is a process to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability
More informationBig Idea Constantine creates a New Rome Essential Question How did Constantinople become a rich and powerful city?
Big Idea Constantine creates a New Rome Essential Question How did Constantinople become a rich and powerful city? 1 Essential Question What was the Great Schism? Words To Know Cultural Diffusion the exchange
More informationWORLD HISTORY 8 UNIT 2, CH 4.3. The Middle and New Kingdoms PP
WORLD HISTORY 8 UNIT 2, CH 4.3 The Middle and New Kingdoms PP. 100-104 THE MIDDLE KINGDOM pp. 100-101 1. WHY DID THE WEALTH AND POWER OF THE PHARAOHS DECLINE AT THE END OF THE OLD KINGDOM? The wealth and
More informationSTATEMENT DELIVERED BY DR. DOUGLAS SLATER ON BEHALF OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM) FOR THE
STATEMENT DELIVERED BY DR. DOUGLAS SLATER ON BEHALF OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM) FOR THE SPECIAL MEETING OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC) NEW YORK, USA 24 OCTOBER 2017
More informationPublic Lands in Alaska. 200 million acres of federal land - Over 57 Million acres of Wilderness more than half the Wilderness in the entire nation
Public Lands in Alaska 200 million acres of federal land - Over 57 Million acres of Wilderness more than half the Wilderness in the entire nation alaskawild.org Ground Zero for Climate Change Over the
More informationTWENTY-SECOND MEETING OF THE ASIA/PACIFIC AIR NAVIGATION PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION REGIONAL GROUP (APANPIRG/22)
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION TWENTY-SECOND MEETING OF THE ASIA/PACIFIC AIR NAVIGATION PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION REGIONAL GROUP (APANPIRG/22) Bangkok, Thailand, 5-9 September 2011 Agenda
More informationgovernment religion -religious leader (pope) people -culture -dress -language -rank -literacy -population -health
italy in the middle ages: overview -nationality -ruler -structure -politics -religious leader (pope) -territory -empire -east/west/central -north/south -culture -dress -language -rank -literacy -population
More informationWrecks, sunken treasures lie under Albania's coastal waters 2 August 2017, by Elena Becatoros
Wrecks, sunken treasures lie under Albania's coastal waters 2 August 2017, by Elena Becatoros wealth of treasures: ancient amphorae long, narrow terracotta vessels that carried olive oil and wine along
More informationThe Effect of Sea Level Rise on Egyptian Economy
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A 6 (2017) 188-199 doi:10.17265/2162-5298/2017.04.003 D DAVID PUBLISHING The Effect of Sea Level Rise on Egyptian Economy Ahmed Dawood Lecturer of Navigation
More informationContent Statement: Explain how Enlightenment ideals influenced the French Revolution and Latin American wars for independence.
Reforms, Revolutions, and Chapter War 9.3 Section 3 Independence in Latin America Content Statement: Explain how Enlightenment ideals influenced the French Revolution and Latin American wars for independence.
More informationPO Box 257 PO Box 257 PARRAMATTA NSW 2124 PARRAMATTA NSW 2124
31 March 2017 Sean O Toole Sheridan Dudley District Commissioner - West District Commissioner - South West Greater Sydney Commission Greater Sydney Commission PO Box 257 PO Box 257 PARRAMATTA NSW 2124
More informationModule 1 Educator s Guide: Representative Discussion Points Investigation 3
Module 1 Educator s Guide: Representative Discussion Points Investigation 3 Ethiopia and Eritrea Our combined population is 59,578,171 people. We have just emerged from a long period of civil war and famine.
More informationGOLDEN AGE OF ATHENS: GREEK ARCHITECTURE
GOLDEN AGE OF ATHENS: GREEK ARCHITECTURE Setting the Stage- After Persian War: Athens comes out leader Creates Delian League Uses money to glorify Athens GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE/ATHENS Pericles Legacy: -
More informationWhat do local businesses expect from the cruise industry. The experience of the AIC Forum. Olympia, 23 th May 2015
What do local businesses expect from the cruise industry. The experience of the AIC Forum. Olympia, 23 th May 2015 Mr. Andrea Mosconi Business Manager Ancona Chamber of Commerce WHAT IS THE FORUM OF THE
More informationREGULATORY POLICY SEMINAR ON LIBERALIZATION POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION PORT OF SPAIN, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, APRIL, 2004
REGULATORY POLICY SEMINAR ON LIBERALIZATION POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION PORT OF SPAIN, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, 27-29 APRIL, 2004 JAMAICA S EXPERIENCE WITH AIR TRANSPORT LIBERALIZATION INTRODUCTION Today, the
More information3. Base your answer to the following question on the photograph below and on your knowledge of social studies.
1. One way in which the Justinian Code and the Napoleonic Code are similar is that both A) made slavery unacceptable B) gave people a set of rules to follow C) treated all equally under the law D) provided
More informationS C.F.
Rif. 0388 Lionard Luxury Real Estate Via dei Banchi, 6 - ang. Piazza S. Maria Novella 50123 Florence Italy Tel. +39 055 0548100 Fax. +39 055 0548150 Liguria Savona CASTLE FOR SALE IN LIGURIA ITALY DESCRIPTION
More informationCatchment and Lake Research
LARS 2007 Catchment and Lake Research Multilateral versus bilateral agreements for the establishment of river based organizations: comparison of legal, economic and social benefits in the Zambian experience.
More informationEarly Andean Civilizations. Origins and Foundations
Early Andean Civilizations Origins and Foundations Environmental Context Basic divisions: east/west, north/south Mountains, deserts, and rivers Vertical archipelago : adapting to climate diversity based
More informationLandscapes of Gallipoli
Landscapes of Gallipoli The Roman architecture office COdESIGN is since 14 years working on several projects in the south-eastern city Gallipoli in Salento, in order to revive the city and realize a more
More informationFuture Caribbean Cruise Travel Survey - Summer 2012
Future Caribbean Cruise Travel Survey - Summer 2012 Presentation Outline Survey Data Sources; Survey Purpose; Research Objectives; Background to Survey Research; Preliminary Survey Results; and Next Steps.
More informationTHE PENGUIN HISTORY OF EUROPE
THE PENGUIN HISTORY OF EUROPE J. M. ROBERTS PENGUIN BOOKS Contents List of Maps List of Chronologies Foreword xi xiii xv Book One HERITAGES 1 Bedrock 3 Geography The earliest Europeans The Neolithic and
More informationChapter V Comparative Analysis
Chapter V Comparative Analysis This chapter will explore/explain analysis comparison about the sustainable tourism development in small islands, with the case of Malta and Indonesia, represents by Morotai
More informationThe Rise of Rome. After about 800 BC other people also began settling in Italy The two most notable were the and the
The Rise of Rome The Land and People of Italy Italy is a peninsula extending about miles from north to south and only about 120 miles wide. The mountains form a ridge from north to south down the middle
More informationPaper 87 - INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION CONCERNING THE USE OF THE DANUBE RIVER IN ROMANIA
Paper 87 - INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION CONCERNING THE USE OF THE DANUBE RIVER IN ROMANIA CIORTAN R.; DUMITRU M.; SUCIU I.; KRKLJUS D. Ph.D, Corresponding Member of the Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences,
More informationTable of Contents. Acknowledgements. Executive Summary. Introduction Scope of the Study. 1 Introduction to Russia
Table of Contents Acknowledgements Executive Summary Introduction Scope of the Study 1 Introduction to Russia 1.1 Country Overview 1.1.1 Geographical and Cultural Diversity 1.1.2 Wealth of Mineral Resources
More informationDRAFT GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND SPECIFIC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN MIDDLETON MUNICIPAL AIRPORT MOREY FIELD. Revised 12/12/03
DRAFT GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND SPECIFIC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN MIDDLETON MUNICIPAL AIRPORT MOREY FIELD Revised 12/12/03 As recommended for approval by the Plan Commission General Project Description
More informationLesson: Analyzing the Geography of Iberian Castles to Learn about the Geography of Oregon. By Jack Davis
1 Lesson: Analyzing the Geography of Iberian Castles to Learn about the Geography of Oregon. Grade level: 9-12 By Jack Davis Subject Area(s): Social Science, Language Arts (possible for incorporation)
More informationBIOSPHERE LANZAROTE MEMORANDUM POSITIONING AS A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ENTERPRISE MEMORANDUM FOR LANZAROTE 2017
MEMORANDUM POSITIONING AS A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ENTERPRISE MEMORANDUM FOR LANZAROTE 2017 Tourism, characterized for its diversification and constant change, is nowadays one of the most influential industries
More informationAnalysis of the impact of tourism e-commerce on the development of China's tourism industry
9th International Economics, Management and Education Technology Conference (IEMETC 2017) Analysis of the impact of tourism e-commerce on the development of China's tourism industry Meng Ying Marketing
More informationInternational Architectural and Urban Design Workshop WATERFRONT REDEVELOPMENT: IZOLA EAST September 2012, Izola, Slovenia
International Architectural and Urban Design Workshop WATERFRONT REDEVELOPMENT: IZOLA EAST 24 28 September 2012, Izola, Slovenia WORKSHOP VENUE SLOVENIA Slovenia is the very heart of Europe, at the crossroads
More informationWillemstad: Maritime Heritage. Dimitri Cloose
Willemstad: Maritime Heritage Dimitri Cloose "In the middle of Willemstad, runs the St. Anna Bay canal, which opens into a whimsical, large harbor area, named Schottegat. There is a pedestrian bridge resting
More informationThe Byzantine Empire and Russia ( )
Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Chapter 10, Section World History: Connection to Today Chapter 10 The Byzantine Empire
More informationAPWH chapter 4.notebook. September 11, 2012
Classical Greece E Ancient Greeks were a seafaring people who learned about civilization from their neighbors (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicians). Greeks exported valuable goods (olive oil, wine) and traded
More informationCRUISE TRAFFIC AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE ADRIATIC AND IONIAN MACRO REGION
CRUISE TRAFFIC AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE ADRIATIC AND IONIAN MACRO REGION Olympia, 27 th June 2018 Andrea Mosconi Ancona Chamber of Commerce CRUISE SECTOR OUTLOOK Global Ocean Cruise Passengers (million
More informationNubia s Proximity to Egypt Equals a Lifetime of Egyptian Rule. Ancient Nubia is known for being Egypt s overlooked neighbor. Nubia is also known for
Walker, Aleta CENG 105- WS Professor Peterson Cultural Analysis- Final Draft November 13, 2012 Nubia s Proximity to Egypt Equals a Lifetime of Egyptian Rule Ancient Nubia is known for being Egypt s overlooked
More informationGreco-Roman: Early Experiments in Participatory Government
Greco-Roman: Early Experiments in Participatory Government By Cynthia Stokes Brown, Big History Project, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.18.16 Word Count 1,357 A Roman statue of Athena. Photo: Mimmo Jodice/CORBIS,
More informationUnderstanding Risks and Local Capacity Tools
Understanding Risks and Local Capacity Tools toward an INTEGRATED ADAPTATION POLICY for the CITY of ANCONA Bonn, Germany 3 5 June 2011 MARCO CARDINALETTI SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER The City of Ancona,
More information2011 ABORIGINAL LAW CONFERENCE THE FORT GARRY, WINNIPEG, CANADA APRIL 28 29, 2011
2011 ABORIGINAL LAW CONFERENCE THE FORT GARRY, WINNIPEG, CANADA APRIL 28 29, 2011 THE JAMES BAY AND NORTHERN QUEBEC AGREEMENT INUIT OF NUNAVIK: CHALLENGES AND SUCCESSES Presentation by Jean François Arteau
More informationTHE INTERNATIONAL GROWTH OF SPANISH HOLIDAY HOTEL CHAINS FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: A CASE STUDY
Cuadernos de Turismo, nº 25, (2010); pp. 263-267 ISSN: 1139-7861 Universidad de Murcia THE INTERNATIONAL GROWTH OF SPANISH HOLIDAY HOTEL CHAINS FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: A CASE STUDY Begoña Fuster García,
More informationCUSERCOLI TAPPA 26 - CUSERCOLI - SANTA SOFIA CIVITELLA DI ROMAGNA KM 20,5/23, E. Emila Romagna Comune: di Civitella di Romagna Forlì-Cesena
CUSERCOLI Emila Romagna Comune: di Civitella di Romagna Forlì-Cesena TAPPA 26 - CUSERCOLI - SANTA SOFIA KM 20,5/23,5 +680-550 E CIVITELLA DI ROMAGNA Originally the settlement of Cusercoli was enclosed
More informationRemember from last class...
The Onset of War! Remember from last class... The republic lasted for nearly 500 years and this period marked major expansion of Roman power. During this time, Rome became the leading power in the Mediterranean.
More informationMalta. Tourism in the economy. Tourism governance and funding
Malta Tourism in the economy The year 2014 marked the fifth consecutive record year for inbound tourism to Malta, reaching 1.7 million tourists. This reflects an increase of 6.8% or 107 656 more tourists
More informationCar Hire Limassol. {carman_quicksearch}
{carman_quicksearch} Limassol or Lemesos is the second-largest city in Cyprus, with a population of 228,000 (2008). It is the largest city in geographical size, and the biggest municipality on the island.
More informationLESSON 1: The Geography of Greece (read p )
Name Period Parent Signature Teacher use only Chapter 9 Study Guide: Ancient Greece % MULTIPLE CHOICE: Using your textbook, completed folder activities, and your graded homework assignments, choose the
More informationArab Aviation and Media Summit 2012
Arab Aviation and Media Summit 2012 Outcomes and Perspectives June 2012 Executive Summary Since Air Arabia and CNBC Arabia organised the first Arab Aviation and Media Summit in 2011, the aviation sector
More informationTHRESHOLD GUIDELINES FOR AVALANCHE SAFETY MEASURES
BRITISH COLUMBIA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION & INFRASTRUCTURE AVALANCHE & WEATHER PROGRAMS THRESHOLD GUIDELINES FOR AVALANCHE SAFETY MEASURES British Columbia Ministry of Transportation & Infrastructure
More informationChapter 10. Transoceanic Exploration (750 to 1500 CE)
Chapter 10 Transoceanic Exploration (750 to 1500 CE) Muslim Domination of the Afro-Eurasian Region: 750 CE 1258 CE During the Abbasid Dynasty, Muslim rulers controlled most international trade routes in
More informationVenice and the North Adriatic Ports as the European Gateway of the Greenest XXI century Maritime Silk Road
Venice and the North Adriatic Ports as the European Gateway of the Greenest XXI century Maritime Silk Road VENICE PORT AUTHORITY Paolo Costa, President VENICE, 10-11 JUlY 2016 The Maritime and Land Silk
More informationTHE SHIFTING LANDSCAPE for THE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND OVERHAUL MARKET
MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS PRIVATE CAPITAL STRATEGIC ADVISORY THE SHIFTING LANDSCAPE for THE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND OVERHAUL MARKET Aerospace, Defense & Government Services Report The Shifting Landscape for
More informationMCCIP Annual Report Card Scientific Review - Tourism
Topic Tourism Author(s) Dr Bas Amelung 1 and Dr David Viner 2 Organisation(s) represented 1 Research fellow, International Centre for Integrated assessment and Sustainable development (ICIS), Universiteit
More informationA Photo Essay on Senegal: Advancing Development and a Pull Backwards by Tradition
Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 9, Iss. 1 (2012), Pp. 172 180 A Photo Essay on Senegal: Advancing Development and a Pull Backwards by Tradition Caitlin Hoeberlein Columbia University
More informationDevelopment of Ski Resorts in the Indian Himalayas
Development of Ski Resorts in the Indian Himalayas AMITABH SHARMA SKI HIMALAYAS # 1 Pocket 52, C.R Park New Delhi 110019 +91-9816055555 Email : amitabhsharma_manali@rediffmail.com The Himalayas are a vast
More informationThe Rise of Rome. Chapter 5.1
The Rise of Rome Chapter 5.1 The Land and the Peoples of Italy Italy is a peninsula about 750 miles long north to south. The run down the middle. Three important fertile plains ideal for farming are along
More informationGeoscape Toronto The Oak Ridges Moraine Activity 2 - Page 1 of 10 Information Bulletin
About 13,000 years ago as the Laurentide Ice Sheet melted, glacial meltwater accumulated between the ice sheet and the Niagara Escarpment. This formed a lake basin into which gravel and sand were deposited.
More information53rd Permanent Committee of the Alpine Convention and the Workshop on Sustainable Tourism in the Alpine Green Economy
53rd Permanent Committee of the Alpine Convention and the Workshop on Sustainable Tourism in the Alpine Green Economy Hosted by Municipality of Cortina in the Council Hall, Corso Italia 33 Cortina d Ampezzo
More informationCHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
The business of the tourism and travel industry is essentially the renting out, for short-term lets, of other people s environments, whether that is a coastline, a city, a mountain range or a rainforest.
More informationMapping the Snout. Subjects. Skills. Materials
Subjects Mapping the Snout science math physical education Skills measuring cooperative action inferring map reading data interpretation questioning Materials - rulers - Mapping the Snout outline map and
More informationBENCHMARKING BEYOND REVPAR WHAT LIES BENEATH
2000-2015 BENCHMARKING BEYOND REVPAR WHAT LIES BENEATH WHAT S IN THIS REPORT 02 Regional hotels Successfully navigate choppy waters 03 Regional hotels Must be wary of the under current 04 London hotels
More informationCongratulations to the Wider Caribbean Region!!!
*** IMMEDIATE PRESS RELEASE (05 May 2011) *** Congratulations to the Wider Caribbean Region!!! Effective May 1, 2011 the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) (Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico) became a designated
More informationURBINO the cradle of Renaissance Wednesday and Thursday morning - half day. FRASASSI CAVES Trip to a surreal landscape Friday morning - half day
URBINO the cradle of Renaissance Wednesday and Thursday morning - half day URBINO, is the native town of Raffaello and the state capital of the Duchy of Montefeltro, voted for culture and art, heritage
More informationThe road by the sea, Environment of Tamariu, Llafranc i Calella. Urbanística 4 Course Fatima Khamar i Gina Pocurull
The road by the sea, Environment of Tamariu, Llafranc i Calella Escola Politècnica Superior. UdG Nadia Fava i Manel Bosch Urbanística 4 Course 2013-14 Fatima Khamar i Gina Pocurull One of the greatest
More information